Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms on Growth,Photosynthesis, and Yield of Rice Under Cadmium Stress

ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was conducted to study the influence of four nitrogen (N) fertilizer forms [Urea; calcium nitrate, Ca(NO₃)₂; ammonium sulfate, (NH₄)₂SO₄; and organic N] on growth, photosynthesis, and yield of rice under two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 100 mg Cd kg^?1 soil). Cadmium addition significantly reduced photosynthetic rate, and the reduction varied with N fertilizer form, with ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N and urea treated plants having more reduction. Nitrogen form had a distinct effect on SPAD value, and the effect was also dependent on Cd level and growth stage. Cadmium-stress significantly reduced flag leaf area, but for the second leaf, only the plants supplied with organic N showed the reduction. There was a significant difference in plant height among four N forms, with NH₄ ⁺- and nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-treated plants having the highest and lowest height, respectively. Cadmium stress caused significant reduction in grains per panicle and total plant weight, and the reduction varied with N form, with organic N treatment showing more reduction. There were significant differences among N forms in N and Cd concentrations of the plants subjected to Cd stress, with NH₄ ⁺-N treated plants having highest N and lowest Cd concentrations and NO₃ ^?-treated plants having lowest N and highest Cd uptake. The results showed that the inhibition of Cd stress on growth and yield formation of rice is closely related to N fertilizer form.     

The fate of ammonium nitrogen applied to flooded rice as affected by zeolite addition

High rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields are closely related to plant absorption of a large amount of nitrogen (N). However, there is little information on the fate of N applied at the middle growth stages of rice. Labeled ¹⁵N ammonium sulfate was applied at the panicle formation stage in Experiment I, and 10 d after heading in Experiment II. Zeolite was also added at the concentration of 0, 0.01, and 0.1 kg kg^-1 to increase the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. The amount of ¹⁵N fertilizer in the soil surface water decreased exponentially and the fertilizer disappeared within 2 d after application. The soil that received zeolite at 0.1 kg kg^-1 exhibited significantly less ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺-N in the surface water and in the soil solution than the soil without the zeolite amendment. A significantly larger amount of exchangeable ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺-N was observed in the high zeolite-treatment of soil compared to the low zeolite-treatment of soil. The amount of exchangeable ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺-N increased initially, and thereafter decreased to traces 4 d after application in Experiment I, while 6 or 9 d after application in Experiment II. The disappearance of exchangeable ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺-N could be attributed mainly to the uptake by plants. The zeolite amendment or the time of N application did not significantly affect the amount of immobilized N. The rate of N adsorption was inhibited with increasing zeolite application. Moreover, zeolite application did not increase the recovery percentage of ammonium sulfate by rice plants. The total recovery of applied N ranged from 65 to 75%, irrespective of the zeolite treatments or the time of N application.     

不同时期不同施氮量对糙米蛋白质积累影响的初探

采用土培试验和＾１５Ｎ示踪技术研究了高产施肥条件下４个时期不同施氮量与水稻糙米蛋白质含量的关系。结果表明,孕穗期施氮最有利于糙米蛋白质的积累,糙米＾１５Ｎ蛋白氮占施用＾１５Ｎ的比例达３６．１５％,插植前施氮次之,分蘖期和乳熟期施氮效果较差。当其它３个时期施氮量一定时,某个时期的＾１５Ｎ施量与糙米＾１５Ｎ蛋白含量呈极显著的直线相关,但４个时期的施氮总量与糙米蛋白氮总量却呈一元二次抛物线关系,其原因是过量施氮使糙米产量和糙米中蛋白质含量下降。     

淹水条件下硝态氮和铵态氮配施对水稻生长与土壤养分影响

为系统研究硝态氮、铵态氮及二者不同配施比例对土壤养分供应与水稻生长情况的影响，通过田间小区试验，在相同施氮量条件下，研究了单施硝态氮(N)，单施铵态氮(A)，硝态氮、铵态氮按1:3(N1A3)、2:2(N2A2)、3:1(N3A1)比例配施对水稻产量、田间养分和氮素利用率的影响，并与农民习惯性施肥方式(U)作比较。研究结果表明：整个生育期内铵态氮对水稻的生长都起着主要作用，铵态氮通过提高水稻氮素利用率和促进水稻有效分蘖的方式提高了水稻产量。随着铵态氮的配施比例由25% 提高到75%，水稻的产量提高了35.18%、氮素利用率提高了46.67%，每公顷产生的经济收益增加了6 820.15元。A处理土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和碱解氮的含量较N处理显著增加36.41%、30.30% 和8.42%，水稻产量提高了60.11%，氮素利用率提高了171.31%，有效穗数增加了52.31%，相较农民习惯性施肥，单施铵态氮处理每公顷还能增收522.91元。在0 ~ 180 kg/hm²的施氮量范围内，水稻产量(y)与铵态氮施用量(x₂)呈显著正相关，二者之间关系为y = 18.044x₂ + 4943.4(R² = 0.975 3)。     

水稻不同生育期对硒的吸收、转运及累积规律

采用大田试验,研究土壤施用含硒肥料后水稻中硒的积累和分布的动态变化。结果表明:在水稻不同器官中硒的积累量与含硒肥料施用量呈正相关,相关系数达到0.98以上。水稻成熟期,硒施用量30 kg/hm2和120 kg/hm2处理全株硒浓度分别比对照处理提高了98.9%和313.7%。不同生育期,水稻各个器官中硒含量及累积量不同,水稻硒的生物富集高峰期表现在孕穗期,叶与水稻穗部吸收累积硒有着密切关系。水稻成熟期整个植株中硒的累积量为茎叶精米根颖壳。在整个水稻生育期硒有一定的运转累积规律:水稻分蘖期时,硒从根、茎流向叶片;孕穗期再由叶流向茎;灌浆期又从根运转到叶和穗中;最后成熟期叶中的硒流向穗。苗期施用含硒肥料是一条提高水稻硒含量的有效农艺措施。     

The fate of markerAzospirillum lipoferum inoculated into rice and its effect on growth,yield and N2 fixation of plants studied by acetylene reduction,15N2 feeding and15N dilution techniques

Summary A spontaneous mutant ofAzospirillum lipoferum, resistant to streptomycin and rifampicin, was inoculated into the soil immediately before and 10 days after transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Two rice varieties with high and low nitrogen-fixing supporting traits, Hua-chou-chi-mo-mor (Hua) and OS4, were used for the plant bacterial interaction study. The effect of inoculation on growth and grain and dry matter yields was evaluated in relation to nitrogen fixation, by in situ acetylene reduction assay,¹⁵N₂ feeding and¹⁵N dilution techniques. A survey of the population of marker bacteria at maximum tillering, booting and heading revealed poor effectivety. The population of nativeAzospirillum followed no definite pattern. Acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) did not differ due to inoculation at two early stages but decreased in the inoculated plants at heading. In contrast, inoculation increased tiller number, plant height of Hua and early reproductive growth of both varieties. Grain yield of both varieties significantly increased along with the dry matter. Total N also increased in inoculated plants, which was less compared with dry matter increase.¹⁵N₂ feeding of OS4 at heading showed more¹⁵N₂ incorporation in the control than in the inoculated plants. The ARA,¹⁵N and N balance studies did not provide clear evidence that the promotion of growth and nitrogen uptake was due to higher N₂ fixation.     

Management of Sesbania aculeata Incorporation and Nitrogen on the Performance of Transplanted Rice in Calcareous Soil

Two field experiments were conducted to optimize the days for decomposition of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) with different nitrogen (N) levels and scheduling in transplanted rice in calcareous soil in a split-plot design with three replications. Incorporation of dhaincha one day before transplanting (1-DBT) obviated the need for allowing N gap. Nitrogen scheduling as 50% at active tillering + 40% at panicle initiation + 10% at flowering recorded the maximum grain yield (59.05 q ha^?1) and N–?phosphorus (P)–?potassium (K) uptake. The different N fractions in post-harvest soil were in the order of total N> total hydrolyzable N> non-hydrolyzable N> exchangeable ammonium (NH₄⁺)–?N and nitrate (NO₃^?)–?N. Thus, in calcareous soil, rice may be transplanted immediately after burying the dhaincha without any time gap along with 80 kg N ha^?1. Also, application of nitrogenous fertilizer in three splits, delaying N application until active tillering stage, is beneficial for improving rice productivity.     

太湖地区水稻追肥的氨挥发损失和氮素平衡

采用密闭室通气法和¹⁵N 微区试验, 对太湖地区水稻不同生育期追施氮肥的氨挥发损失、水稻对氮肥的吸收利用和土壤氮素残留情况进行了研究。结果表明, 氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后1 周内, 峰值出现在施肥后1~2 d, 氨挥发速率变化与田面水NH₄⁺-N 浓度变化规律一致, 分蘖肥和穗肥氨挥发损失率分别为16.7%和6.3%; 水稻分蘖肥的作物氮素利用率低于穗肥, 分别为36.7%和49.6%, 主要原因是穗肥的氨挥发损失较少,并且更易于向籽粒转移; 2 次追施氮肥的表观损失率分别为52.8%和40.7%; 在土壤中残留肥料氮为10.6%, 大都集中在0~20 cm 土壤中, 耕层以下较少。本结果表明, 在水稻孕穗时期施氮肥有利于提高氮肥利用效率、减少氮肥损失, 主要体现在穗肥拥有较低的氨挥发损失率和较高的籽粒利用率。     

双季稻田添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT氮肥的最高减量潜力研究

【目的】添加脲酶抑制剂（Urease inhibitor, UI）是提高肥料利用率的有效途径,在尿素（Urea,U）中添加1%的脲酶抑制剂NBPT（N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺）是目前研究使用证明效果最可靠的添加比例。针对当前稻田氮肥施用水平过高的问题,本文采用田间小区试验研究了目前脲酶抑制剂添加比例下稻田氮肥的减施潜力以及脲酶抑制剂的节肥增效机理。【方法】本试验在我国长江中下游的双季稻田进行,脲酶抑制剂用量NBPT为尿素用量的1%。尿素用量设五个水平为N 90、 112.5、 135、 157.5 和180 kg/hm2,分别依次记为U1、 U2、 U3、 U4和U5, 7个处理为CK（不施氮肥）、 U1+UI、 U2+UI、 U3+UI、 U4+UI、 U5+UI、 U5（U5为传统施氮量, N 180 kg/hm2为农民习惯施氮量）,三次重复。U1~U5处理施氮量分别是在农民习惯施氮量的基础上降低50%、 37.5%、 25%、 12.5%、 0%。通过取样分析水稻分蘖期和孕穗期各处理对土壤脲酶活性、 硝酸还原酶活性、 土壤铵态氮含量、 硝态氮含量以及微生物量碳、 氮的含量,研究NBPT对水稻两个主要生育期土壤氮素供应的影响,比较各处理的产量以及氮肥利用率来得出氮肥的减施潜力,在此基础上通过逐步回归分析研究以上各指标对产量的影响,探明脲酶抑制剂（NBPT）在双季稻田的增效机理。【结果】 1) 在双季稻田,添加NBPT后,施氮量为N 135 kg/hm2的籽粒产量达到最高。与传统施氮（单施尿素N 180 kg/hm2）处理相比,早、 晚稻可分别增产8.54%和12.87%,氮肥当季利用率分别提高6.78%和9.46%,可节约氮肥25%; 2)与传统施氮相比,添加NBPT显著降低了水稻分蘖期的土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量,显著提高了孕穗期的铵态氮含量,而对此时期的脲酶活性无显著影响,NBPT对两个时期的硝酸还原酶活性、 硝态氮含量及微生物量碳、 氮含量均无明显影响,可见基施的NBPT主要是降低尿素水解速率方面效果显著,并且NBPT具有时效性,其主要是在水稻孕穗期之前起作用,在生态上较为安全; 3) 从各项土壤指标与水稻产量相关性的逐步回归分析结果来看,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期稻田土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无明显影响。【结论】由于脲酶抑制剂NBPT减缓了分蘖期尿素的水解作用,提高了孕穗期土壤中的铵态氮含量,为水稻后期生长提供充足的氮肥,在双季稻减肥方面具有显著的效果。在本试验土壤条件下,尿素中添加1% 的NBPT,可在提高产量的同时,将传统施氮肥量减少25%,是适于稻田应用的脲酶抑制剂。     

Low efficiency of Zn uptake and translocation in plants provide poor micronutrient enrichment in rice and soybean grains

Abstract

Recent research has shown the need for an in-depth knowledge of zinc biofortification of cereal and oilseed grains due to its importance to human nutrition. However, little is known about the Zn dynamics in plant–soil system. In this work, we evaluated the effect of soil-applied Zn on the absorption, translocation, and compartmentalization of Zn in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) plants. The soil used in the greenhouse experiment was fertilized with zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) at rates of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8?mg Zn kg^?1. The source of Zn was labeled by ⁶⁵Zn with specific activity of 185.5 kBq mg^?1 Zn. The amount of Zn derived from fertilizer and its use in each plants compartment was determined by direct method in isotopic calculations. Rice and soybean plants presented low efficiency in the absorption from soil-applied Zn. The accumulated Zn in the panicle, pod, and grains was not modified, due to its low translocation in the plant. The Zn uptake in rice plants was from 1.34 to 4.60?mg pot^?1 in shoots and just 0.81 to 1.43?mg pot^?1 translocated to panicles. Soybean plants presented Zn uptake between 2.36 and 4.68?mg pot^?1 in shoots, out of which 0.19 to 0.34?mg.pot^?1 and 0.48 to 0.57?mg pot^?1 translocated to grains and pods, respectively. The nutrient utilization from fertilizer was low, with mean values of 12 and 8.7% for rice and soybean plants, respectively. Soil-applied Zn showed low capacity for enriching rice panicle and soybean pod or grain probably due low Zn uptake and translocation.     

几种蔬菜对硝态氮、铵态氮的相对吸收能力

采用溶液培养方法探讨了莴笋、菠菜、小白菜和大青菜 4种蔬菜作物对硝、铵态氮的相对吸收能力以及这两种氮源对它们生长发育的影响。结果表明 ,单独供给NO3-N ,4种作物均生长发育良好 ;供给NO3--N +NH4+-N(NO3-∶NH4+=1∶1) ,生长量均有所下降 ,而单独供给NH4+-N时 ,生长量则大幅度下降。莴笋单独供给NO3--N时 ,其吸氮量显著高于供给NO3--N +NH4+-N的处理 ,大青菜、菠菜供给NO3--N +NH4+-N与单独供给NO3--N相比吸氮量大体相当 ;小白菜同时供应NO3--N +NH4+N时吸氮量最高 ,供给NO3--N时次之 ,供给NH4+-N时显著降低。供给NH4+-N时 4种作物吸氮量均比其它氮源显著降低。 4种作物对NO3--N与NH4+-N的吸收具有明显的偏向性。供给等氮量铵、硝态氮 (NO3--N +NH4+-N处理 )时 ,菠菜、小白菜吸收的NO3-N显著多于NH4+-N ,表现出喜硝性 ,莴笋则与此相反 ,表现出喜铵性 ;而大青菜对两种形态氮素的吸收量相差不多 ,表现出兼性吸收的特点。但上述偏向性具有阶段特点 ,即喜硝作物可能在某一阶段表现出喜铵性状     

Fate of fertilizer nitrogen.

Results are presented from a three year lysimeter investigation, employing single (¹⁵NH₄NO₃) and double (¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃) labelled ammonium nitrate to study the uptake of soil and fertilizer nitrogen by cut ryegrass at 250, 500 and 900 kg N ha^?1 a^?1. Average annual recoveries of nitrogen were equivalent to 99,76 and 50% of the nitrogen added at 250, 500 and 900 kg N ha^?1, respectively. At 250 kg N ha^?1 the difference between the overall nitrogen recovery and the fertilizer recovery was almost entirely attributable to pool substitution resulting from mineralization/immobilization turnover (MIT). At 900 kg N ha^?1 both the low overall recovery of nitrogen and the low fertilizer recovery reflected the large excess of available nitrogen over crop requirements. No evidence of ‘priming’ was obtained. Analysis of the results from single and double labelled lysimeters using simultaneous equations indicated that at 250 kg N ha^?1,～70% of the nitrogen in the crop was derived from the ammonium pool. At 500 kg N ha^?1 this dropped to 64%, while at 900 kg N ha^?1 the figure was 59%. There was a suggestion that at the lower application rates, preferential uptake of ammonium was occurring but that as N supply exceeded crop requirements, nitrate was the major N source. Despite the preferential exploitation of the ammonium pool, at 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 pool substitution resulting from MIT resulted in lower recoveries of fertilizer ammonium compared with fertilizer nitrate.     

盐胁迫下氮素形态对油菜和水稻幼苗离子运输和分布的影响

【目的】土壤盐碱化是制约农作物产量的主要因素之一,盐胁迫影响养分运输和分布,造成植物营养失衡,导致作物发育迟缓,植株矮小,严重威胁着我国的粮食生产。在必需营养元素中,氮素是需求量最大的元素,NO-3和NH+4是植物吸收氮素的两种离子形态。植物对盐胁迫的响应受到不同形态氮素的调控,研究不同形态氮素营养下植物的耐盐机制对提高植物耐盐性及产量具有重要的意义。【方法】本文以喜硝植物油菜(Brassica napus L.)和喜铵植物水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为试验材料,采用室内营养液培养方法,研究了NO-3和NH+4对Na Cl胁迫下油菜及水稻苗期生长状况、对Na+运输和积累的影响,以对照与盐胁迫植株生物量之差与Na+积累量之差的比值,评估Na+对植株的伤害程度。【结果】1)在非盐胁迫条件下,硝态氮营养显著促进油菜和水稻根系的生长;盐胁迫条件下,油菜和水稻生物量均显著受到抑制,Na Cl对供应铵态氮营养植株的抑制更为显著。2)盐胁迫条件下,两种供氮形态下,油菜和水稻植株Na+含量均显著增加,硝态氮营养油菜叶柄Na+显著高于铵态氮营养,叶柄Na+含量/叶片Na+含量大于铵营养油菜,硝态氮营养水稻根系Na+含量显著低于铵营养,地上部则相反。3)铵营养油菜和水稻Na+伤害度显著高于硝营养植株。4)盐胁迫条件下,硝态氮营养油菜地上部和水稻根系K+含量均显著高于铵态氮营养。5)盐胁迫条件下,硝营养油菜和水稻木质部Na+浓度,韧皮部Na+和K+浓度及水稻木质部K+浓度均高于铵营养植株。【结论】与铵营养相比,硝营养油菜和水稻具有更好的耐盐性。硝态氮处理油菜叶柄Na+显著高于铵态氮处理,能够截留Na+向叶片运输。同时,供应硝态氮营养更有利于油菜和水稻吸收K+,有助于维持植物体内离子平衡。盐胁迫下,硝营养油菜和水稻木质部Na+浓度,韧皮部Na+和K+浓度及水稻木质部K+浓度均高于铵营养植株,表明硝态氮营养油菜和水稻木质部-韧皮部对离子有较好的调控能力,是其耐盐性高于铵营养的原因之一。     

氮肥运筹模式对双季稻北缘水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

在双季稻北缘地区,以常规品种早籼65和杂交组合香两优68为试验材料,在施氮量150.kg/hm2的条件下,研究了不同氮肥运筹模式对早稻产量及氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明:减少基、蘖肥,提高穗肥比例可增加抽穗成熟期的叶片含氮量,使SPAD值维持较高水平,提高齐穗后的绿叶面积和有效叶面积率,提高群体光合势,有利于促进干物质积累而提高产量和氮素吸收,常规稻和杂交稻均以基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25运筹模式产量最高;前氮后移增施穗肥因能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应,可促进氮素的吸收;氮肥当季利用效率随穗肥比例提高而增加,但氮肥的农学利用率与产量有更好的对应关系。基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25的运筹模式是双季稻北缘地区早稻合理的施肥技术。     

Effects of Nitrogen Management on Soil Nitrogen Content and Rice Grain Yield in Double Cropping Rice Production Area with Continuous Full Amount of Straw Returning

ABSTRACT

In order to formulate a nitrogen (N) management strategy under continuous full amount of straw returning (CFSR) for double cropping rice production, long-term (2013–2016) paddy field experiments were conducted in double cropping rice production area in the Jiangxi province, China. Five N fertilizer treatments under CFSR were tested, that is, (i) no N fertilizer application (CK); (ii) conventional N fertilizer application (165kg N ha^?1 and 195 kg N ha^?1 in early and late rice variety with the ratio of basal dressing to topdressing as 6:4, respectively) (CNF_6:4); (iii) recommended N fertilizer application (135 kg ha^?1 N and 165 kg ha^?1 N in early and late rice variety with the ratio of basal dressing to topdressing as 4:6, 6:4, and 8:2, respectively) (RNF_4:6, RNF_6:4, and RNF_8:2). Nitrogen fertilizer treatments under CFSR had 5.70% and 8.93% higher soil total nitrogen (TN), 1.32% and 0.80% higher available nitrogen (AN), 16.55% and 22.94% higher NH₄⁺-N, and 13.10% and 7.93% higher NO₃^--N than CK treatments in early and late rice variety, respectively. There were no differences in soil TN, AN, NH₄⁺-N, and NO₃^--N contents between CNF6:4 and RNF6:4 treatments, while CNF6:4 treatment showed higher or significantly higher soil N contents than RNF4:6 and RNF8:2 treatments. N fertilizer treatment under CFSR showed 88.9% and 43.20% higher grain yield and 62.15% and 42.52% higher panicle numbers than CK treatments in early and late rice variety, respectively. Compared with CNF6:4, RNF treatments did not significantly reduce grain yield and yield components in early and late rice variety, respectively, except for RNF8:2. Compared with RNF6:4 and 8:2, RNF4:6 showed higher rice grain yield, while no obvious differences in yield components were obtained among all RNF treatments. We concluded that N fertilizer under CFSR was helpful to improve soil N contents and double rice grain yield and panicle numbers. Appropriate reduction of N application (18% and 15% reduction in early and late rice variety, respectively) on the basis of adjusting ratio of basal dressing to topdressing as 4:6 and 6:4 did not significantly reduce soil TN and double rice grain yield and yield components, especially, the 40% basal N dressing and 60% N topdressing was beneficial to increase double rice grain yield under CFSR.     

氮肥去向的研究--Ⅰ.稻田土壤中氮肥的去向

氮肥施入土壤后的去向,直接关系到作物增产和环境保护,是农业和环境科学研究中的基本资料。对氮肥去向的研究,以在田间条件下进行的意义比较大。因此,1978-1980年,我们在华东地区三种不同土壤上,采用田间微区¹⁵N示踪的方法,分别测定了施用于水稻和小麦的几种常用氮肥的去向,并以尿素为重点,研究了施肥方法、施肥时期、土壤水分状况以及硝化抑制剂等对氮肥去向的影响。所得结果将分别整理。本文是稻田试验方面的初步总结。     

15N study on the partitioning of the nitrogen taken by soybeans from atmospheric dinitrogen,medium nitrate or ammonium

Abstract

Soybean plants (Glycine max, cv. Akisengoku) were water-grown in a greenhouse with a low concentration of nitrate in the culture solution. Under these conditions root nodulation mostly on primary roots was profuse. At the vegetative and pod-filling stages, plants were fed ¹⁵N-labeled dinitrogen, nitrate, or ammonium for 7 to 8 hr in the daytime.

Partitioning of the ¹⁵N from the three nitrogen sources showed distinct characteristics. The nitrogen (N) from dinitrogen preferentially distributed to the developing organs, young leaves, and developing pods, in comparison with N from nitrate. N from ammonium showed distribution pattern similar to that of N from dinitrogen.

The nodule N was supplied by both directly fixed-N and transferred nitrogen, and fixedN was inferred to play a major role in this process. The pro tein N in the roots could be furnished by the recycled N of dinitrogen and nitrate through the shoots along with direct incorporation of amino acids produced in the roots from nitrate     

水稻对硝态氮响应的生理指标筛选

采用温室水培试验方法 ,系统评价了 4 0个遗传特性不同的水稻品种对 3种比例氮营养(NH 4 /NO-3 比例分别为 10 0∶0、5 0∶5 0和 0∶10 0 )的反应和对硝态氮响应的生理指标筛选。结果表明 ,4 0个水稻品种 (系 )在NH 4 /NO-3 比为 5 0∶5 0的营养液中生长最佳 ,植株总干重最高 ,但各个基因型的表现差异较大。根据水稻在两种比例氮营养液 (10 0∶0和 5 0∶5 0 )中的表现可将水稻分为 3种类型 :硝高度响应型、硝中度响应型、硝不响应型。在混合氮营养液中硝高度响应型水稻地上部干重、根干重、总干重和氮积累量显著比单一铵营养液中的高。在评价不同水稻基因型对硝营养的响应时 ,根干物重和氮积累量可作为筛选的主要生理指标     

Fertilizer placement to maximize nitrogen use by fescue

The method of fertilizer nitrogen (N) application can affect N uptake in tall fescue and therefore its yield and quality. Subsurface-banding (knife) of fertilizer maximizes fescue N uptake in the poorly-drained clay-pan soils of southeastern Kansas. This study was conducted to determine if knifed N results in greater N uptake than the conventional top-dress application method in a deep, well-drained soil of east-central Kansas. The experiment, conducted in a Smolan silty clay loam soil, was a split-plot with fertilizer nitrogen rates 0, 140 and 280 kg N ha^?1 applied as urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN, 28% N), knifed or top-dressed. Soil inorganic N [ammonium (NH₄)- and nitrate (NO₃–N)] and N in roots and plant tops were measured at various times during the growing season. At final harvest, most of the knifed N (99.7%) was accounted for in plant tissue (roots and tops) and soil, with more than half of the knifed N remaining as soil inorganic N. With the top-dressed method, 27% was unaccounted for and presumed lost in gaseous form. Knifing fertilizer N in fescue fields of east-central Kansas will maximize the availability of N, reduce potential N losses, and increase forage quality.     

Asparagine test in relation with the nitrogen nutritional status of crop plants III

During the course of the previous studies (1, 2) of this series dynamics of asparagine appearance in crop plants was investigated and it was found that its appearance has, definitely, direct relation with the nitrogen nutritional status of crop plants. It was also clarified that its appearance is initiated, mostly, by the starting of the panicle formation and the resultant breaking down and transportation of complex nitrogenous compounds. The simultaneous study of asparagine and nitrate appearance revealed that the nitrate has no direct relation with the panicle formation and asparagine appearance. In the first experiment on rice, we did not try nitrate test together with the asparagine test. The surface layer (less than 1 cm) of the rice soil, even in the waterlogged condition gets oxidised gradually and nitrogen exists mainly as nitrate. Moreover, there has been some mention that the rice roots possess an oxidative atmosphere (3,4,5) around it and soils having less amount of easily decomposable organic matter or high water percolating capacity do not get completely reduced under waterlogging, it is supposed that nitrate which is by nitrification from ammonia may appear specially around the roots. It seemed necessary to include nitrate test in this experiment along with the asparagine test. In addition, to study the role of different sources of nitrogen towards the appearance of asparagine, the experiment was designed to have provision of topdressing in the NH⁴, NH⁴+NO³, NO³ and urea forms. It is expected that the result on the topdressing would bring more and more practicality to the asparagine test.