不同耕作方式对紫色水稻土团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

The effect of different tillage systems on the size distribution of aggregates and organic carbon distribution and storage in different size aggregates in a Hydragric Anthrosol were studied in a long-term experiment in Chongqing, China. The experiment included three tillage treatments： conventional tillage with rotation of rice and winter fallow （CT-r） system, no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape （RT-rr） system, and conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape （CT-rr） system. The results showed that the aggregates 0.02-025 mm in diameter accounted for the largest portion in each soil layer under all treatments. Compared with the CT-r system, in the 0-10 cm layer, the amount of aggregates 0.02 mm was larger under the RT-rr system, but smaller under the CT-rr system. In the 0-20 cm layer, the organic carbon content of all fractions of aggregates was the highest under the RT-rr system and lowest under the CT-rr system. The total organic carbon content showed a positive linear relationship with the amount of aggregates with diameter ranging from 0.25 to 2 mm. The storage of organic carbon in all fractions of aggregates under the RT-rr system was higher than that under the CT-r system in the 0-20 cm layer, but in the 0-60 cm soil layer, there was no distinct difference. Under the CT-rr system, the storage of organic carbon in all fractions of aggregates was lower than that under the CT-r system; most of the newly lost organic carbon was from the aggregates 0.002-0.02 and 0.02-0.25 mm in diameter.     

越南红河三角洲地区淹水稻田轮作蔬菜可改良土壤性质

Vegetable production in South East Asia often is in rotation with flooded rice. The puddling of the soil with flooded rice production may result in unfavourable soil conditions for the subsequent production of dry land crops. To establish whether permanent vegetable production results in favourable soil conditions for vegetables, the effects of five different permanent vegetable production systems and a system of vegetable production in rotation with flooded rice on soil properties after flooded rice were studied in a 2-year field experiment. Bulk density at 0.05–0.10 m depth layer decreased with permanent vegetable production and vegetable production in rotation with flooded rice. The decrease in bulk density was influenced by the application of organic manure and rice husks, and especially by the number of crops cultivated, suggesting that frequency of soil tillage had a major effect on bulk density. Ploughing with buffalo traction after flooded rice, in combination with construction of raised beds, could reduce or totally eliminate negative effects of puddling on soil structure. Bulk density at 0.15–0.20 m soil depth was not influenced. Soil acidity decreased significantly in all systems. Soil organic carbon increased in all systems, but significant increase was only found in two permanent vegetable production systems. Available phosphorus(P) significantly increased in two permanent vegetable production systems, with a positively correlation to the amount of P applied. The significant decrease in bulk density and increase in p H(H2O), after only 2 years, showed that soil conditions after flooded rice could be improved in a short time under intensive vegetable production.     

长期稻田垄作免耕对土壤性质和水稻产量的影响

A tillage method of combining ridge with no-tillage (RNT) was employed in lowland rice-based cropping system to study the long-term effects of RNT on soil profile pattern, soil water stable aggregate distribution, nutrients stratification and yields of rice and post-rice crops. After flooded paddy field (FPF) was practiced with RNT for a long time, soil profile changed from G to A-P-G, and horizon G was shifted to a deeper position in the profile. Also the proportion of macroaggregate (> 2 mm) increased, whereas the proportion of silt and clay (< 0.053 mm) decreased under RNT, indicating a better soil structure that will prevent erosion. RNT helped to control leaching and significantly improved total N, P, K and organic matter in soil. The highest crop yields were found under RNT system every year, and total crop yields were higher under conventional paddy-upland rotation tillage (CR) than under FPF, except in 2003 and 2006 when serious drought occurred. RNT was proven to be a better tillage method for lowland rice-based cropping system.     

中国黄土高原区轮耕对土壤团聚体、有机碳氮含量的影响

In rain-fed semi-arid agroecosystems, continuous conventional tillage can cause serious problems in soil quality and crop production, whereas rotational tillage (no-tillage and subsoiling) could decrease soil bulk density, and increase soil aggregates and organic carbon in the 0-40 cm soil layer. A 3-year field study was conducted to determine the effect of tillage practices on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), water-stable aggregate size distribution and aggregate C and N sequestration from 0 to 40 cm soil in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia. Three tillage treatments were tested: no-tillage in year 1, subsoiling in year 2, and no-tillage in year 3 (NT-ST-NT); subsoiling in year 1, no-tillage in year 2, and subsoiling in year 3 (ST-NT-ST); and conventional tillage over years 1-3 (CT). Mean values of soil bulk density in 0-40 cm under NT-ST-NT and ST-NT-ST were significantly decreased by 3.3% and 6.5%, respectively, compared with CT, while soil total porosity was greatly improved. Rotational tillage increased SOC, TN, and water-stable aggregates in the 0-40 cm soil, with the greatest effect under ST-NT-ST. In 0-20 and 20-40 cm soils, the tillage effect was confined to the 2-0.25 mm size fraction of soil aggregates, and rotational tillage treatments obtained significantly higher SOC and TN contents than conventional tillage. No significant differences were detected in SOC and TN contents in the >2 mm and <0.25 mm aggregates among all treatments. In conclusion, rotational tillage practices could significantly increase SOC and TN levels, due to a fundamental change in soil structure, and maintain agroecosystem sustainability in the Loess Plateau area of China.     

不同耕作方式对中国东北黑土有机碳的短期影响

A tillage experiment, consisting of moldboard plow （MP）, ridge tillage （RT）, and no-tillage （NT）, was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates to study the effect of 3-year tillage management on SOC content and its distribution in surface layer （30 cm） of a clay loam soil in northeast China. NT did not lead to significant increase of SOC in topsoil （0-5 cm） compared with MP and RT; however, the SOC content in NT soil was remarkably reduced at a depth of 5-20 cm. Accordingly, short-term （3-year） NT management tended to stratify SOC concentration, but not necessarily increase its storage in the plow layer for the soil.     

地中海地区保护性耕作对土壤碳素动力学特性的影响

Intensity of tillage practices can enhance organic matter decomposition, increasing CO2 emissions from soil to the atmosphere. Conservation tillage （CT） has been proposed as a means of counteracting potential damages to the environment. In this study the effects of two CT systems, reduced tillage in a long-term experiment （RTL） and no-tillage in a short-term experiment （NTs）, were compared to traditional tillage （TT） in the long （TTL） and short-term experiments （TTs）. CO2 fluxes, total soil organic carbon （SOC） and dehydrogenase activity （DHA） were evaluated at 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm depths throughout the three years studied （Oct. 2006 Jul. 2009）. Traditional tillage increased C02 emissions compared to CT. The CT treatments （RTL and NTs） accumulated more SOC in the surface layer （0 5 cm） than the TT treatments （TTL and TTs）. SOC accumulation was moderate but DHA consistently increased in CT in the surface soil, especially with a legume crop included in the crop rotation. Values of stratification ratio of all parameters studied were higher in the CT treatments （RTL and NTs）. The agricultural and environmental benefits derived from CT make this system recommendable for semi-arid Mediterranean rain-fed agriculture.     

一株敌敌畏降解菌DDV-1(Ochrobactrium sp.)的分离鉴定及其降解特性的研究

Soil organic carbon （C） and total nitrogen （N） pools of a Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook.） （CF） forest, and an evergreen broadleaf （EB） forest located in mid-subtropical, southeastern China, were compared before clearcutting, with the effect of slash burning on organic C and total N in the top 10 cm of soil before and after burning also being evaluated. Prior to clearcutting CF forest had significantly lower （P 〈0.05） organic C and total N in the soil （0-100 cm） compared to EB forest with approximately 60% of the C and N at the two forest sites stored at the 0 to 40 cm soil. In post-burn samples of the 0-10 cm depth at 5 days, 1 year, and 5 years for CF and EB forests, significantly lower levels （P 〈0.05） of organic C and total N than those in the pre-burn samples were observed. Compared to the pre-burn levels, at post-burn year 5, surface soil organic C storage was only 85% in CF forest and 72% in EB forest, while total N storage was 77% for CF forest and 73% for EB forest. Slash burning caused marked long-term changes in surface soil C and N in the two forest types.     

耕作方式对双季稻田土壤有机碳储量的影响

Tillage practices can potentially afect soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in agricultural soils. A 4-year experiment was conducted to identify the influence of tillage practices on SOC sequestration in a double-cropped rice (Oryza sativa L.) field in Hunan Province of China. Three tillage treatments, no-till (NT), conventional plow tillage(PT), and rotary tillage(RT), were laid in a randomized complete block design. Concentrations of SOC and bulk density(BD) of the 0-80 cm soil layer were measured, and SOC stocks of the 0-20 and 0-80 cm soil layers were calculated on an equivalent soil mass(ESM) basis and fixed depth (FD) basis.Soil carbon budget(SCB) under diferent tillage systems were assessed on the basis of emissions of methane(CH4) and CO2 and the amount of carbon (C) removed by the rice harvest. After four years of experiment, the NT treatment sequestrated more SOC than the other treatments. The SOC stocks in the 0-80 cm layer under NT (on an ESM basis) was as high as 129.32 Mg C ha 1,significantly higher than those under PT and RT (P < 0.05). The order of SOC stocks in the 0-80 cm soil layer was NT > PT > RT,and the same order was observed for SCB; however, in the 0-20 cm soil layer, the RT treatment had a higher SOC stock than the PT treatment. Therefore, when comparing SOC stocks, only considering the top 20 cm of soil would lead to an incomplete evaluation for the tillage-induced efects on SOC stocks and SOC sequestrated in the subsoil layers should also be taken into consideration. The estimation of SOC stocks using the ESM instead of FD method would better reflect the actual changes in SOC stocks in the paddy filed, as the FD method amplified the tillage efects on SOC stocks. This study also indicated that NT plus straw retention on the soil surface was a viable option to increase SOC stocks in paddy soils.     

苏打盐碱水灌溉的土壤添加石膏肥和有机肥后水溶性碳和微生物碳研究

Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), a small fraction of soil organic matter, has a rapid turnover rate and is a reservoir of labile nutrients. The water-extractable carbon pools provide a fairly good estimate of labile C present in soil and can be easily quantified. Changes in soil MBC and water-extractable organic carbon pools were studied in a 14-year long-term experiment in plots of rice-wheat rotation irrigated with canal water (CW), sodic water (SW, 10-12.5 mmol c L-1 residual sodium carbonate), and SW amended with gypsum with or without application of organic amendments including farmyard manure (FYM), green manure (GM), and wheat straw (WS). Irrigation with SW increased soil exchangeable sodium percentage by more than 13 times compared to irrigation with CW. Sodic water irrigation significantly decreased hot water-extractable organic carbon (HWOC) from 330 to 286 mg kg-1 soil and cold water-extractable organic carbon (CWOC) from 53 to 22 mg kg-1 soil in the top 0-7.5 cm soil layer. In the lower soil layer (7.5-15 cm), reduction in HWOC was not significant. Application of gypsum alone resulted in a decrease in HWOC in the SW plots, whereas an increase was recorded in the SW plots with application of both gypsum and organic amendments in both the soil layers. Nevertheless, application of gypsum and organic amendments increased the mean CWOC as compared with application of gypsum alone. CWOC was significantly correlated with MBC but did not truly reflect the changes in MBC in the treatments with gypsum and organic amendments applied. For the treatments without organic amendments, HWOC was negatively correlated with MBC (r = 0.57*) in the 0-7.5 cm soil layer, whereas for the treatments with organic amendments, both were positively correlated. Irrigation with SW significantly reduced the rice yield by 3 t ha-1 and the yield of rice and wheat by 5 t ha-1 as compared to irrigation with canal water. Application of amendments significantly increased rice and wheat yields. Both the rice yield and the yield of rice and wheat were significantly correlated with MBC (r = 0.49**-0.56**, n = 60). HWOC did not exhibit any relation with the crop yields under the treatments without organic amendments; however, CWOC showed a positive but weak correlation with the crop yields. Therefore, we found that under sodic water irrigation, HWOC or CWOC in the soils was not related to MBC.     

在温室和室外管理措施下有机和矿物肥料对土壤物理性质的长期效应研究

To evaluate the use of organic amendments as an alternative to conventional fertilization,a 10-year experiment on a loam soil was conducted under a crop rotation system in both greenhouse and outdoor plots applied with chemical fertilizers (NPK) and vegetal compost (organic fertilizer) in the Guadalquivir River Valley,Spain.The effect of these two different fertilization regimes on the soil physical properties was evaluated.Soil organic carbon (OC),soil bulk density (BD),soil water retention (WR),available water content (AWC),aggregate stability (AS),and soil physical quality (Dexter’s index,S) were determined.The use of organic fertilizer increased OC and resulted in a significant increase in AS and a decrease in BD compared to the mineral fertilizer application in both greenhouse and outdoor plots.The outdoor plots showed the lowest BD values whereas the greenhouse plots showed the highest AS values.In the last years of the 10-year experiment the S parameter was significantly higher in organic fertilizer plots,especially for greenhouse plots.At the end of the study period,there were no significant differences in WR at field capacity (FC) between treatments in both systems;the AWC was also similar in the greenhouse plots but higher in the mineral outdoor plots.In mineral fertilizer treatments,a small improvement in the physical properties was also observed due to the utilization of less aggressive tillage compared with the previous intensive cropping system.Physical soil properties were correlated with soil OC.The sustainable management techniques such as the use of organic amendments and low or no tillage improved soil physical properties,despite the differences in management that logically significantly affected the results.     

二氯喹啉酸·苄嘧磺隆复合污染降解菌的特性研究

A bacterial strain, designated as LS, was isolated from a contaminated soil and was found to be capable of utilizing quinclorac, bensulfuronmethyl, and a mixture of the two as carbon and energy sources for growth. Strain LS was identified as Ochrobactrum sp. based on its physiological-biochemical properties, 16S rDNA sequences, and phylogenetic analysis. The extent of degradation of quinclorac and bensulfuronmethyl at initial concentrations of 1.5 and 0.1 g L^-1 was 90% and 67%, respectively, as measured by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. When a herbicide mixture of 0.34 g L^-1 quinclorac and 0.02 g L^-1 bensulfuronmethyl was applied as carbon sources, quinclorac and bensulfuronmethyl were degraded at 95.7% and 67.5%, respectively. It appears that quinclorac is utilized more easily in a mixture than in a single state. The optimal temperature for growth of strain LS was 37 ℃. Strain LS grew well at pH 6 to 9 and had the highest degradation level for quinclorac and bensulfuronmethyl at an initial pH of 7 and 8, respectively. Addition of 0.25 g L^-1 yeast extract could promote the growth and extent of degradation of quinclorac and bensulfuronmethyl by strain LS. Strain LS also showed the capability to degrade other aromatic compounds such as catechol, propisochlor, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid sodium （MCPA-Na） and imazethapy. The isolate LS shows a huge potential to be used in bioremediation for treating complex herbicide residues.     

长期垄作免耕对稻田土壤有机碳剖面分布的影响

以稻田免耕长期定位试验为平台,研究长期垄作免耕对稻田土壤有机碳剖面分布的影响。结果表明,垄作免耕(中稻)、垄作免耕(稻油)、常规平作(中稻)和水旱轮作(稻油)4种耕作处理实施20年后,稻田0-60cm土体中各土层有机碳含量最高值和最低值分别出现在垄作免耕(稻油)和水旱轮作(稻油)中,且水旱轮作(稻油)中各土层有机碳含量均显著低于其他耕作处理;垄作免耕(稻油)中0-10cm和40-60cm土层有机碳含量与垄作免耕(中稻)、常规平作(中稻)之间差异不显著,但20-40cm土层有机碳含量则显著高于其他耕作处理(P<0.05),可见同传统耕作相比,长期垄作免耕(稻油)稻田的增碳优势主要体现在20-40cm土层。不同耕作处理连续实施20年后,稻田0-60cm土体有机碳密度的高低顺序为垄作免耕(稻油)>垄作免耕(中稻)>常规平作(中稻)>水旱轮作(稻油),且处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。垄作免耕15～20年期间,稻田0-10cm表层土壤有机碳储量基本稳定,但20-40cm土层有机碳储量仍有增加,其中垄作免耕(稻油)增加最为明显,表明20-40cm土层碳累积是长期垄作免耕下稻田发挥增碳功能的重要机制。     

秸秆还田对汉中盆地稻田土壤有机碳组分、碳储量及水稻产量的影响

为探索稻麦或稻油轮作制下,小麦、油菜秸秆还田对汉中盆地稻田土壤碳库组分的变化,设置小麦秸秆不还田(WSN)、小麦秸秆常规还田(WS)、小麦秸秆促腐还田(WSM)、油菜秸秆不还田(RSN)、油菜秸秆常规还田(RS)、油菜秸秆促腐还田(RSM),共6个处理,通过大田试验研究了不同秸秆类型及还田方式对稻田0—5,5—10,10—15,15—20,20—25cm 5个土壤层次中的土壤容重、总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)、活性有机碳效率(ACL)、碳储量(SCS)、碳库管理指数(CPMI)及水稻产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田显著降低0—15cm土层容重,对15—25cm并未产生显著影响。与不还田相比,秸秆还田明显增加了各层次土壤有机碳库指标含量,但TOC和LOC含量均随土壤深度的增加而减少,两者在0—15cm土层含量较高,具有明显的表层富集现象;与不还田相比,小麦及油菜秸秆还田后可明显增加稻田0—25cm土层中的土壤碳储量(SCS),增幅可达21.9%~23.5%和1.7%~6.7%。不同土层中的LOC、ACL、CPIM对秸秆类型的响应不同,具体表现为小麦秸秆还田(WS、WSM)对0—15cm土层具有显著促进作用,而油菜秸秆还田(RS、RSM)对15—25cm土层中的有显著促进作用。产量方面,秸秆促腐还田模式下(WSM、RSM)水稻产量最高,常规还田模式(WSN、RSN)次之,而不还田时产量最低。相关分析显示0—10cm土壤活性有机碳有效率与水稻产量显著相关。秸秆还田是提高汉中盆地稻田土壤有机碳和产量较为有效的农田管理措施。两种轮作模式下,小麦秸秆全量旋耕还田更有利于固持稻田土壤有机碳和增加水稻产量增加。     

耕作措施对双季稻田土壤碳及有机碳储量的影响

针对不同耕作措施对双季稻田的固碳效应和固碳潜力问题,选择湖南省宁乡县的双季稻区试验点进行了有机碳、活性有机碳以及耕层有机碳储量的研究,以期为制定适合于稻田条件下的合理耕作方式提供理论依据。结果表明,耕作措施和秸秆还田对有机碳（SOC）和活性有机碳（AOC）含量均产生不同程度的影响。免耕处理下,有机碳和活性有机碳含量皆随土壤深度的增加而减少,土壤0～5cm的SOC和AOC的含量最高,且与其他层次达到显著性差异水平（P＆lt;0.05）,具有明显的表层富集现象。与免耕相比,旋耕和翻耕则更利于5～10cm和10～20cm土层的有机碳和活性有机碳的积累。比较秸秆还田对SOC和AOC的影响表明,秸秆还田有效地提高了0～10cm有机碳含量,但对10～20cm并未产生显著影响,秸秆的输入并未增加土壤活性有机碳的含量。采用等质量方法计算了耕层土壤有机碳储量,结果显示旋耕秸秆还田使有机碳储量明显增加,而免耕只增加了土壤0～5cm和5～10cm土层有机碳储量,10～20cm有机碳储量有所降低,但耕作措施对有机碳储量的长效作用还有待于进一步研究。     

Long-term tillage and straw returning effects on organic C fractions and chemical composition of SOC in rice-rape cropping system

Understanding the different C pools and chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cropping system is imperative for sustaining soil quality. This study examined the effects of tillage and straw returning practices on organic C fractions and chemical composition of SOC under a rice-rape system in central China. The field experiment consisted of conventional tillage (CT); conventional tillage with straw returning (CTS); no-tillage (NT); and no-tillage with straw returning (NTS) treatments. Compared to CT, NT significantly increased SOC stocks, SCMI and C fractions of 0–20 cm depth by 6–50%. The SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents of 0–20 cm depth were 16, 80, 24, 22 and 13%, respectively, higher under NTS treatment. Straw returning enhanced the relative contents of O-alkyl C, carbonyl C, alkyl C, A/O-A ratio, and aromaticity. The correlations of SOC with C fractions and SCMI were significant. O-alkyl C was positively correlated with C fractions and negatively correlated with carbonyl C and alkyl C. In conclusion, long-term tillage and straw returning significantly affected the fractions and chemical compositions of SOC, could be viable option for improving the soil quality in the rice-rape rotation system.     

耕作制度对紫色水稻土有机碳累积及矿化动态的影响

以稻田长期定位试验为平台,研究常规平作（中稻-冬水田）、垄作免耕（中稻-冬水田）、垄作免耕（中稻-油菜）和水旱轮作（中稻-油菜）4种耕作制度对紫色水稻土有机碳累积及矿化动态的影响。结果表明：实行不同耕作制度均能提高土壤有机碳密度,以垄作免耕（中稻-油菜）最佳。不同耕作制度实施20年后,农田0-10 cm表层土壤有机碳密度已趋于稳定,垄作免耕会提高10-20 cm和20-40 cm土层有机碳密度,而水旱轮作各土层有机碳密度均低于其他耕作处理。不同耕作制度下水稻土中易氧化有机碳数量和有机碳氧化稳定系数差异较大,其中,垄作免耕（中稻-油菜）下水稻土有机碳氧化稳定系数最大。各耕作处理中,土壤有机碳的最大矿化速率差异显著,有机碳矿化率和pH呈显著正相关;在培养期间,垄作免耕（中稻-油菜）的累积矿化量始终显著低于其他处理;常规平作（中稻-冬水田）的总矿化强度最大,垄作免耕（中稻-油菜）最小。     

耕作方式对土壤水分入渗、有机碳含量及土壤结构的影响

为探明不同耕作方式对土壤剖面结构、水分入渗过程等的作用机理,采集田间长期定位耕作措施(常规耕作、免耕、深松)试验中的原状土柱(0~100 cm)及0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm环刀样、原状土及混合土样,通过室内模拟试验进行了0~100 cm土层土壤入渗过程和饱和导水率的测定,分析了不同土层的土壤有机碳含量、土壤结构特征及相互关系。结果表明:从土柱顶部开始供水(恒定水头)到水分全部入渗到土柱底部的时间为:常规耕作免耕深松;土柱土壤入渗速率和累积入渗量为:深松免耕常规耕作;土柱累积蒸发量为:常规耕作免耕深松。土壤的饱和导水率表现为:0~10 cm和50~60 cm土层,免耕深松常规耕作;20~50 cm和60~100 cm土层,深松免耕常规耕作。随土层的加深,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤有机碳含量均表现为先增加(10~20 cm)再降低的趋势。在0~40 cm土层和80~100 cm土层,均以深松处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量最高。在60 cm以上土层,土壤有机碳含量表现为:免耕深松常规耕作,而60 cm土层以下土壤有机碳显著降低,均低于4 g·kg?1,且在70 cm以下土层,常规耕作免耕深松。综上,耕作措施能够改变土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤结构,促进土壤蓄水保墒;深松更利于水分就地入渗,而免耕则更利于有机碳的提升和水分的储存,其作用深度在0~60 cm土层。     

耕作与轮作方式对黑土有机碳和全氮储量的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)及全氮(TN)对土壤肥力、作物产量、农业可持续发展以及全球碳、氮循环等都具有重要影响。为探索不同耕作和轮作方式对耕层黑土SOC和TN储量的影响,本文以吉林省德惠市进行了8 a的田间定位试验中层黑土为研究对象,对免耕、垄作和秋翻三种耕作方式及玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作两种轮作方式下SOC和TN在各土层的含量变化进行了分析,并采用等质量土壤有机质储量计算方法,对比分析了不同处理对0～30 cm SOC和TN储量的影响。结果表明,与试验开始前相比,玉米-大豆轮作系统中,秋翻下SOC和TN储量均有所降低;免耕显著增加了0～5 cm SOC及TN含量,但SOC在亚表层亏损,导致其储量并未增加;而垄作处理下SOC及TN含量在0～5、5～10 cm的均显著增加,0～30 cm储量亦分别增加了4.9%和10.7%。玉米连作系统的两种耕作处理(免耕和秋翻)下SOC和TN储量均有所增加,且TN储量增幅均高于玉米-大豆轮作系统,其中免耕下TN储量增幅是玉米-大豆轮作的3.2倍。所有处理下C/N均呈降低趋势,其中垄作0～5 cm C/N由12.05降至11.04,降低幅度分别是免耕和秋翻的3.2和2.8倍。综上可知,对质地黏重排水不良的中层黑土,玉米-大豆轮作系统下免耕并不是促进SOC固定的有效形式,而垄作则促进了黑土SOC和TN的积累,这不仅有利于土壤肥力的改善,而且是使农田黑土由CO2"源"变为"汇"的有效形式之一。与玉米-大豆轮作相比,玉米连作下三种耕作方式都有利于SOC和TN积累。     

耕作措施对旱作农田土壤颗粒态有机碳的影响

为了探明耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤有机碳的影响,以连续进行17年的不同耕作措施长期定位试验为研究对象,利用碘化钠重液分组法,探索了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳、颗粒态有机碳和矿质结合态有机碳的影响。结果表明:土壤总有机碳含量随土层加深而降低,游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳、颗粒态有机碳的含量和占土壤总有机碳的比例均随土层加深而降低,而矿质结合态有机碳含量和占土壤总有机碳比例则随土层加深而增加。在0~40 cm各土层,各处理土壤颗粒态有机碳占总有机碳的比例(54.02%~76.78%)均高于矿质结合态有机碳占总有机碳的比例(31.78%~46.11%)。较之T处理,TS和NTS处理均不同程度提升土壤游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳、颗粒态有机碳的含量和占土壤总有机碳的比例,其中NTS处理的提升效果最显著,TS处理次之。虽然NT、TS、NTS处理可提升土壤矿质结合态有机碳含量,但T处理下的矿质结合态有机碳占总有机碳的比例高于NT、TS和NTS处理。耕作模式和秸秆添加模式均对土壤总有机碳、游离态颗粒有机碳、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳、颗粒态有机碳和矿质结合态有机碳的提升具有显著效应,但秸秆添加模式的效应高于耕作模式。同时,免耕模式仅对0~10 cm各土层土壤总有机碳的提升效应达到显著水平,对0~20 cm各土层土壤碳组分的提升效应均达显著水平,而添加秸秆对0~40 cm各土层土壤总有机碳和各组分均发挥着显著提升效应。综合来看,免耕配合秸秆还田可以提升土壤活力,促进土壤固碳,有利于该区构建环境友好型和可持续发展型农业生产模式。     

不同耕作制度对紫色水稻土活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

以长期定位试验点的紫色水稻土为研究对象，研究了耕作制度对紫色水稻土活性有机质和碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明：稻田长期垄作免耕0～10cm土层有机质含量比常规平作高，10～60cm土层有机质含量则比常规平作低；表明稻田长期垄作免耕土壤有机质具有表层富集现象；水旱轮作各土层有机质含量均比常规平作低。垄作免耕各土层活性有机质含量普遍增加，水旱轮作表层（0～10cm）活性有机质含量减少，其余土层变化不大。对活性有机质组分含量的研究表明：与常规平作相比，垄作免耕增加了土壤表层活性有机质各个组分的含量，在其余土层增加了低活性有机质含量，而减少了高活性有机质含量；水旱轮作增加了各土层低活性有机质含量而减少了中活性和高活性有机质含量。垄作免耕所有土层的碳库管理指数都在100以上，水旱轮作除表层（0～10cm）小于100以外，其余土层都在100以上。由此可见，农业管理措施对土壤有机质、活性有机质及碳库管理指数有较大影响。