基于移动无线传感器网络的植株图像监测系统设计与测试

针对静态无线传感器网络(static wireless sensor network,SWSN)在图像监测中功耗分布不均、传输不可靠等问题,设计了基于移动无线传感器网络(mobile wireless sensor network,MWSN)的农田植株图像监测系统。选用JN5139模块搭配摄像头采集和编码图像,利用无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)搭载协调器收集信息。通过仿真和测试可得,节点在MWSN中的最小功耗为10μW,工作功耗为133 m W,在SWSN中为133 m W,路由节点功耗为普通节点的2倍;在10~35 m范围内,MWSN的信号强度为-68~-86 dbm,SWSN为-83~-85 dbm;在10~80 m范围内,MWSN的误码率范围是0~9.2%,SWSN是0~38.6%。试验时UAV在15 m高空悬停接收地面设备发出的图像数据,测得获取一张图片平均需135 s,图片分包平均为22次,解码后的图像可以较好的反映植株生长状态。上述结果表明,工作时间相同,MWSN中节点的功耗差异性小,呈均匀分布;在一定距离范围内,MWSN的传输能力和抗干扰能力整体上优于SWSN,能保证数据传输的可靠性,因此,基于移动无线传感器网络技术的图像监控系统能够满足大范围农田中植株图像的监测需求。     

基于UAV-WSN MAC的海水稻生长环境信息感知

针对传统无线传感网络(wireless sensor network,WSN)在数据采集和传输上能耗、传输时延和吞吐量等难以满足海水稻生长环境监测要求，该研究提出一种WSN网络介质访问层海水稻生长环境信息感知策略(medium access layer saline-alkali tolerant rice environmental data perception strategy,MAC-SREP)，主要思想是将多无人机协同搜索区域模式映射为单无人机(unmanned arial vehicle,UAV)搜索模式，在此基础上，利用簇头节点的通信距离和UAV对地面的通信覆盖半径修正Voronoi图，再利用修正Voronoi图进行分簇，优化UAV的飞行路径；然后利用MAC层机制对UAV的数据包类型进行优先级调度和时隙分配，以保证网络资源的有效分配。仿真试验结果表明，MAC-SREP在多无人机-无线传感网络(multiple UAVs-WSN,mUAVs-WSN)的网络生命周期和网络吞吐量比单无人机-无线传感网络(single UAV-WSN,sUAV-WSN)分别提高25%和15%，端...     

基于ZigBee和PDA的农田信息无线传感器网络

为了实现农田信息的实时采集、处理与可视化,缩短数据采集和处理间的时差,开发了基于ZigBee和PDA的农田信息无线传感器网络。系统由集成ZigBee协调器的PDA和带传感器的路由节点组成。通过无线传感器网络,用户手持PDA可实时动态访问田间信息,并控制传感器的供电电源开关,以节省功耗。采集的田间信息包括土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤电导率、空气温湿度。其中土壤温度、空气温湿度传感器为数字式传感器,土壤水分、土壤电导率传感器为模拟传感器。节点通信距离试验表明,正常工作条件下,40 m距离的丢包率只有0.092,满     

基于GPS和PDA的移动智能农田信息采集系统开发

根据精细农业发展的需要,开发了移动智能农田信息采集系统。系统以掌上电脑(PDA)为平台,集成了ZigBee协调器模块、GPS OEM模块和GPRS模块。ZigBee协调器模块用于管理农田无线传感器网络,通过农田无线传感器网络采集农田信息,应用无线节点进行数据的采集;GPS模块用于采集并管理各采样点的位置信息,并通过虚拟差分站VRS接收GPS位置的差分信息以提高定位精度;GPRS模块用于在申请差分信息和与上位机通讯时建立远程无限网络连接。使用VC语言开发了嵌入式应用模块,实现了无线传感器的农田信息、GPS的     

农田无线传感器网络的节点部署仿真与实现

应用无线传感器网络进行农田信息采集时,针对农田面积大、传感器节点众多的特点,如何有效地部署节点成为研究的热点之一。利用NS2软件从丢包率、平均延时、剩余能量和接收信号强度等网络性能角度对随机部署、正六边形部署及正四边形部署方式进行了仿真比较,最终确定正六边形部署方案,并在农田中进行实地试验。结果表明系统能够实现无缝覆盖,稳定可靠的采集农田信息,为无线传感器网络在农田环境中的进一步应用提供了参考。     

自适应Tree-Mesh结构的大棚无线监测网络设计

针对大棚基地作物状态及环境信息的无线采集的需求,设计了改进的分簇Tree-Mesh混合拓扑结构无线传感器网络,并利用ZigBee实现了组网和多跳通信,以CC2530为核心设计了多传感器无线节点硬件系统,基于Z-Stack协议栈设计了有限状态机节点程序。同时,针对无线节点低功耗和网络信息低冗余的要求,设计了基于接收信号强度指示的最佳发射功率自适应机制,和基于感知数据差值的最小传输数据冗余自适应机制。试验结果表明,节点单跳和多跳通信速率典型值分别为20与0.3kb/s,采用干电池供电和直流供电的节点通信距离分别可达30和90m。仿真结果证明采用低功耗自适应机制的节点功耗降低了38.44%,可用作大棚基地的环境监测。     

农田无线传感器网络移动终端数据收集方案

农田无线传感器网络部具有署面积大、汇聚节点位置不固定的特点,为了解决移动汇聚节点高效、低能耗地收集网络数据的问题,提出了一种基于层次型拓扑结构的移动终端数据收集方案—DCSMT_H。方案综合考虑节点位置及当前剩余能量选举簇头并形成层次型拓扑结构,根据移动终端当前位置灵活构建簇间数据汇聚路由。仿真实验结果表明,DCSMT_H方案的网络能耗低,该方案与LEACH相比能有效延长网络生存期约15%,能够较高效地应用于移动终端收集大规模农田生产信息。该研究为提高无线传感器网络在精准农业中的应用水平做出了有益探索。     

基于3S技术联合的农田墒情远程监测系统开发

农田墒情信息是现代农业实施精准施肥、精确灌溉的重要科学依据。为了实现快速准确地采集墒情信息,研究开发了基于3S（GPS/GIS/GPRS）技术联合的农田墒情远程监测系统。该系统主要由农田信息监测网络节点和远程服务器组成,在小范围内由传感器节点基于ZigBee通讯协议组成无线传感器网络,在大尺度上通过网关节点集成GPS网络,利用GSM/GPRS网络实现与Internet的信息交互,完成了墒情数据的自动采集、无线传输和准确定位。设计了太阳能自供电的长寿命无线传感器节点和网关节点,开发了服务器端农田墒情信息管理系统软件,实现了Web方式下的参数远程设置和信息实时监测。该系统的设计开发为农田墒情信息监测和分析决策提供了有效的工具。     

农田无线传感器网络数据处理服务器的设计与实现

对无线传感器网络采集到的田间信息进行有效的接收、处理是基于无线传感器网络的农田环境监测系统的重要组成部分,该文针对农田无线传感器网络数据采集的特点,对系统的数据处理服务器的构建进行了研究,设计并实现了一个基于非阻塞式Sockets套接口的数据通信服务器。该服务器综合利用静态线程池与I/O复用技术,采用循环队列作为数据缓冲区,较好地解决了农田无线传感器网络对TCP多连接长时间通信,大量田间实时监测数据并发接收、处理性能要求高的问题;采用面向对象设计方法,抽象出类的层次结构,提高了程序代码的复用性。     

农田信息采集无线传感器网络节点设计

农田信息的及时准确获取是精准农业实施的基础。该文分析了几种典型无线传感器网络技术应用实例,基于当前无线传感器网络在农田信息采集中的应用现状,提出了设计体积小、工作持续时间长的农田信息采集无线传感器网络节点的必要性。基于ATmega128L单片机和CC1000射频芯片设计了无线传感器网络节点通信电路,并给出了土壤温湿度、电导率传感器、空气温湿度传感器及光照度传感器的选型和指标参数。设计了节点软件系统,描述了一种基于优先级的静态任务调度机制的实现方法,将S-MAC中的SYNC帧和RTS/CTS帧融合并加入了睡眠周期动态调度机制,并实现了全网的长周期睡眠。最后对节点进行了验证试验,给出了节点吞吐能力曲线和系统电压变化曲线,并进行了分析。试验表明,在论文给出的低功耗机制控制下,节点每秒具有6个数据包处理能力;在20个节点容量的全覆盖网络中,10 min采样周期下,节点可有效持续工作150 d以上,可以满足精准农业信息采集需求。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI