两种工程堆积体边坡模拟径流侵蚀对比研究

基于对重庆市城镇建设中工程堆积体野外调查结果,选择广泛存在的紫色土和黄沙壤工程堆积体为研究对象,采用野外实地放水冲刷试验,对比分析了不同土石比及坡度的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程。结果表明:(1)工程堆积体土壤入渗率随冲刷过程呈先快速减小、后逐渐稳定的变化趋势,且波动幅度大小随冲刷流量的不同出现差异,下垫面稳定入渗率均在0.4~1.7 mm min~(-1)之间。(2)不同下垫面堆积体产流率随冲刷时间均呈先增加后稳定的谷峰交织变化趋势且随放水流量增大而显著增强;在相同放水流量时,黄沙壤堆积体平均产流率最大可为紫色土堆积体的1.89倍。(3)不同下垫面堆积体径流含沙量随冲刷时间呈先增加后稳定的波动趋势;径流含沙量在不同流量条件下介于0.21~1278.49 g L~(-1);冲刷过程中坡面面蚀向沟蚀的转化对径流含沙量有显著影响,最大可增加13.73倍;堆积体坡面侵蚀过程存在突变期、活跃期和稳定期3个阶段,细沟发生的偶然性和随机性对产沙量波动贡献率最大。(4)工程堆积体在不同放水流量条件下侵蚀泥沙颗粒粒径分布差异性明显,紫色土堆积体最大侵蚀泥沙颗粒均大于黄沙壤堆积体。研究结果可为重庆市城镇建设工程堆积体新增水土流失量预测和植被生态恢复提供重要科学依据。     

放水冲刷条件下工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀水动力学特性

煤炭开采过程形成的工程堆积体可导致严重水土流失。该文以重庆市煤矿工程堆积体为研究对象,该文采用土工试验方法和野外实地放水冲刷试验研究了煤矿工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀特征及其临界水动力条件。结果表明：1）随着径流侵蚀冲刷过程进行,工程堆积体边坡的径流流速、径流剪切力和径流功率均呈现出程度不一波动现象,其变化范围分别为0.187～0.526 m/s、24.336～126.542 Pa、2.763～46.861 N/(m·s),而阻力系数在2.236～19.337之间波动变化。2）除10 L/min放水条件,工程堆积体边坡产流率、产沙率随径流冲刷过程呈先增加、后稳定变化趋势;在不同放水条件（10～30 L/min）下,边坡产流率依次趋于0.5、3.0、3.8、6.3和9.0 L/min,而产沙率在0～27.51 kg/min之间变化,土壤剥蚀率在9.570～4616.064 g/(m2·min)。3）不同坡度工程堆积体边坡临界径流剪切力及径流功率存在较大差异,面蚀阶段临界径流剪切力和临界径流功率以30°堆积体最小,分别为23.95 Pa和1.76 N/(m·s);而细沟侵蚀阶段以25°堆积体临界径流剪切力最小,以40°堆积体临界径流功率最小;土壤侵蚀速率与径流剪切力、径流功率之间具有显著线性关系。4）在放水条件下（10～30 L/min）,工程堆积体径流侵蚀临界坡度分别为34.8°、35°、33.7°、34°、35.2°。研究结果可为煤矿工程堆积体水土流失量预测、水土保持生态修复措施布置提供技术参数和依据。     

工程堆积体坡面植物篱的控蚀效果及其机制研究

工程堆积体极易产生水土流失,是生产建设项目水土流失防治的重点。为探明工程堆积体植物篱控蚀效果和机理,通过野外模拟径流冲刷试验,该文采用35、45、55 L/min 3种放水流量,对24°、28°、32°三种坡度的植物篱(H)及裸露对照小区(C)堆积体边坡(20 m×5 m标准监测小区)进行模拟放水冲刷试验,选取产沙率、径流含沙量、减沙量、径流挟沙力、剪切力、剥蚀率和径流功率等因子对堆积体坡面植物篱的控蚀效果及其机理进行分析。结果表明:堆积体侵蚀时间段集中在产流中后期(10~32 min),侵蚀位置主要在坡面中上段(0~10 m),植物篱具有10%~45%的减沙效益,其控蚀能力与冲刷历时之间存在二次函数的关系,临界时间随坡度和流量的增加而提前;植物篱坡面产流后期径流含沙量超过裸坡,这与其在侵蚀过程中的"源-汇"转变有关;植物篱可降低坡面土壤剥蚀率,提高坡面的临界剪切力和临界径流功率,能抑制细沟向坡面下部的发育,基于径流功率,其可蚀性参数(3.58 g/(N·m))大于对照坡面的可蚀性参数(2.83 g/(N·m))。研究结果可为坡面植物篱的合理利用提供一定的理论支撑,也能为工程堆积体措施条件下土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立提供部分参数支持。     

工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力学过程

工程堆积体产生的新增水土流失严重威胁工程建设区及其附近区域的生态安全。该文采用野外放水冲刷试验的方法,对神木-府谷高速公路沿线典型工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力过程进行了研究,结果表明,1）水流剪切力、水流功率及径流动能对薄层水流侵蚀土壤剥蚀率的影响皆可用线性方程描述,单位水流功率、过水断面单位能量的影响不显著;2）水流剪切力、水流功率、过水断面单位能量对细沟侵蚀土壤剥蚀率的影响皆可用线性方程描述,单位水流功率的影响可用幂函数方程描述,径流动能的影响可用对数线性方程描述;3）水流功率是与土壤剥蚀率关系最好的水动力学参数,是坡面侵蚀的动力根源;4）发生细沟侵蚀的临界水流功率为3 N/(m·s),细沟可蚀性参数为8×10-3 s2/m2。该结果可为工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀模型的建立奠定基础,为生产建设项目区新增水土流失治理提供科学依据。     

模拟降雨条件下锥状工程堆积体侵蚀水动力特征

为了确定描述锥状工程堆积体坡面侵蚀动力过程较好的水力学参数,以赣北红土为主要试验材料,在人工模拟降雨条件下,系统地分析了水流剪切力、水流功率、单位水流功率以及过水断面单位能同坡面剥蚀率之间的关系。结果表明:1)除过水断面单位能外,其他各个水蚀因子无论是平均值还是瞬时值均能较好的描述坡面侵蚀动力过程;2)赣北红土工程堆积体坡面剥蚀发生的临界单位水流功率为6.8×10-3 m/s;工程堆积体坡面剥蚀发生的临界瞬时单位水流功率为3.8×10-3 m/s,由赣北红土与砾石混合而成的堆积体材料的可蚀性参数介于0.0053~0.0059 s2/m2之间,要比纯红土的可蚀性参数大20~30倍;4)瞬时过水断面单位能与剥蚀率之间相关性不密切(R2=0.130),故瞬时过水断面单位能不适合作为描述锥状工程堆积体坡面侵蚀动力过程的参数指标。4)在各个水蚀因子中,水流功率与剥蚀率相关性最好(R2=0.972),故认为水流功率是描述锥状工程堆积体侵蚀动力过程最好的水力学参数。     

神府煤田建设中扰动地面水沙过程模拟研究

通过野外放水冲刷模拟试验,以神府煤田为例,对比分析煤田建设中扰动地面和原始地面的水沙动态过程,探讨煤田建设中人为扰动地面的产流产沙规律。结果表明:1)土壤入渗率、径流含沙量、土壤剥蚀率均随放水流量和坡度的增大而增大;2)放水流量在5～25 L/min时,扰动地面的平均土壤入渗率(0.14～0.51 mm/min)、径流含沙量(62.16～118.66 g/L)和土壤剥蚀率(19.38～202.58 g/(m2.s))分别是原始地面(0.31～0.61 mm/min、1.61～12.05 g/L和0.24～21.75 g/(m2.s))的0.44～0.73倍、10～39倍和9～79倍;3)坡度在5°～18°时,扰动地面的平均径流含沙量(36.19～155.96 g/L)和土壤剥蚀率(0.79～2.70 g/(m2.s))分别是原始地面(3.27～9.62 g/L、0.05～0.19 g/(m2.s))的11～23倍和14～22倍;4)原始地面与扰动地面的土壤剥蚀率与放水流量和坡度呈显著的幂函数关系。研究结果对矿区生态环境恢复和重建及水土流失测算具有重要的指导意义。     

重庆市典型工程堆积体边坡物理力学变化及稳定性特征

以重庆市城镇建设活动形成的典型工程堆积体为研究对象,对工程堆积体边坡物理力学特性和入渗特征进行了研究,同时确定了工程堆积体边坡的危险滑动面及安全系数。在工程堆积体边坡上、中、下设置采样点,采集土壤样品进行土壤物理力学性质分析,采用野外双环入渗法进行入渗过程研究,运用GEO-SLOPE软件分析工程堆积体边坡稳定性。结果表明:(1)工程堆积体粒度分布不均匀,且2mm粒径的含量随着堆放时间的增加而增大;各工程堆积体分形维数在2.04~2.47之间变化,且表现为上坡位中坡位下坡位。(2)工程堆积体饱和含水量随坡位下降呈逐渐增加趋势;入渗率随时间变化呈快速减小、缓慢减小、稳定入渗3个阶段,2m、2a和4a堆积体稳定入渗率分别为4.53,3.17,7.02mm/min。(3)不同堆放时间的工程堆积体剪切力和剪切位移的关系呈硬化型曲线;粘聚力和内摩擦角分别在16.43~31.88kPa和2.23°~41.69°之间;不同堆放时间的工程堆积体安全系数均大于1.5,其稳定性大小依次为2a2m4a,最危险滑动面的安全系数分别为1.77,2.23,1.66。比较而言,堆放2a的工程堆积体稳定性最好,堆放2m的次之,堆放4a的工程堆积体稳定性最差。     

黄土高塬沟壑区沟坡道路侵蚀临界水动力学试验研究

道路侵蚀是黄土高塬重要的侵蚀方式,通过野外放水冲刷试验研究了黄土高塬沟壑区沟坡道路侵蚀水力学及产沙特性。结果表明,平均输沙率随坡度和流量的增加而增大,输沙率与坡度之间呈对数关系。水流剪切力在3°～12°的坡度变化中呈增大趋势,在9°～12°其增大趋势变缓。进一步的分析结果表明,道路侵蚀的发生具有一定临界条件。土壤剥蚀率与径流剪切力、水流功率和单宽能耗之间均呈线性关系,其中临界剪切力为2.443N/(m2.min),临界水流功率为0.369N/(m.s),临界单宽能耗为1.993J/(min.cm);对比分析知,土壤剥蚀率与水流功率相关系数最高。     

不同砾石类型对工程堆积体侵蚀规律的影响

以工程堆积体中坡顶平台有车碾压形态为基本下垫面,在模拟不同降雨强度条件下对含有2种不同粒径的砾石类型堆积体的侵蚀产沙规律进行研究。结果表明:砾石类型的不同对工程堆积体坡面产流产沙的机制影响不大,即不同砾石类型的工程堆积体的径流率、侵蚀速率以及径流含沙量随降雨时间的延续表现出极其相似的规律;但是从量上来说,大石块堆积体的平均径流率以及平均产沙率均要比小石块堆积体的大(当降雨强度为2.5mm/min时,大石块堆积体的平均径流率是小石块的1.14倍;当降雨强度为1.0mm/min时,大石块堆积体的平均侵蚀速率是小石块的1.21倍);同时对大小石块堆积体总产沙量和总径流量进行分析发现其差值均与降雨强度呈明显的线性关系。     

工程堆积体坡面径流水动力学参数及其相互关系

工程堆积体具有独特的土壤组成及复杂的下垫面条件,其土壤抗冲性极差,径流条件下堆积体陡坡坡面关键的水动力学参数及其相互关系亦表现出不同的特点,为探明工程堆积体坡面径流水动力学参数及其相互关系,该文采用30、40、50、60 L/min 4个流量,对24°、28°、32°共3个坡度的堆积体边坡(20 m×5 m标准监测小区)进行模拟放水冲刷试验,选取径流流速、水深、雷诺数、弗汝德数、径流阻力系数、水流剪切应力、径流功率等参数进行分析。结果表明:工程堆积体坡面侵蚀位置主要集中在坡面上部(0~10 m),侵蚀时段主要集中在产流后期(12~30 min);流速随坡度和流量的增大而增大,坡度对流速的影响大于流量;随着坡面流由层流向紊流、急流向缓流的过渡,坡面径流阻力系数随之增大;基于水流剪切应力和径流功率分别计算获得的工程堆积体坡面细沟侵蚀土壤可蚀性参数分别为2.63×10-2 s/m和0.1 s2/m2,对应的临界侵蚀径流功率为0.8 N/(m·s)。研究结果可为坡面措施的配置提供一定的理论支撑,也能为工程堆积体土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立提供部分基础参数。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.