两种钾肥对湖北棉区棉花养分吸收及经济效益的影响

通过田间试验研究了钾肥用量(K2O 75、150、225 kg/hm2)与种类对棉花产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响。结果表明:施硫酸钾与硫酸钾镁都能增加产量,提高养分含量及经济效益,两者相比,在低、中、高3个水平上棉花产量前者比后者分别提高3.5%、3.2%和1.4%;相比硫酸钾镁,施硫酸钾可使棉花对氮、磷的吸收量增加,棉花根的氮含量平均增加13.9%,茎的磷含量平均增加2.7%,但对钾、钙、镁、硫的吸收量影响较少。施用硫酸钾比施用硫酸钾镁所获的效益平均高540元/hm2,且在施K2O 75 kg/hm2处理所获效益最高,比不施钾肥多获效益10 350元/hm2。     

杂卤石对花生生长及养分吸收的影响

为探讨杂卤石在北方典型棕壤上的应用效果,以花生为研究对象,于2015年2月至6月通过盆栽试验,以不施钾肥为对照,研究了杂卤石不同用量对花生荚果质量和花生秧干质量的影响,并比较了其与氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾对花生养分吸收及产量的影响差异。结果表明:在每千克土施用0～0.133 g K-_2O时,随着杂卤石施用量增加,花生荚果质量和花生秧干质量呈现出先增高后降低的趋势,其中每千克土施用0.089 g K-_2O时均最大,花生荚果质量较其他处理提高14.74%～48.08%,与每千克土壤施入0、0.022 g和0.044 g K-_2O的处理差异达显著水平;花生秧干质量较其他处理显著提高13.33%～49.08%。在每千克土施用0.089 gK-_2O的条件下,杂卤石处理花生荚果质量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理提高2.42%～12.32%,与氯化钾处理差异达显著水平,花生秧干质量较三种常规钾肥处理显著提高18.49%～25.44%。杂卤石处理植株氮含量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理平均显著提高1.92%～6.78%,植株钾含量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁处理平均显著提高15.37%,钾肥表观利用率显著高于氯化钾和硫酸钾镁处理,钾肥农学利用率及钾肥偏生产力显著高于氯化钾处理,植株钙含量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理平均显著提高4.67%～9.86%,植株硫含量较氯化钾处理显著提高19.13%。研究表明,施用杂卤石能够提高花生荚果质量及花生秧干质量,并促进花生对氮、钾、钙和硫的吸收,其中杂卤石处理花生吸硫量提高可能是其花生荚果质量较氯化钾处理显著提高的主要原因,而吸钙量和吸氮量的提高可能是杂卤石处理花生秧干质量较氯化钾、硫酸钾镁和硫酸钾处理显著提高的主要原因。     

钾素营养对饲用玉米养分吸收动态及产量品质形成的影响

在冀西北高原旱滩地条件下,以饲用玉米白马牙为试验材料,研究了钾肥不同施用量对饲用玉米养分吸收动态及产量品质形成的影响。结果表明,施钾使饲用玉米的生物产量增产7.96%～17.60%;显著促进了玉米植株氮素和磷素的吸收。施钾植株的氮素和磷素吸收量分别比不施钾植株提高17.73～40.28.kg/hm2和9.32～28.69kg/hm2;植株粗蛋白、粗脂肪的含量随施钾量增加而增加,且二者产量增幅分别为9.40%～21.5%和8.90%～38.12%。试验结果还看出,随钾肥用量的增加,饲用玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积指数和叶绿素相对含量均有提高,为饲用玉米的高产优质奠定了基础。因此,饲用玉米施用钾肥是提高其产量与营养品质的有效技术手段。     

水钾耦合对褐土养分及花生养分累积的影响

为明确水钾耦合对土壤养分含量及花生养分吸收累积量的影响,以"花育25"为试验材料,采用水分(35%,50%,65%,80%的田间持水量)和钾肥(0,0.15,0.30,0.45g K_2O/kg)2因素4水平随机区组设计,通过遮雨棚盆栽试验探讨水钾耦合下褐土有机质、全量(全氮、全磷和全钾)和速效养分(碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾)含量的变化,以及花生植株养分累积量的差异。结果表明:钾肥用量增加会促进有效氮的吸收;在土壤水分缺乏时,水分胁迫低钾(W_1K_1)和轻度胁迫低钾(W_2K_1)两个处理在土壤全磷含量下降时有效磷含量不降反增,这表明施入少量钾肥有助于旱地磷的释放。施低钾K_1(135kg/hm~2)促进土壤速效钾的增加及土壤养分的平衡,较初始土壤提高0.43~0.59倍,且随钾肥用量的增加而不断升高。相同钾肥用量下,花生植株氮、磷和钾累积量随灌水量的增加均呈上升趋势;氮吸收量仅在水分胁迫时随着钾肥用量的增多而先增后减;除水分充足(W_4)外,在其他灌水处理下植株磷累积量随钾肥用量的增加均表现为先增后降;而钾累积量在各土壤水分下均随钾肥用量的增加呈现"低-高-低"的变化趋势,最高值均在中钾K_2(270kg/hm~2)处理。花生植株对营养元素的吸收累积与总生物产量和荚果产量相关性均达显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)水平,总生物量与荚果产量呈极显著(p0.01)相关。综合考虑土壤养分的可持续供应、花生养分的累积和产量形成,建议土壤水分保持在65%FC,钾肥(K_2O)用量控制在135~270kg/hm~2为宜。     

供镁水平对烤烟生长及养分吸收的影响

采用盆栽土培试验研究了不同供镁水平对烤烟生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,施MgSO4量为0.06～1.08 g/kg时,各处理烤烟的生长状况和干物质积累量明显优于对照和施MgSO4 1.88 g/kg。烤烟各器官对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少,各处理表现一致。施MgSO4量为0.18～0.72 g/kg的3个处理烤烟各器官对氮磷钾的吸收量明显高于其他处理,且在施MgSO4量为0.36 g/kg时达到峰值。当施MgSO4量较低（≤0.06 g/kg）或较高（MgSO4≥1.08 g/kg）时都会抑制烤烟的生长发育、干物质和养分的积累。而烤烟各器官对镁的吸收量则均表现出随施镁量增加而增加的趋势,且各器官镁吸收量表现为:叶＞茎＞根;镁肥的施用能够在一定程度上促进烤烟对镁素的吸收。     

不同施钾水平对土壤速效钾含量和三七养分吸收及产量的影响

选取二年生三七[Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen]作试验材料,通过田间试验研究了不同施钾(K2O)水平(0、337.5、450、675、1 012.5 kg/hm2)对土壤速效钾、三七养分吸收、钾肥利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明,不同施钾水平下土壤速效钾含量随生育期推进逐渐降低;与K0相比,施用钾肥显著提高了土壤速效钾含量(P0.05),土壤速效钾含量随施钾用量增加而增加;三七根部氮、磷、钾吸收量随着生长不断增大,施钾可明显提高三七各部位主要生育期氮、磷和钾吸收量,随着钾肥施用量的增加,三七地上部、根部氮、磷、钾吸收量先升高后降低,以K3处理吸收量最高;钾素偏生产力随着施钾水平的提高而显著下降(P0.05);不同施钾水平下三七株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗和不同部位生物量均随生育期推进逐渐增加,施钾可以促进三七生长发育,显著提高三七产量(P0.05),施钾处理较K0处理增产6.90%~17.17%,其中,K3处理产量最高,K4处理次之。综合三七生长发育,养分吸收、钾肥利用效率与产量,本试验条件下,要实现三七高产高效以K3处理的施钾量(675 kg/hm2)为宜。     

氮肥运筹对夏玉米产量、品质及植株养分含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同氮肥运筹方式对夏玉米产量、 品质及植株养分含量的影响。结果表明,在氮肥施用量较低时,玉米籽粒产量及粗蛋白、 粗淀粉和粗脂肪等营养品质指标随氮肥用量的增加而提高; 当氮肥用量达到一定数量之后,则不随氮肥用量的增大而增加,甚至有所降低。在氮肥施用量为 N 300 kg/hm2,基肥∶拔节肥∶大喇叭口期追肥比例为5∶0∶5（A2）时玉米籽粒产量最高为10902 kg/hm2,比不施肥（对照）增产140.5%,比相同施氮量条件下其他基追比处理增产4.6%~12.3%。随着施氮量增加玉米籽粒氮、 磷、 钾含量呈先增后减趋势; 增施氮肥能显著提高夏玉米籽粒粗蛋白含量,在相同施氮量条件下,玉米籽粒氮素和粗蛋白含量在A2运筹方式下最高,说明该氮肥运筹方式能改善玉米籽粒的品质。     

富钾硅多元复合物的生物有效性研究

在氮、磷肥施用的基础上,配施富钾硅多元复合物与施纯硅肥、钾肥、钙镁肥一样,在酸性土壤上具有显著的增产效应;能分别使水稻对该各种元素的总吸收量明显地提高;也能明显地提高水稻对硅、钾、钙、镁吸收,增加植株体内各养分元素的含量。     

水氮调控对小油菜养分吸收、水氮利用效率及产量的影响

合理的灌水、施氮量对提高小油菜养分利用率、控制面源污染具有重要意义。本文采用盆栽试验,利用~(15)N同位素示踪技术,研究不同灌水水平(W_1:60%θ_f;W_2:75%θ_f;W_3:90%θ_f。θ_f为田间持水量)和施氮量(N_0:0 g·kg~(-1);N_1:0.1 g·kg~(-1);N_2:0.2 g·kg~(-1);N_3:0.3 g·kg~(-1))对小油菜养分吸收、产量及水氮利用率的影响。结果表明:灌水水平与施氮量对小油菜根系与叶片氮、磷、钾含量均有显著影响,且叶片含磷量受水氮交互作用的显著影响。叶片氮、钾含量显著大于根系。增加灌水,小油菜含磷量与根系含氮量增加,含钾量及叶片含氮量降低;施氮能增加小油菜氮、钾含量,降低含磷量。灌水与施氮对小油菜氮、磷、钾吸收总量均有显著影响,且磷、钾吸收量受水氮交互作用的影响显著,中水低氮处理(W_2N_1)各养分吸收量均最大。小油菜产量受灌水水平和施氮量的显著影响,表现为随灌水水平的提高而增加,随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)受施氮量及水氮互作的显著影响,随施氮量增加,IWUE变化与产量变化一致。灌水与施氮对~(15)N肥料去向有显著影响,且肥料利用率受水氮互作的显著影响。随灌水水平提高,肥料利用率呈增加趋势,中水处理肥料残留率最低,损失率最高。随施氮量增加,肥料利用率不断降低,损失率呈增加的趋势。本试验条件下,综合考虑小油菜养分吸收、产量及水氮利用率,W_3N_1、W_2N_1组合为推荐水氮处理。     

不同钾肥品种和用量对花椰菜产量和品质的影响

在不同肥力水平的土壤上,采用田间试验方法,研究了不同钾肥用量水平下硫酸钾和氯化钾对花椰菜产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明,钾肥可提高花椰菜花球产量,施钾增产效应达显著水平;但单位钾素(K2O)养分生产效率随钾肥用量提高而降低。氯化钾的产量效应低于硫酸钾,其效应受土壤氯离子含量和钾肥用量的影响。钾肥可提高花椰菜维生素C含量,用量过高则含量下降;增加和降低效果与土壤含钾量有良好的相关性。中、高用量硫酸钾效果优于氯化钾。钾肥可降低氨基酸总量和各种类氨基酸含量,氯化钾处理花椰菜氨基酸含量高于硫酸钾,特别是谷氨酸和丙氨酸含量。钾肥可促进花椰菜养分吸收,氯化钾更有利于钾素的吸收和积累,氮、钙和镁的转运,而不利于钾素从花轴转运到花蕾。不同钾肥品种的产量品质差异与钾肥陪伴氯离子与土壤氯离子含量关系密切。在土壤氯离子含量高的土壤上,硫酸钾可作为理想的钾肥肥源。     

连续三年定位施用硫酸钾镁肥对水稻效应的研究

在潴育型的灰泥田上进行连续三年施用硫酸钾镁的水稻定位试验。结果表明:在氮磷肥基础上配施不同钾肥品种或单施进口复合肥的稻谷产量高低顺序为硫酸钾镁肥>48%进口复合肥>氯化钾=硫酸钾,三年平均产量分别较对照增产7.0%、5.0%、4.3%、4.3%,施用硫酸钾镁的水稻产量增幅呈逐年增加趋势。与其它钾肥品种相比,水稻施用硫酸钾镁肥,增加了分蘖期的分蘖数,提高了分蘖期与孕穗期的叶片叶绿素含量;收获期籽粒氮磷养分累积吸收量更高,经济效益更好。     

Differential leaching of cations and sulfate in gypsum amended soils

Abstract

An adequate supply of available Ca in the soil solution of the pegging zone during fruit development is required for production of high yields of high quality peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). On low Ca soils, application of gypsum during early bloom is recommended in order to ascertain adequate availability of Ca. Reaction of gypsum in soils under leaching conditions vary considerably and play an important role in fruit development and yield of peanuts. A laboratory study was conducted in leaching soil columns to investigate the effects of one gypsum amendment on leaching of Ca, K, Mg, and SO₄ to a depth of 8 cm (fruiting zone of peanut). Six soils of varying physical and chemical properties representative of major peanut growing soils in Georgia were utilized. Following leaching with 15 cm water through gypsum‐amended soil columns, 50% to 56% and 74% to 77% of applied Ca and SO₄, respectively, were leached below 8 cm in the sandy‐Carnegie, Dothan, Fuquay and Tifton soils. The respective values for the sandy clay loam‐Greenville and Faceville soils were 28% to 36% and 58% to 69%. Lower initial Ca status and greater leaching of Ca from the applied gypsum in the sandy soils as compared to sandy clay loam soils suggest greater beneficial effects of supplemental gypsum application for peanut production in the former soils than in the latter soils. Leaching of K or Mg (as percentage of Mehlich 1 extractable K or Mg) in gypsum‐amended treatment was considerably greater in sandy soils than that in the sandy clay loam soils. In view of the reported adverse effects of high concentrations of soil K and Mg in the fruiting zone on the yield and quality of peanuts, greater leaching of K and Mg from the fruiting zone in gypsum amended sandy soils enable them to maintain a favorable cation balance for the production of high yields of quality peanuts.     

Potassium,magnesium, and irrigation effects on peanuts grown on two soils

Abstract

Research data are limited on K and Wg requirements of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown on sandy soils either with or without irrigation. Purposes of this study were (1) to determine Mg, K, and irrigation effects on yield, sound mature kernels (SMK's), and diseases of ‘Florunner’ peanuts grown on two sandy soils and (2) to determine sufficient amounts of Mg and K in peanut leaves and soils. Field experiments were conducted for three years on a Lakeland sand (thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsainments) and a Fuquay loamy sand (siliceous, thermic, Arenic Plinthic Paleudults). Both soils initially tested low in Mehlich 1 extractable K and Mg, but Lakeland was lower than Fuquay in both K and Mg. Factorial treatments were 0, 67, 67 (split into three applications), and 134 kg Mg/ha as MgS0₄ and 0, 56, 112, and 224 kg K/ha as KC1.

Neither irrigation, K, nor Mg treatment affected number of diseased plants. (Sclerotium rolfsii) or pod rot on either soil. Also, yield and % SMK's were not affected by any treatment any year on Fuquay soil. On Lakeland soil, yields were increased by irrigation 60.3% in 1980 and 11.0% in 1982, by K rates of 56 kg/ha or more each year, and by Mg rates of 67 kg/ha or more in 1978 and 1982. Yields (3‐yr average) were increased 14.7% by Mg with K and 30.7% by K with Mg. Magnesium plus K increased yields 69.3% over the control. Treatments had no consistent effects on % SMK's. Concentrations of K and Mg in leaves and soils were increased by increased rates of application but were not affected by irrigation. Minimum sufficiency levels for maximum yield were 10 and 2.0 g/kg for leaf K and Mg and 20 and 11 ng/kg for soil K and Mg (0 to 30 cm depth), respectively.     

湖南烟区土壤K、Mg营养及其施肥效应

通过对湖南主要烟区3520个土壤样品中K、Mg含量测定的结果表明,湖南省主要烟区植烟土壤的全K、速效K、交换性Mg的含量平均分别为13.7gkg-1、127.3mgkg-1、1.16cmolkg-1;不同烟区其含量差异较大,绝大多数土壤存在着不同程度的缺K、缺Mg状况。田间试验表明,钾、镁肥合理配施(K20360kghm-2、MgS04.7H20300kghm-2)能促进烟草生长,增加烟叶产量、产值,提高烟叶品质,促进烟叶对K、Mg养分的吸收。     

Response of maize for grain to potassium and magnesium fertilizers in soils with high lime contents

An antagonistic reaction between calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) may lead to low absorption of K and Mg by plants from soils with high Ca contents even when levels of K and Mg should be adequate. Two separate field studies were carried out in 2009 and 2010 to determine the effects of potassium (0, 40, 80, 120 kg K₂O ha^?1; as potassium sulfate) and magnesium (0, 20, 40, 60 kg magnesium oxide (MgO)ha^?1; as magnesium sulfate) applied to a soil with high lime content either separately or in combinations, on the grain yield and yield components of maize for grain in semi-arid Central Anatolia in Turkey. One dose of the K, Mg-fertilizers was applied during sowing in both years. According to the results, increasing the dosage of K increased yield components more than increases in Mg dosages. Combinations of K and Mg tended to maximize the yield components. Moreover, the greatest plant heights, first ear lengths, grain weights per ear and protein ratios were obtained for the K₈₀Mg₄₀ dose.     

Effect of leaching events on the fate of polyhalite nutrient minerals used for crop fertilization

Abstract

Polyhalite is a natural mineral containing potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) and is proposed as a fertilizer source for these essential nutrients. Application of polyhalite is expected to be most relevant in soils where the availability of these nutrients is low: in sandy soils, in highly leached soils, or in areas where crops are irrigated by water with low content of these nutrients or are rain-fed. A controlled lysimeter experiment investigated the efficacy of surface applied polyhalite as a fertilizer supplying K, Ca, Mg and S compared to soluble sulfate salts in two soils (sandy and loamy) with or without simulated rain leaching events through two cycles of cropping. In the first cycle, carrot response and nutrient uptake, transport, and loss through leaching were studied, while in the second cycle the residual effect of the fertilizer was considered on maize without additional fertilizer application or leaching. Polyhalite plus rain led to increased carrot yield due to augmented Ca uptake in sandy soil. In both soils, polyhalite behaved as a prolonged availability fertilizer with more nutrients retained in the top soil layer and not leached below the root zone. The treatments did not affect maize growth or nutrient uptake except for lower K and S uptake in soils where rain had been simulated for the previous crop. We conclude that polyhalite shows potential as a commercial fertilizer to supply K, Ca, Mg, and S nutrients under conditions of dryland agriculture where occasionally leaching by rainfall occurs.     

Einfluss der Kaliumdynamik im wurzelnahen Boden auf die Magnesiumaufnahme von Pflanzen

Influence of potassium dynamics at the soil-root interface on magnesium uptake of plants At the soil-root interface potassium concentration of the soil solution can be depleted by potassium uptake of the plant. The influence of this effect on the magnesium uptake of ryegrass, barley, maize and rape was studied in pot experiments with luvisols from loess. The results have shown that the rate of magnesium uptake was doubled when the potassium concentration at the root surface decreased below 20 μmol K/1. Magnesium uptake is therefore inhibited by K concentrations above this limit. Application of potassium fertilizer increases the potassium concentration of the soil solution. However, via exchange of adsorbed Mg ions from the soil matrix, K application also increases magnesium concentration of the soil solution. As a result of K application magnesium uptake increases in this case if K concentration of the soil solution at the root surface is kept below 20 μmol K/1 by K buffering or K uptake. Magnesium uptake decreases however, if K concentration exceeds 20 μmol/1 soil solution because the inhibitory effect of potassium on Mg uptake is stronger than the favourable influence of Mg concentration.     

不同氮钾施用水平对番茄营养吸收和土壤养分变化的影响

以“辽园多丽”番茄为试材,在日光温室内桶栽条件下,研究不同氮钾水平对番茄养分吸收和土壤养分变化的影响。结果表明:在一定范围内,随着土壤中施氮量和施钾量的增多,番茄叶片和果实中含氮量、含钾量越高。说明氮、钾两种元素可互相促进彼此的吸收,但是,超过一定范围,会降低果实中氮素和钾素的比例。不同氮钾处理对植株磷素的吸收影响不大。土壤中增施钾肥在一定程度上抑制了番茄植株对钙素和镁素的吸收,土壤中氮素含量的高低对叶片中钙的吸收影响不大,土壤中适当氮水平可促进番茄叶片和果实中镁素的吸收和积累,施氮量过高则降低了果实中钙素、镁素的积累。随着土壤中氮肥和钾肥施入量的增多,土壤中碱解氮和速效钾的含量呈升高趋势,不同施钾水平条件下,中等钾素处理土壤中碱解氮含量较高。     

Crop yield and SOC responses to biochar application were dependent on soil texture and crop type in southern Quebec,Canada

Changes to soil nutrient availability and increases for crop yield and soil organic C (SOC) concentration on biochar‐amended soil under temperate climate conditions have only been reported in a few publications. The objective of this work was to determine if biochar application rates up to 20 Mg ha^?1 affect nutrient availability in soil, SOC stocks and yield of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) on two coarse‐textured soils (loamy sand, sandy clay loam) in S Quebec, Canada. Data were collected from field experiments for a 3‐y period following application of pine wood biochar at rates of 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha^?1. For corn plots, at harvest 3 y after biochar application, 20 Mg biochar ha^?1 resulted in 41.2% lower soil NH on the loamy sand; the same effect was not present on the sandy clay loam soil. On the loamy sand, 20 Mg biochar ha^?1 increased corn yields by 14.2% compared to the control 3 y after application; the same effect was not present on the sandy clay loam soil. Biochar did not alter yield or nutrient availability in soil on soybean or switchgrass plots on either soil type. After 3 y, SOC concentration was 83 and 258% greater after 10 and 20 Mg ha^?1 biochar applications, respectively, than the control in sandy clay loam soil under switchgrass production. The same effect was not present on the sandy clay loam soil. A 67% higher SOC concentration was noted with biochar application at 20 Mg ha^?1 to sandy clay loam soil under corn.