MBER固化土弹性模量的试验研究

弹性模量是固化土一项基本的力学性能指标,直接影响结构的静力和动力力学分析计算,对弹性模量的试验研究具有重要的实际意义。针对固化土弹性模量研究薄弱的问题,以自主研发的MBER土壤固化剂为研究对象,通过对杨凌试验区土样进行室内试验,分别对影响MBER固化土的弹性模量的土壤固化剂剂量、不同含水率和不同龄期3种因素进行分析研究。根据试验结果,获得了MBER固化土应力—应变关系曲线,得出固化土弹性模量在300～1 000MPa。固化土的弹性模量随着土壤固化剂剂量,含水率及龄期的增长呈增加趋势,而当含水率达到一定值时,固化土的弹性模量呈下降趋势。因此,通过合理控制土壤固化剂剂量及含水率,能够改善固化土的力学性能,进而达到改良固化土的目的。     

EN-1固化剂加固黄土的工程特性及其影响因素

通过击实试验、直剪试验和渗透试验研究EN-1固化剂掺量、养护龄期、压实度和含水率因素对固化土强度和渗透特性的影响。结果表明：EN-1固化剂可显著增大土壤干密度，提高土壤抗剪强度和抗渗性，改善黄土的工程性能；随着固化剂掺量、养护龄期和压实度增大，固化土的抗剪强度指标内摩擦角和凝聚力呈上升趋势，渗透系数呈下降趋势；随着含水率的增大，内摩擦角和凝聚力呈下降趋势。在工程实践中，建议EN-1固化剂加固黄土的适宜掺量选择0.01%，养护龄期需要7 d以上，压实度至少控制在0.95以上，含水率略低于最优含水率。     

有机质浸染砂水泥土的力学特性及本构关系

为研究海南省海湾地区分布的有机质浸染砂水泥土的力学特性,该文首先对有机质浸染砂水泥土和标准砂水泥土进行无侧限抗压强度对比试验(采用配合比均为熟石灰掺入比7.5%、水泥掺入比20%、水灰比0.45),定量分析养护龄期对其无侧限抗压强度及试样破坏形式的影响。然后对有机质浸染砂水泥土进行单轴抗压试验,获得了水泥土材料的应力-应变全过程曲线、刚度变化规律以及改进邓肯-张本构模型。结果表明:1)有机质浸染砂水泥土试样的破坏类型为塑性剪切破坏和脆性剪切破坏;2)有机质浸染砂水泥土抗压强度随着养护龄期的增加基本呈指数形式增长,但在养护龄期14 d后,增长速度逐渐降低并趋于稳定;3)随着养护龄期增长,水泥土刚度增加。在加载初期,水泥土切线模量随着轴向应变增加而增大,呈现刚度硬化现象;4)基于单轴抗压试验得到应力-应变全过程曲线,可分为2个阶段:塑性阶段、软化阶段;5)通过对应力-应变全曲线的描述,得到了修正的邓肯-张模型,确定模型参数后,与实测数据对比发现,该修正模型可以模拟有机质浸染砂水泥土的应力-应变关系。     

固化土集流面无侧限抗压强度影响因素研究

该文采用无侧限抗压强度作为反映指标，对影响固化土强度的剂量、龄期、密度、含水率、凝结时间和养护环境等主要因素进行研究，提出增强土壤固化剂集流面强度的措施。研究结果表明：固化剂集流面的剂量选择12％左右，养护龄期需要7 d以上，压实度控制在0.94以上。在同一密度下含水率为最优含水率的(80±5)%范围内时，固化土的强度达到最大。在混合料拌和好12 h内尽快完成施工。施工结束后，应立刻进行覆盖防蒸发处理，24 h后方可进行洒水或浸水养护。温度和湿度越高越有利于固化剂集流面强度的增长和外观的平整。     

密度和含水率对固化土无侧限抗压强度的影响

 为给修建土壤固化剂集流面的施工工艺提供科学依据,采用正交设计方法,对密度和含水率影响固化土强度的规律性进行试验研究。试验分析结果表明:密度对固化土强度的影响大于含水率;随着密度的增大,固化土的强度呈直线上升;在同一密度下含水率在最优含水率的80%±5%范围内时,固化土的强度达到最大。在实际施工过程中,建议尽可能的增加固化土的密度,压实度控制至少超过0.94;混合料的含水率控制在最优含水率的80%～90%之间。     

SSA土壤固化剂对黄土击实、抗剪及渗透特性的影响

为了探讨土壤固化剂对黄土力学特性的影响，通过黄土样中加入SSA土壤固化剂前后的击实试验、直剪试验和渗透试验的对比分析，研究了固化剂掺量、养护龄期与固化土击实、抗剪强度及渗透特性的关系。结果表明，随SSA土壤固化剂掺量增加，固化土的最优含水率有所降低，最大干密度有所增大；固化土的抗剪强度指标黏聚力和内摩擦角随固化剂掺量的增加和养护龄期的延长而增大，渗透系数随固化剂掺量的增加和养护龄期的延长而减小。在实际应用中，建议SSA固化剂最佳掺量为1%，养护龄期至少7 d以上。     

水泥固化锌污染红粘土强度与微观孔隙特征

污染场地开挖置换后的污染土经过固化处理（S/S法），可作为浅层地基或护岸等非敏感区域的建筑材料，进行污染土的二次利用。针对该项技术，将一定量硝酸锌溶液与风干后红粘土混合，掺入适量水泥，并搅拌均匀、压实成型，标准养护7 d和28 d后依次进行无侧限抗压实验、压汞实验和含水率、体积等指标的测定，研究不同锌离子浓度、水泥掺量和养护龄期对锌污染红粘土水泥固化产物强度、微观孔隙和含水率等的影响。实验结果表明：水泥掺量在10%以内，锌离子浓度小于5000 mg·kg-1，固化物强度随龄期增长而增加；锌离子浓度大于5000 mg·kg-1，强度随龄期增长而先增加后减小。水泥掺量6%和8%时，固化物强度与锌离子浓度呈负相关；而水泥掺量10%时，锌离子浓度对强度的影响存在阈值，且阈值在1000 mg·kg-1附近。与不含锌离子的28 d固化物相比，锌离子浓度小于1000 mg·kg-1时，固化产物孔径小于10 nm的孔隙增加，孔径大于10μm的孔隙减少，强度提高；锌离子浓度在大于1000 mg·kg-1时，严重阻碍C-S-H凝胶物的生成，10μm以上的孔隙和总孔隙率均显著增加，并且生成大量孔径为0.1~10μm的无定型物，同时使红粘土出现亲水性，养护过程中吸收水分且体积增加，强度则大幅度降低。     

超声波振动下农机触土部件-土壤相互作用力学特性

为了揭示超声波高频振动条件下农机触土部件与土壤的相互作用力学特性,构建了该条件下农机触土部件运动理论模型,基于所建模型,分析了高频振动条件下触土部件与土壤间相互作用中的接触分离条件和冲击碎裂效应,理论上解析了超声波振动条件下触土部件碎土与降阻机理。设计建立了超声波振动触土部件土槽试验系统,试验研究了超声波高频振动条件下触土部件工作阻力和碎土特性。试验结果表明,超声波振动激励下,触土部件工作阻力比无振动状态明显降低,土壤硬度越大,其降阻率越高,当土壤硬度由1 MPa增加到4 MPa时,降阻率从22%上升到43%;在土壤含水率15%～30%范围内,含水率越低,降阻率越大,当含水率超过30%后,随含水率的增加,降阻率略有增大。由于超声波高频振动激励下工作的触土部件对土壤的冲击碎裂和能量传递作用,能够使其瞬时工作阻力的波动稳定性得到改善和获得更强的碎土作用。在土壤硬度为1 MPa时,工作阻力的波动稳定性改善不显著,随土壤硬度的增大,工作阻力波动度降低率明显增加,当土壤硬度为2.5和4 MPa时,对应工作阻力波动度降低率达37.1%和54.3%。该研究可为高频低幅振动农机触土部件应用方案的实施提供技术支撑。     

EN-1固化剂对4种土壤饱和导水率的影响研究

为了研究EN-1土壤固化剂的固化性能,通过室内模拟实验对杨凌、安康、安塞和靖边4种土壤在不同固化剂掺量、养护龄期的固化进行了土壤饱和导水率影响的研究,结果表明,微量掺加EN-1固化剂就可以明显减小黄棕壤和土的饱和导水率,饱和导水率随着培养龄期的增加而下降,当培养期大于14d时土样的饱和导水率近似为0;黄绵土与风沙土的饱和导水率随着固化剂掺量增加而减小,培养龄期增大,饱和导水率随之下降,固化剂掺量为1%,培养期为28d时黄绵土和风沙土的饱和导水率最低。     

就地取材的碾压式水泥土筑坝材料

碾压式水泥土就是利用当地的泥沙材料,掺入黏土后,作为水土保持筑坝材料。2008年日本学者片山哲雄等人研究了碾压式水泥土物理参数,其结论是施工性能好,泥沙含水率最接近合适的黏稠度值是15～45s。细粒<0.075mm、砾粒>5mm的含量与<5mm细粒吸水率对强度的影响较高。当强度为3～5N/mm2临界点以下,耐磨损性显著降低。细粒成分比较多的泥沙,耐磨损性低。强度高、黏土量多、泥沙含水率低者,耐冻融性好。本施工方法可在小流域沟壑治理中推广应用,特别是在花岗岩地区,更为适宜。但因试验数据较少,存在不确定因素,有必要在今后应用过程中,进一步研究碾压式水泥土的材料构成、配比与强度的关系,遴选出优秀的碾压式水泥土的筑坝材料。     

Soil mechanical properties as influenced by exchangeable cations

The tensile strengths of dried, undisturbed aggregates and of dried, artificial aggregates and the shear strengths of freshly-moulded, moist soils were investigated as functions of their contents of exchangeable cations. Tensile strength increased with increasing exchangeable sodium and decreased with increasing exchangeable calcium. Shear strength of moist soil, as assessed through the Atterberg limits, increased with increasing exchangeable calcium, potassium and sodium. The influence of exchangeable magnesium was variable in that it tended to increase the tensile strength of the soils when dry, whereas it tended to decrease the shear strength of one of the sets of soils in the moist state. It is concluded that the exchangeable cations which give rise to greater repulsion between, and dispersion of, clay particles in water also give rise to greater strength in the dried soil. It is proposed that this is because greater particle repulsion in the soil water during drying enables particle rearrangements to take place more readily and this results in denser packing arrangements and increased strength.     

黄土高原藓结皮覆盖土壤的穿透阻力特征及其影响因素

生物结皮的发育显著地影响并改变了表层土壤的理化性状,从而影响土壤穿透阻力。为探明生物结皮层对土壤穿透阻力的影响,针对黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土两种典型土壤,利用高精度土壤贯入仪测定并比较了不同含水量下藓结皮土壤和无结皮土壤的穿透阻力差异,定量分析了藓结皮层对土壤穿透阻力的影响及其与土壤性质(含水量、容重和有机质含量以及颗粒组成)的关系。结果表明:风沙土和黄绵土藓结皮层最大穿透阻力的变化范围为0.38~3.74 MPa和0.43~8.01 MPa,分别为同等深度下无结皮土壤的2.14~9.45倍(P=0.001)和1.38~6.27倍(P=0.051)。藓结皮对风沙土穿透阻力的影响深度为表层2~12 mm(P=0.028),而对黄绵土的影响深度为3~24 mm(随含水量变异较大)。同时,与无结皮土壤的穿透阻力随深度增加而线性增加的趋势不同,藓结皮土壤的穿透阻力随深度增加在结皮层呈先增后减的趋势,在结皮下层呈线性增加的趋势。此外,藓结皮土壤的横向穿透阻力和纵向穿透阻力差异显著(P≤0.03),但在无结皮土壤上差异不显著(P≥0.052)。藓结皮土壤的穿透阻力与含水量呈显著的幂函数关系(P<0.001),与容重、有机质含量以及砂粒含量呈线性关系,这些因素均为藓结皮改变表层土壤穿透阻力的重要途径。     

生物炭对我国南方红壤和黄棕壤理化性质的影响

为了探讨生物炭对不同土壤的改良效果,采用盆栽试验,研究了施用生物炭对我国南方两种代表性土壤(红壤和黄棕壤)理化性质的影响及其动态变化差异。结果表明:强酸性红壤施用生物炭能明显提高pH而降低其酸度,同时增加土壤的有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量,且随着生物炭施用量(生物炭量/土壤量:0、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%)的增加,改良效果不断加强;弱酸性黄棕壤施用生物炭也提高了土壤pH、有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量,但对该土壤中的碱解氮含量无明显影响。不同生物炭用量的效应存在较大差异,在2.0%时对两种土壤各理化性质影响均表现为最明显,红壤pH平均增加0.61,有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮分别平均提高203.4%、369.3%、368.0%、30.4%,而黄棕壤pH、有机质、速效磷、速效钾分别平均增加0.55、124.2%、57.5%、50.3%。因而,相同用量的生物炭对红壤的改良效应好于黄棕壤,且施用生物炭对两种土壤速效钾含量影响最大,其次是有机质、pH、速效磷、碱解氮。     

基于小白菜Cd吸收推算土壤Cd安全阈值

Cadmium(Cd), a common toxic heavy metal in soil, has relatively high bioavailability, which seriously threatens agricultural products. In this study, 8 different soils with contrasting soil properties were collected from different regions in China to investigate the Cd transfer coefficient from soil to Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis L.) and the threshold levels of Cd in soils for production of Chinese cabbage according to the food safety standard for Cd. Exogenous Cd(0–4 mg kg~(-1)) was added to the soils and equilibrated for 2 weeks before Chinese cabbage was grown under greenhouse conditions. The influence of soil properties on the relationship between soil and cabbage Cd concentrations was investigated. The results showed that Cd concentration in the edible part of Chinese cabbage increased linearly with soil Cd concentration in 5 soils, but showed a curvilinear pattern with a plateau at the highest dose of exogenous Cd in the other 3 soils. The Cd transfer coefficient from soil to plant varied significantly among the different soils and decreased with increasing soil p H from 4.7 to 7.5. However, further increase in soil pH to 8.0 resulted in a significant decrease in the Cd transfer coefficient. According to the measured Cd transfer coefficient and by reference to the National Food Safety Standards of China, the safety threshold of Cd concentration in soil was predicted to be between 0.12 and 1.7 mg kg~(-1) for the tested soils. The predicted threshold values were higher than the current soil quality standard for Cd in 5 soils, but lower than the standard in the other 3 soils. Regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between the predicted soil Cd safety threshold value and soil p H in combination with soil organic matter or clay content.     

pH和磷的交互作用对稳定化土壤砷释放的影响

以3种含Fe材料稳定化土壤(FeSO_4、FeS和Fe~0稳定化土壤)为研究对象,研究了不同pH和P的交互作用对As释放量的影响及其作用机理。结果表明,在pH=3条件下,随着时间的延长能够促进释放的As重新趋于稳定化,而pH=11时3种稳定化土壤中As的释放量显著增加,144 h后分别约为pH=3时的10.5、16和10倍。添加P时,在3种pH条件下都促进了稳定化土壤中As的释放,尤其在酸性条件下,相对于无P体系As的释放量增加最为明显。FeSO_4稳定化土壤中As的释放特征能用Elovich方程较好地描述,而双常数方程拟合FeS和Fe~0稳定化土壤效果更优。在pH=3条件下,3种稳定化土壤中As的释放量与Ca、Mg、Mn的溶出量呈(极)显著相关,而pH=11时FeSO_4和FeS稳定化土壤中As的释放量与SO_4~(2–)的溶出量呈(极)显著相关,表明在酸性条件下,稳定化土壤As的释放主要受Ca、Mg、Mn氧化物结合态As溶解的影响,而碱性条件下,FeSO_4和FeS稳定化土壤中As的释放可能与硫化物的溶解有关。     

Verification of freezing point depression method for measuring matric potential of soil water

The matric potential of soil water was determined using the freezing point depression method for a range of soil types. Soil water characteristic curves of these soils were obtained and compared with those obtained by the pressure plate, psychrometer, and vapor pressure methods resulting in excellent agreement between the freezing point depression method and the other methods over the range of -10.0 to -0.1 MPa in matric potential (i.e., temperature range of -8.00 to -0.08°C for freezing point) in all soil types. Over those ranges of matric potentials and temperatures, the effect of temperature-dependence on the freezing point of soils both in terms of specific volume of water and latent heat of water freezing was negligibly small. Freezing point of soils was independent of the bulk density of soils due to the fact that soil water in the range of matric potentials less than -0.1 MPa was affected predominantly by adsorptive forces between water and the soil matrix. The results from this study indicate that the freezing point depression method is a simple and practical technique to determine the soil water content in the vicinity of the wilting point     

冻融状态和初始含水率对土壤力学性能的影响

冻融状态影响土壤的抗剪强度从而威胁季节性冻土地区的工程安全、边坡稳定以及土壤流失。通过直剪试验测定了不同冻融状态和初始含水率对青藏地区(S1)和北京地区(S2)土体抗剪强度的影响。结果显示,2种土在未冻和已融状态下的抗剪强度相似,且均随着土含水率的增加而减小,但S1土抗剪强度比S2土大7.5%~9.7%;在冻融状态下,S1土抗剪强度随着土含水率的增加而增大,而S2土则随之减小。S1冻融土抗剪强度在低含水率(≤13.5%)时小于未冻土和已融土,而在高含水率(≥24.5%)时则反之;S2冻融土抗剪强度小于未冻土和已融土。在冻融状态下2种测试土的内摩擦角显著小于未冻土和已融土,而黏聚力整体上则大于未冻土和已融土。与未冻土或已融土相比,2种土在冻融状态下的强度相对较低,宜作为季节性冻土地区工程设计以及土壤流失防治的基本状态。     

土壤固化技术应用于戈壁荒漠区水土保持工程的试验研究

依托输变电项目工程,对高强高耐水土壤固化剂(HEC)应用于戈壁荒漠区3种典型土壤的固化效果进行了室内试验研究.试验以无侧限抗压强度要达到1.5 MPa为标准,分别对影响固化效果的养护龄期、固化剂掺量等因素进行了对比分析.结果表明,在养护龄期7d以上,固化剂掺量达到8％以上时,固化剂对3种土壤的固化效果能够达到设计要求.通过对固化样本的力学性能、渗透性能、干缩性能等测试后表明,样本的各项性能均能满足输变电线路工程的水土保持要求.     

长期施肥对中国亚热带水稻土土壤稳定性和机械属性的影响

Wet stability, penetration resistance （PR）, and tensile strength （TS） of paddy soils under a fertilization experiment for 22 years were determined to elucidate the function of soil organic matter in paddy soil stabilization. The treatments included no fertilization （CK）, normal chemical fertilization （NPK）, double the NPK application rates （2NPK）, and NPK mixed with organic manure （NPK＋OM）. Compared with CK, Fertilization increased soil organic carbon （SOC） and soil porosity. The results of soil aggregate fragmentation degree （SAFD） showed that fast wetting by water was the key fragmentation mechanism. Among the treatments, the NPK＋OM treatment had the largest size of water-stable aggregates and greatest normal mean weight diameter （NMWD） （P ≤ 0.05）, but the lowest PR and TS in both cultivated horizon （Ap） and plow pan. The CK and 2NPK treatments were measured with PR 〉 2.0 MPa and friability index 〈 0.20, respectively, in the Ap horizon, suggesting that the soils was mechanically unfavourable to root growth and tillage. In the plow pan, the fertilization treatments had greater TS and PR than in CK. TS and PR of the tested soil aggregates were negatively correlated to SOC content and soil porosity. This study suggested that chemical fertilization could cause deterioration of mechanical properties while application of organic manure could improve soil stability and mechanical properties.     

A strategy for marginal semiarid degraded soil restoration: A sole addition of compost at a high rate. A five-year field experiment

This work evaluates the mid-term impact of the addition of large amounts of an organic amendment on the recovery of the physical, chemical and, particularly, the microbiological properties of a marginal semiarid degraded soil and on increasing the soil organic C pool. In order to perform this study, a semiarid degraded soil was treated with composted urban waste at doses equivalent to the addition of 1% (S + CCD1) and 3% (S + CCD2) of organic C (C_org). Changes in soil characteristics in the amended soils were evaluated with respect to a control soil without organic amendment for a period of 5 years after the organic amendment was applied. A spontaneous vegetal cover developed on both amended and unamended soils 3–4 months after the organic amendments were added, yet the level of vegetal biodiversity was lower in the amended plots. Compost-amended soils showed higher concentrations of C_org, water-soluble C and water-soluble carbohydrates than the control soil throughout the experimental period. Furthermore, all of these C fractions were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in S + CCD2 than in S + CCD1 and the control soil. However, compost addition also increased soil electrical conductivity and nitrate content, particularly at the higher dose. Likewise, compost addition produced a 4- to 10-fold increase in soil heavy metal concentrations, although the levels of heavy metal were under the limits allowed in soils. Five years after the organic amendment was added, the soil water holding capacity, stable aggregate percentage, porosity and nutrient and humic substance and humic acid content were greater in amended soils than in control soil, and the higher dose produced greater increases than the lower dose. Soils receiving the highest dose of compost also showed the highest values of basal respiration, dehydrogenase activity and β-glucosidase and phosphatase activity, as well as a greater abundance of total PLFAs, bacterial and fungal PLFAs, and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. A greater level of functional diversity was also observed in amended soils, particularly in the soil receiving the higher dose of compost. It can be concluded that the addition of high doses of compost can be a suitable strategy for restoring semiarid degraded soils and for fixing C in these soils, provided that the organic material is of high quality and has a low concentration of heavy metals.