关于利用~(137)Cs测定土壤侵蚀和泥沙沉积速率的评述

沉积于地表的大气核试验放射性沉降物—~(137)Cs(Cesium—137)为土壤颗粒紧密地吸附,限制了其因化学、生物过程引起的移动.环境中~(137)Cs的移动大都是物理过程所致.因此,它便成为侵蚀与淤积研究中独特的示踪剂.~(137)Cs技术可在许多沉积环境中,如水库、湖泊、湿地,沿海地区和洪积平原等,确定泥沙淤积速率.这一技术已在全世界许多不同环境的侵蚀与沉积研究中得以广泛的应用.     

关于利用~(137)Cs测定土壤侵蚀和泥沙沉积速率的评述(续)

<正>1 为什么采用~(137)Cs2 ~(137)Cs的地表循环3 ~(137)Cs在侵蚀研究中的应用4 ~(137)Cs在泥沙淤积研究中的应用1961年,拉韦拉发表了一篇有关一个泥沙淤积垂直剖面中放射性β射线活性变化的报告。1971年,拉韦拉和普雷马茨利用这个剖面“通过搞清大气沉降的时间分布,对淤积速率进行了估算”。     

小流域地貌部位和土地利用类型对侵蚀产沙影响的137Cs法研究

大气核爆产物137Cs能够强烈地被土壤颗粒所吸附,是一种示踪土壤运移的良好示踪剂。通过对紫色丘陵区响水滩小流域不同地貌部位和不同土地利用类型下土壤剖面中137Cs含量的测定与分析,计算了流域各地貌部位、土地利用类型的侵蚀强度。研究得出该流域137Cs含量的背景值是1870 Bq/m2;流域内坡耕地、林地的年均侵蚀强度分别是4468 t/(km2.a)和1759 t/(km2.a);丘顶、丘坡和鞍部的年平均侵蚀强度分别是2125,4676 t/(km2.a)和3625 t/(km2.a),槽土和水田则是沉积区。分析结果表明地貌部位和土地利用类型对土壤侵蚀影响巨大,坡耕地是该小流域泥沙的主要来源。     

准东煤田露天矿区土壤~(137)Cs剖面分布特征及侵蚀速率估算

为定量测算准东煤田露天矿区土壤风蚀量,采用放射性元素137Cs示踪法,对研究区各样点剖面土壤放射性活度进行分析。结果表明:非耕地137Cs分布于0—15cm的土层中,耕地达20cm土层;7个样点中,YN7、YN15为典型的侵蚀型剖面,YN5为沉积型剖面,YN18为典型的耕地型剖面,YN2分布层比较完整,呈负指数形式的分布曲线,是理想的背景值样点,YN19137Cs分布较浅,但表层却有较高的活度,表现为侵蚀—沉积复合型剖面。各样点的侵蚀速率分析表明:农田受人类耕作影响,侵蚀速率极小,为0.240t/(hm2·a);发生侵蚀的样点几乎都达到了剧烈侵蚀的标准;在半固定沙丘,由于地形作用,有风蚀颗粒的堆积;土壤表面板结在很大程度上阻止了风蚀现象的发生,甚至可能发生堆积,这主要取决于土壤类型。在干旱区,利用137Cs估算土壤侵蚀速率要综合考虑植被盖度、土地利用类型、地形、土壤类型等因子。     

东北黑土中137Cs背景值研究

通过测定东北黑土背景点样品中137Cs活度,探讨了土壤剖面中137Cs的分布特征,对因风蚀造成背景点土壤表层137Cs的沉积进行了校正,得出了黑土的137Cs背景值,为水蚀风蚀两相侵蚀地区土壤137Cs背景值的确定提供了新思路。结果表明:黑土背景点土壤剖面中137Cs比活度的分布呈指数型,其拟合方程为Cs=76.744e-0.2566h,相关系数达到0.994。剖面中75.7%的137Cs分布在0～5cm的表层中,92.5%的137Cs分布在0～10cm的土壤上层;黑土的137Cs背景值为2463.64Bq/m2,与平坦黑土耕地中137Cs的沉降总量接近,可以利用该背景值进行黑土侵蚀速率的估算。     

侵蚀泥沙研究的137Cs核示踪技术

^137Cs是上世纪50-70年代大气核试验产生的核尘埃，1963年产出量最大，半衰期30．1a。^137Cs主要伴随降水降落到地表，随即被土壤颗粒吸附，^137Cs以后的迁移主要伴随被吸附土壤颗粒的运移。上世纪80年代以来，^137Cs示踪技术已广泛应用于侵蚀泥沙研究中。简要介绍了^137Cs示踪技术的基本原理，和在黄土高原、长江上游等地侵蚀速率测定，泥沙来源调查，塘库沉积物断代等研究中的一些应用实例。     

阳洼流域土壤137Cs的空间分布及侵蚀研究

利用137Cs示踪技术,研究了宁南黄土高原阳洼流域土壤137Cs的空间分布和侵蚀特征.研究结果表明,流域137Cs背景值为1 966.99 Bq/m2,流域内不同土地利用方式下土壤137Cs比活度不同,且有比较明显的137Cs比活度分异.流域内林草地土壤剖面137Cs呈现指数分布模式,坡耕地剖面的137Cs则呈均匀分布模式.不同土地利用方式下土壤137Cs的面积活度表现为沟台＞林草地＞农耕坡地,其中农耕坡地、沟台地土壤侵蚀、沉积表现出较大的变异,变异系数达65%以上.阳洼流域土壤侵蚀模数与137Cs比活度呈现出相反的分布趋势,但都明显具有斑块状和条带状分布的特点.流域土壤以中、强度侵蚀为主,中、强度侵蚀面积占流域总面积的46%,在流域土壤侵蚀防治中坡耕地仍是治理的关键.     

内蒙古太仆寺旗北部地区不同地表类型~(137)Cs含量及其分布特征

选择内蒙古太仆寺旗北部地区为研究区,采用野外取样和室内分析,初步探讨了不同土地利用类型地表(灌丛沙堆、草地、耕地)的137Cs含量及其分布特征。研究表明,在0～30cm深度,137Cs活度平均值为4.97±0.31Bqkg-1,137Cs总量平均值为2149±133.8Bqm-2。不同地表137Cs活度排序为草地耕地灌丛沙堆,137Cs总量的排序为:灌丛沙堆草地耕地。灌丛沙堆的137Cs活度和137Cs总量的变异系数(ν=S/X)分别达到了146.1%、142.1%,而草地和耕地的137Cs活度和137Cs总量的变异系数分别为63.90%、74.67%和62.98%、55.61%。通过典型样点的深度分布可以看出,灌丛沙堆137Cs剖面分布形态大体符合侵蚀-沉积剖面,草地137Cs剖面为负指数分布,耕地地表137Cs分布比较均匀。     

用铯—137确定小流域土壤侵蚀和泥沙沉积

本项研究对位于亚拉巴马州北部石灰岩流域内土壤中~(137)C_s——一种核试验的放射性尘埃——进行了测量.研究的目的是:比较侵蚀区和沉积区土壤剖面中的~(137)C_s活性,②确定用~(137)C_s法计算的土壤侵蚀和沉积,与用USLE估算的侵蚀及与流域出口处测得的输沙量之间的关系.对代表轻微侵蚀区的分水岭、侵蚀区的边坡和沉积区的坡脚的耕地土壤样点46cm深的三维土壤剖面中~(137)C_s活性进行了分析.并把这些值与毗邻的未被干扰的林地中测得的~(137)C_s:活性(作为基数)进行了比较.对用~(137)C_s.活性损失值计算的侵蚀值与USLE计算的坡面侵蚀值进行了比较.对轻微侵蚀坡横断面,用~(137)C_s计算的年均(1954～1987年)土壤侵蚀速率与USLE计算值接近(28和26t/hm~2·a).~(137)C_s计算的侵蚀边坡上的侵蚀量比USLE计算值大27%～80%.984～1988年种植棉花期间,USLE计算的上游土壤流失量为9～52t/hm~2·a.在小流域坡脚沉积区以下测得的泥沙流失量仅为1～4t/hm~2·a.沉积区土壤剖面中的~(137)C_s活性为典型喀斯特地形区小流域产生的大量泥沙沉积提供了间接证据.     

陕北黄土洼淤地坝粗颗粒沉积与暴雨关系探究

对陕西省子洲县黄土洼天然淤地坝洪水沉积剖面进行系统的样品采集、粒度成分和137 Cs含量测定。利用137 Cs断代技术建立研究剖面的年代框架,从而将剖面中存在的粗颗粒沉积与研究区域1954年以来的暴雨资料进行对比分析。结果表明,137 Cs断代技术指示1954年洪水沉积位于剖面深290cm,137 Cs含量峰值指示了1964年的洪水沉积,70cm处的沉积层为1986的洪水沉积;依据137 Cs断代技术建立的地层年代框架,1954年至今剖面中存在20次明显的粗颗粒泥沙沉积层,其与研究流域日降雨量≥50mm的暴雨事件没有显著关系,而与日降雨量≥60mm的暴雨事件具有极好的对应关系,进而提出黄土洼淤地坝粗颗粒沉积层能够指示研究流域内日降雨量≥60mm的暴雨事件。本研究建立了利用粗颗粒泥沙沉积层指示日降雨量≥60mm的暴雨事件的方法,为反演黄土洼淤地坝近440年来日降雨量≥60mm的暴雨事件提供科学依据。     

137Cs、HCHs测定岩溶洼地沉积物年代及流域产沙强度

以青木关岩溶槽谷区内代表性耕地型与林地型洼地小流域为研究对象,从洼地沉积物入手,探明各洼地沉积物剖面~(137)Cs比活度、六六六(HCHs)、有机质、黏粒含量及容重的深度分布特征;运用~(137)Cs示踪法,辅以HCHs进行沉积物断代,追溯流域近60年来的土壤侵蚀量演变特征及探讨其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)炮台院子耕地型洼地沉积物剖面~(137)Cs、HCHs仅有个别层位检出,无法利用~(137)Cs、HCHs深度分布进行沉积物断代,反映了发育的落水洞对其沉积物剖面影响大。(2)龙洞槽耕地型和劳动村林地型洼地小流域1963—1983,1984—2019年产沙模数分别为231.78,82.04 t/(km~2·a)和68.79,39.46 t/(km~2·a),表明流域生态环境得到明显改善。与1963—1983年时段相比,该地区1984—2019年时段年平均降水量无明显变化,2个小流域产沙模数均显著减小,表明近60年流域产沙强度主要受土地利用方式、水土保持措施等人类活动控制。(3)龙洞槽洼地剖面~(137)Cs、HCHs峰值,表层泥沙~(137)Cs、HCHs数值和不同时期流域产沙模数均明显大于劳动村洼地,主要是由2个洼地分别控制的耕地型与林地型小流域在人类活动影响下产沙强度的差异所致。另外,~(137)Cs和HCHs相结合的示踪方法可较好地用于评估西南岩溶流域产沙量的时间变化。     

Evaluating gully erosion using Cs and Pb/Cs ratio in a reservoir catchment

Water erosion in the hilly areas of west China is the main process contributing to the overall sediment of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The impact of gully erosion in total sediment output has been mostly neglected. Our objective was to assess the sediment production and sediment sources at both the hillslope and catchment scales in the Yangjuangou reservoir catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Distribution patterns in sediment production caused by water erosion on hills and gully slopes under different land use types were assessed using the fallout ¹³⁷Cs technique. The total sediment production from the catchment was estimated by using the sediment record in a reservoir. Sediment sources and dominant water erosion processes were determined by comparing ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in surface soils and sub-surface soils with those of sediment deposits from the reservoir at the outlet of the catchment. Results indicated that landscape location had the most significant impact on sediment production for cultivated hillslopes, followed by the terraced hillslope, and the least for the vegetated hillslope. Sediment production increased in the following order: top>upper>lower>middle for the cultivated hillslope, and top>lower>upper>middle for the terraced hillslope. The mean value of sediment production declined by 49% for the terraced hillslope and by 80% for the vegetated hillslope compared with the cultivated hillslope. Vegetated gully slope reduced the sediment production by 38% compared with the cultivated gully slope. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of terracing and perennial vegetation cover in controlling sediment delivery at a hillslope scale. Averaged ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in the 0–5 cm surface soil (2.22–4.70 Bq kg⁻¹ and 20.70–22.07, respectively) and in the 5–30 cm subsoil (2.60 Bq kg⁻¹ and 28.57, respectively) on the cultivated hills and gully slopes were close to those of the deposited sediment in the reservoir (3.37 Bq kg⁻¹ and 29.08, respectively). These results suggest that the main sediment sources in the catchment were from the surface soil and subsoil on the cultivated slopes, and that gully erosion is the dominant water erosion process contributing sediment in the study area. Changes in land use types can greatly affect sediment production from gully erosion. An increase in grassland and forestland by 42%, and a corresponding decrease in farmland by 46%, reduced sediment production by 31% in the catchment.     

Use of Cs to estimate tillage- and water-induced soil redistribution rates on agricultural land under different use and management in central-south Chile

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the applicability of conventional ¹³⁷Cs sampling and a simplified approach, for estimating medium-term tillage- and water-induced soil erosion and sedimentation rates on agricultural land in Chile. For this purpose, four study sites under contrasting land use and management were selected in central-south Chile. First, a conventional ¹³⁷Cs approach, based on grid sampling was applied, adapting a mass balance conversion model incorporating soil movement by tillage to the site specific conditions of the study region. Secondly, using the same conversion model, the feasibility of estimating soil redistribution rates from measurements of ¹³⁷Cs inventories based on composite soil samples taken along contour lines was also tested at all four sites. The redistribution rates associated with tillage and water and the total rates estimated using both methods correlated strongly at all four sites. The conventional method provides more detailed information concerning the redistribution processes operating over the landscape. The simplified method is suitable for assessing soil loss and sediment accumulation in areas exhibiting simple topography and almost similar slopes along the contour lines. Under these conditions, this method permits faster estimation of soil redistribution rates, providing the possibility of estimating soil redistribution rates over larger areas in a shorter time. In order to optimise the costs and benefits of the methods, the sampling and inventory quantification strategy must be selected according to the resolution of the required information, and the scale and complexity of the landscape relief. Higher tillage- and water-induced erosion rates were observed in the annually ploughed cropland sites than in the semi-permanent grassland sites. Subsistence managed crop and grassland sites also show greater erosion effects than the commercially managed sites. The ¹³⁷Cs methods used permit discrimination between redistribution rates observed on agricultural land under different land use and management. The ¹³⁷Cs technique must be seen as an efficient method for estimating medium-term soil redistribution rates, and for planning soil conservation and sustainable agricultural production under the climatic conditions and the soil type of the region of Chile investigated.     

Impacts of soil erosion on organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in an alpine grassland soil

The impact of soil erosion on the nutrient dynamics in alpine grassland soils is still an essential problem. Selecting a grass-covered hillslope in eastern Tibet Plateau, the cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique was used to determine the impacts of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that there were distinct soil redistribution patterns in different hillslope positions because of the influences of slope runoff, plant coverage and grazing activity. For the upper slope, soil erosion first decreased downward, followed by soil deposition in its lower part. In contrast, for middle and toe slopes, there was an increasing soil erosion along a downslope transect. Across the lower slope, soil erosion showed an irregular variation. Influenced by the selective transport of water erosion, SOC, TN and TP storage decreased with increasing soil erosion in upper, middle and toe slopes. In contrast, SOC, TN and TP storage varied little with soil erosion in the lower slope. On the whole hillslope, TK storage also varied little with soil erosion due to the large amount of potassium elements derived from soil parent materials. Particularly noteworthy was the greatest storage of SOC, TN and TP in the lower slope where most obvious net soil erosion occurred, which is closely related to the humus accumulation combined with gravel separation as well as weathering and pedogenesis of parent rocks induced by soil freeze-thaw.     

利用137Cs示踪农业耕作土壤侵蚀速率的定量模型

建立了一个根据农业耕作土壤剖面中^137Cs的损失量与土壤侵蚀量之间关系的定量模型,在假设^137Cs在耕层中得到充分的混合而变得均一的基础上,根据质量平衡模型推导而成,模型显示^137Cs的衰变常数,年沉降分量,耕层厚和采样年份对年平均土壤侵蚀速率都有重大影响,模型结果还说明,^137Cs的损失量与年平均土壤侵蚀量之间的关系既非线性关系亦非指数关系,而是一种复杂的曲线关系。     

近100年喀斯特槽谷区洼地沉积速率与流域产沙强度

首次尝试通过沉积物定年反演喀斯特洼地流域单元近100年尺度的侵蚀产沙历史,这有助于认识人类活动对喀斯特石漠化演化过程的影响。以喀斯特槽谷区典型洼地—常家洼洼地为研究对象,应用137Cs、210Pbex定年法分析了近100年的流域产沙强度特征。结果表明:(1)洼地平均沉积速率为1.00cm/a(1917—1963年)和0.25 cm/a(1963—2017年),流域的平均产沙模数为609t/(km^2·a)(1917—1963年)和152t/(km^2·a)(1963—2017年);(2)1917—1963年期间流域产沙强度远高于1963年以后,这与该地区民国至新中国建国初期强烈的人类活动有密切关系,尤其是上世纪50年代末大规模伐木;(3)1963年以来产沙强度明显减小,这是由于此前发生过较强侵蚀导致土壤变少,局部基岩出露,加之此间植被恢复、人类扰动强度降低和水土保持工程实施;(4)常家洼流域产沙强度高于西南其他喀斯特地区,与流域岩性和人为扰动有关。喀斯特石漠化并非仅是近50年人类活动的结果,也与近100年乃至更长时间尺度的人类活动有关。     

Caesium-137 fallout depth distribution in different soil profiles and significance for estimating soil erosion rate

Caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) has been widely used for the determination of soil erosion and sediment transport rate. However, depth distribution patterns of ¹³⁷Cs in the soil profile have not been considered. As a result, the erosion rates may be over-estimated or underestimated. This paper presents the depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs fallout in different soil profiles using published data. Three types of depth distribution functions of ¹³⁷Cs are given by using statistical regression methods, the exponential type, the peak type and the decreasing type (including uniform distribution). Relationships between ¹³⁷Cs loss and soil erosion rate are given by introducing the regression functions. The influence of depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs on the estimation of the soil erosion rate was simulated. Simulation results showed that very different soil erosion rates could be deduced for different depth distributions when ¹³⁷Cs loss is the same, which indicates that the depth distribution pattern should be considered when soil erosion is estimated by using ¹³⁷Cs. Simulation results also suggested that it is most important to determine the depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs near the soil surface and the annual relative loss of ¹³⁷Cs by using the depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs as a criterion to estimate the soil erosion rate.     

Cesium and soil carbon in a small agricultural watershed

Scientific, political, and social interests have developed recently in the concept of using agricultural soils to sequester carbon. Studies supporting this concept indicate that soil erosion and subsequent redeposition of eroded soils in the same field may establish an ecosystem disequilibrium that promotes the buildup of carbon on agricultural landscapes. The problem is to determine the patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on the landscape and to relate these to soil carbon patterns. Radioactive ¹³⁷cesium (¹³⁷Cs) can be used to estimate soil erosion patterns and, more importantly, redeposition patterns at the field level. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between ¹³⁷Cs, soil erosion, and soil carbon patterns on a small agricultural watershed. Profiles of soils from an upland area and soils in an adjacent riparian system were collected in 5 cm increments and the concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs and carbon were determined. ¹³⁷Cs and carbon were uniformly mixed in the upper 15–20 cm of upland soils. ¹³⁷Cs (Bq g⁻¹) and carbon (%) in the upland soils were significantly correlated (r²=0.66). Carbon content of the 0–20 cm layer was higher (1.4±0.3%) in areas of soil deposition than carbon content (1.1±0.3%) in areas of soil erosion as determined by the ¹³⁷Cs technique. These data suggest that measurements of ¹³⁷Cs in the soils can be useful for understanding carbon distribution patterns in surface soil. Carbon content of the upland soils ranged from 0.5 to 1.9% with an average of 1.2±0.4% in the 0–20 cm layer while carbon below this upper tilled layer (20–30 cm) ranged from 0.2 to 1.5% with an average of 0.5±0.3%. Total carbon was 2.66 and 3.20 kg m⁻² in the upper 20 cm and upper 30 cm of the upland soils, respectively. Carbon content of the 0–20 cm layer in the riparian system ranged from 1.1 to 67.0% with an average 11.7±17.1%. Carbon content below 20 cm ranged from 1.8 to 79.3% with an average of 18.3±17.5%. Soil carbon in the upper 20 cm of the riparian profile was 10.1 and 15.0 kg m⁻² in the upper 30 cm of the riparian profiles. This is an increase of organic carbon by a factor of 3.8 and 4.7 for the upper 20 cm and upper 30 cm of the riparian profiles, respectively, when compared to the upland soil profiles.     

西南喀斯特小流域地表、地下河流细粒泥沙来源的137Cs和磁化率双指纹示踪研究

在黔中喀斯特高原农林复合生态系统峰丛谷地小流域,利用¹³⁷Cs和磁化率双指纹因子对碳酸盐岩表层土壤(坡地和坝地)、深层土壤(沟道和洞穴/裂隙)以及碎屑岩夹层岩屑3类来源开展指纹特征分析,通过多元混合模型对流域暴雨过程侵蚀悬移质泥沙进行指纹复合示踪,并计算小流域地表及地下出口输出泥沙的主要来源及相对贡献率。结果表明:¹³⁷Cs和磁化率在碳酸盐岩表层土壤、深层土壤以及碎屑岩夹层岩屑3类来源存在显著差异,流域内表层土壤、深层土壤和碎屑岩夹层岩屑的¹³⁷Cs和磁化率平均含量分别为3.39 Bq/kg和310.07×10^-8 m^3/kg、0.50 Bq/kg和180.69×10^-8 m^3/kg、0 Bq/kg和7.02×10^-8 m^3/kg。表层土壤、深层土壤和碎屑岩夹层岩屑对流域地表出口泥沙的相对贡献分别为16.2%,4.3%和79.5%,拟合优度为99.97%;表层土壤、深层土壤和碎屑岩夹层岩屑对流域地下出口泥沙的相对贡献分别为<0.1%,37.9%和62.1%,拟合优度为83.80%。喀斯特流域泥沙来源区别于其他碎屑岩流域具有的特点为:(1)碳酸盐岩风化表层土壤来源少,对河流泥沙贡献小,主要贡献于地表河流。(2)无论流域地表出口还是地下出口,河流泥沙来源主要为流域中碳酸盐岩所夹的少量(地面物质组成<10%)的碎屑岩夹层岩屑。(3)深层土壤略有贡献,地下河流贡献比例高于地表河流。另外,¹³⁷Cs和磁化率可作为双指纹示踪物较好地示踪喀斯特小流域地表、地下河流泥沙来源和确定相对贡献率。