衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复过程中土壤水文效应

采用空间代替时间序列方法, 对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段土壤层的水文效应进行研究。结果表明: (1)从裸露地、草坡、灌草、灌丛至乔灌恢复阶段, 土壤蓄水性与渗透性显著增加(P<0.05); (2)Horton入渗模型对各植被恢复阶段的入渗过程拟合效果较好(R²≥0.765), 有较好的适用性; (3)土壤理化性状、植被根系显著影响土壤的渗透性能, 植被根系提高土壤入渗性能的实质是: ≤1 mm细根可有效改善土壤的理化性状; (4)基于主成分分析, 从裸露地、草坡、灌草、灌丛至乔灌恢复阶段, 土壤综合水文效应显著提高(P<0.05)。此研究结果将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容, 并为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供重要依据。     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段土壤酶活性特征研究

本文以典型的衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列方法,选用立地条件基本相似的草坡阶段（Grassplot, GT）、 灌草阶段（Frutex and grassplot,FG）、 灌丛阶段（Frutex, FX）和乔灌阶段（Arbor and frutex, AF）,通过调查取样和实验分析,对不同植被恢复阶段的土壤酶、 养分与微生物及其相关性进行了研究。结果表明, 1）随着恢复阶段的演替,脲酶、 多酚氧化酶、 蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶的活性显著增加,在每个恢复阶段,脲酶、 多酚氧化酶、 蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶活性随着土层的加深而逐渐减弱,脲酶与多酚氧化酶、 蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著正相关关系,蔗糖酶与脲酶和多酚氧化酶呈极显著正相关。 2）随着恢复阶段的演替,土壤养分的时空变化与土壤酶活性的变化趋势基本一致,土壤有机碳、 全氮与碱解氮含量呈上升趋势,土壤pH随植被恢复和演替而降低,随土壤深度的增加而上升,与土壤酶活性的变化趋势相反;脲酶与有机碳、 全氮、 碱解氮呈极显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关,多酚氧化酶与有机碳、 碱解氮呈极显著正相关,与全氮、 速效磷、 速效钾呈显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关,蔗糖酶活性与有机碳、 全氮、 碱解氮、 速效磷、 速效钾呈显著正相关。 3）不同恢复阶段土壤细菌数量最多,真菌数量和放线菌数量与细菌数量的变化趋势各不相同;细菌平均数量为AF＞FX＞FG＞GT,真菌数量为 FG＞GT＞FX＞AF,放线菌数量为 GT＞FX＞FG＞AF。4）主成分分析揭示脲酶与多酚氧化酶可作为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地土壤质量评价的指标。研究结果将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容,为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供了重要依据。     

农牧交错区退耕还林地土壤恢复特征的研究——以内蒙古卓资县为例

以卓资县退耕还林地为研究对象,探讨不同退耕还林地土壤理化性质的变化规律及改良作用.初步研究结果表明:退耕还林以后土壤黏粒总体含量均高于耕地,其中表土层增加不显著,亚表层、下层增加较多;在不同的退耕还林地中,表层土壤容重明显高于亚表层和下层的土壤容重;不同退耕还林模式下土壤有机质含量均随土层深度增加而递减,表现出明显的表聚性;不同林地类型之间的全量N、P、K的含量变化差异显著,而不同土层深度的全量P、K的差异不显著;不同退耕林地的速效N、P、K的含量变化幅度较大.总体来看当地实施退耕还林后,对土壤的改良效果明显,有效的改善了当地生态环境.     

毛乌素沙地不同植被恢复措施下土壤理化性质空间分布特征

[目的] 探讨不同植被恢复措施下土壤理化性质的空间分布特征,为半干旱沙区植被恢复提供理论依据。[方法] 以毛乌素沙地西南边缘3种典型植被恢复模式(封育草地、飞播林地和人工柠条林地)为研究对象,以退化草地为对照,通过采集0—40 cm范围内3个土层的土壤,研究了其土壤理化指标和土壤综合肥力。[结果] ①在不同措施下土壤表层(0—10 cm)含水量显著增加,而在深层(10—40 cm)土壤则显著降低;与之相反的是土壤表层容重显著降低,而在深层土壤差异不显著,呈现弱变异;植被恢复显著降低了上层(0—20 cm)土壤pH值,而对20—40 cm土层差异不显著;此外,同一植被类型下随着土层加深土壤含水量(SWC)、容重(BD)、pH值均逐渐增加。②不同措施下土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)含量显著增加,封育样地SOM最高,飞播样地土壤TN最高,而速效磷(AP)含量显著降低,土壤全磷(TP)、SOM、TN等养分含量具有表聚性,土壤AP和速效氮(AN)含量在不同植被恢复、不同土层之间存在差异性。③土壤综合肥力指数呈现为：飞播样地(0.794)>封育样地(0.662)>对照样地(0.637)>柠条林地(0.603),即土壤质量在飞播样地最高,而在柠条林地最低。[结论] 3种植被恢复模式均对土壤各理化指标有显著影响,不同植被恢复措施导致土壤各指标在垂直剖面上发生不同程度的变异,毛乌素沙地适宜进行飞播造林,而不宜大面积种植人工柠条林。     

自然恢复序列梯度上退耕地土壤容重变化及其蓄水性能效应

为了探索黄土丘陵区退耕地植被自然恢复对土壤水分环境的影响,以延安市安塞区5个植被自然恢复阶段(10,20,30,40,50年)退耕地为研究对象,采用空间代替时间法研究不同演替阶段土壤理性特征的变化、土壤蓄水性能及其影响。结果表明:陕北黄土丘陵区弃耕地在植被自然恢复过程中,同一演替阶段不同土层,其表层(0—20cm)土壤容重均小于下层(20—40cm)土壤容重。不同演替阶段表层土壤容重总体表现为先减少后增加的趋势,其土壤容重在30年的植被自然恢复期降到最低值,说明植被恢复导致表层土壤容重变小,表层土壤总毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且在30年自然恢复期达到峰值,而土壤毛管孔隙度变化趋势为先减小后增大再减小再增大。不同演替阶段表层土壤饱和蓄水量、滞留蓄水量均表现为先增大后减小的趋势,且在30年自然恢复期其蓄水量达到峰值。土壤物理特征的变化趋势为土壤容重大,土壤粗砂粒含量增加,毛管孔隙度增大,非毛管孔隙度减小,土壤蓄水量降低;土壤容重减小,土壤细砂粒、粉黏粒含量增加,毛管孔隙度减小,非毛管孔隙度增大,土壤蓄水量增大。     

黄土丘陵区典型草地演替中植物群落特征与土壤储水量关系

[目的]阐明草地植被演替过程中植被生产力、植物多样性等生态学特征与土壤储水量的关系,为探明黄土高原地区植被恢复的生态环境效应提供一定的科学依据。[方法]采用时空互代的方法对宁夏回族自治区固原市云雾山保护区自然恢复3,8,13,46,66,89a的样地进行取样,分析0—100cm土层土壤储水量的分布及其与地上地下植物生物量、物种多样性的关系。[结果]随着草地演替的进行,植被群落盖度、生物量和物种多样性指数在恢复13a之前显著增加,之后渐趋稳定;土壤含水量逐渐增加,容重逐渐降低。植被群落演替对0—40cm土层土壤储水量没有显著影响,但演替后期对40cm以下土层水分有明显消耗。植被群落生物量及物种多样性指标与表层0—10cm水分呈显著正相关。[结论]草地演替过程中,植被群落生物量和物种多样性的增加与表层土壤储水能力的提升密切相关,但深层根系生物量的增加对下层土壤储水的消耗也逐渐增大。     

植被恢复对侵蚀坡地表层土壤性质的影响

为了评价表层土壤有机碳和养分对放牧和不同植被类型互作的反应,选择四川省西昌市西溪乡牛郎村马家松坡放牧丘陵坡地,分别在坡顶、上、中、下部各层采集有乔木(桉树)、灌木(米油枝)、草本3种类型植被覆盖以及无植被覆盖的0—5 cm表层土壤,测定分析了土壤容重、土壤有机碳、速效氮含量。结果表明,植被对改善表层土壤有机碳和速效氮含量的作用大小顺序为:米油枝>草本植物>桉树。米油枝、草本植物能显著提高土壤有机碳和速效氮含量,桉树改善表层土壤有机碳和速效氮含量的作用则比较小。不同坡位对土壤有机碳、速效氮含量无显著影响。不同植被类型下表层土壤容重变化为:米油枝下土壤<桉树下土壤<草地<裸地。米油枝能显著降低表层土壤容重,而在不同坡位间无显著差异。不同植被类型下表层土壤对放牧的反应不同。放牧显著降低了桉树林下表层土壤有机碳和速效氮的含量,对米油枝和草本植物覆被下表层土壤性质的影响不显著。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤速效N的分布特征及其与物种多样性的关系

以黄土丘陵沟壑区的典型代表--安塞县为例,调查了退耕地植被恢复过程中的植被群落特征,分析了土壤速效N的分布特征、物种多样性的变化以及两者之间的相互作用关系,结果表明土壤速效N的分布在剖面上具有明显的层次性,即从上到下依次降低;在不同植被群落中,土壤速效N含量在A、B层间的变化幅度大于B、C层次间,并且在植被恢复演替的前期,A、B两土层土壤速效N含量的变化相对较小,后期变化相对较大,而B、C两土层土壤速效N含量的变化则恰恰相反.0～60 cm土层土壤速效N的平均含量在植被恢复的草本和乔木阶段,随植被的恢复演替而不断增加,在植被恢复的灌木阶段其含量变化则相反.相关分析表明,Menhinick指数和shannon-wiener指数与土壤速效N含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),simpson指数和Pielou指数与土壤速效N含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05).因此,在对退耕地进行植被恢复时,应该保持和提高土壤速效N的含量,以保证植被恢复的进程.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复中土壤物理特性变化研究

以黄土高原典型丘陵沟壑区--延安燕沟流域为研究对象,分析了黄土丘陵区退耕地植被恢复过程中不同恢复年限、不同植被类型以及不同恢复方式下的土壤物理变化特征,结果表明对于土壤含水量,草地>灌木地>乔木地,自然恢复>自然+人工恢复,随着退耕年限的不断增长,上层土壤含水量不断增加,下层不断降低,随土层不断加深,其含量逐步趋于稳定;对于0～60 cm土壤平均容重及孔隙度,以灌木地土壤容重相对较大,孔隙度相对较小,乔木地的容重及孔隙度的变化与灌木地相反,并且随着退耕年限的不断延长,土壤容重不断减小,孔隙度不断增加,但是不同恢复方式下土壤容重及其孔隙度变化不大;对于0～60 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,自然恢复>自然+人工恢复,随着恢复年限的不断增长,其含量不断增加,而不同植被类型作用下的土壤水稳性团聚体含量变化不明显,但是其含量在不同土层变化差异较大.这就要求对退耕地进行植被恢复过程中,要深入了解当地的土壤环境特征,做到因地制宜,适地适树.     

黄土丘陵区侵蚀环境不同坡面及坡位土壤理化特征研究

研究了黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域阴阳坡面及不同坡位土壤水分、物理和养分特征,结果表明,与坡顶距离越远,表层土壤含水量由小变大。阴坡蒸发量小,土壤含水量较大。容重阴坡<阳坡,距坡顶越远,土壤容重、非活性孔度越小,孔隙比、活性孔度越大,同一坡向阳坡随土层加深土壤容重增大,阴坡表层土壤容重增加幅度较下层小,容重在剖面趋于均化。阴坡对土壤的改善优于阳坡,有利于植被生长。表层土壤全氮含量阴坡>阳坡,且随土层加深而减少。全氮和有机质在坡中下部累积。全磷在不同坡向和坡位变化不明显。速效钾在各坡位变化幅度较小且阴坡>阳坡。阴阳坡土壤各养分有向表层富集的趋势。坡面土壤容重与土壤孔隙比、活性孔度、毛管含水量和有机质呈极显著负相关,与土壤非活性孔度和表层土壤含水量呈显著正相关,土壤有机质和土壤全氮、速效钾呈极显著正相关。在对坡面进行植被恢复时,需结合坡面土壤变化规律,因地制宜,合理利用和开发土地资源,促进植被恢复演替。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。