聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究 Ⅰ.入渗

土壤 (特别是黄绵土 )在雨水作用下 ,表面会形成结皮 ,显著地降低降雨入渗率 ,聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM)能有效地抑制降雨过程中土壤结皮的形成 ,提高降雨入渗率。为了获得PAM使用量和覆盖率与入渗率之间的关系 ,进行了一系列的人工降雨模拟试验。试验采用了三个雨强 :5 0、1 0 0和 1 5 0mmh- 1,四个坡度 :8.74%、1 7.63 %、3 6.4%和 46.63 % ,及五种地表处理 :对照、秸秆覆盖和三个PAM覆盖率 (A、B和C) ,试验设三次重复。试验分Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个降雨阶段进行 ,第Ⅱ阶段在第Ⅰ阶段降雨结束土壤放置 2 4h后进行。分析建立了降雨入渗率与PAM的覆盖率间的相关关系 ,确定了PAM的覆盖率对降雨入渗的影响。     

坡度、雨强对塿土入渗特征的影响研究

利用室内人工降雨试验研究降雨强度和坡度对塿土水分入渗状况的影响及其作用机理,并用数学方法对土壤入渗率与累积入渗量随时间变化过程进行数学模拟。试验结果表明:雨强对降雨入渗率及累积入渗量有显著影响。雨强在20~90 mm h-1之间,雨强越大,塿土初始入渗率越高,达到稳定的时间越短,土壤的稳定入渗率由于主要受制于土壤特性,因而各降雨强度间差异不显著;累积入渗量变化表现为随降雨强度增大而减少;坡度对土壤入渗率及累积入渗量基本无影响。运用数学模型对土壤入渗率及累积入渗量的变化过程进行模拟,结果表明,Kostiakov经验模型与自回归移动平均模型(ARIMA)两种模型均可用于模拟土壤入渗性能的变化过程,拟合精度均较高。     

PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对降雨入渗和土壤侵蚀的影响

土壤中施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)可以提高降雨入渗率,减少土壤侵蚀量。PAM大多施用于土壤表面。为了研究PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对入渗率和侵蚀量的影响,对PAM(22.5kg/hm2)与保水剂(45kg/hm2)、粉煤灰(1 500kg/hm2)、腐殖酸(900kg/hm2)混合的6种施用方法进行了试验。结果表明,施加了PAM的土壤调理剂均能显著提高降雨入渗率和减少土壤侵蚀量。与对照相比,施加了PAM处理的降雨入渗率较对照试验提高了1.8～2.7倍,土壤侵蚀量减少约50%～70%,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用提高降雨入渗率效果最为显著,PAM和保水剂混合施用减少土壤侵蚀量最多,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用相比单独施用PAM均没有显著性差异。综合比较结果发现,PAM与粉煤灰混合施用增加降雨入渗率和减少径流的效果最好,PAM与保水剂混合施用抗土壤侵蚀效果最好。     

坡面生物调控措施对土壤水分入渗的影响

为了研究不同生物调控措施的植被覆盖度、降雨强度和坡度以及各因素间交互作用对土壤水分入渗的影响,本文通过室外人工模拟降雨试验,对不同生物调控措施坡面的土壤水分入渗规律进行了探索。结果表明：1）有生物调控措施坡面的土壤稳定入渗率较裸坡偏大,且差异极显著,但生物调控措施坡面之间的差异并不明显。2）降雨强度、坡度与土壤稳定入渗率间不是线性单值函数,均存在使土壤稳定入渗率最大的临界雨强与临界坡度。稳定入渗率随植被覆盖度增加的速率是非恒定的,存在着增速变化的临界植被覆盖度。临界植被覆盖度前,稳定入渗率的增加速率很快,之后,迅速降低并趋于稳定。3）坡面径流调控度随雨强增大而减小;相同雨强下不同措施坡面径流调控度排序为：黑麦草＞春小麦＞苜蓿＞裸坡。4）采用SPSS软件通过逐步回归分析法提取了影响土壤稳定入渗率最显著的单因子交互作用项,建立了包含降雨强度、坡度和植被覆盖度在内的多因素非线性入渗模型,通过实测数据对其进行验证发现该模型精度较高。     

Jag C162对黄土坡面降雨入渗的调控效应研究

在土壤中添加高分子化合物是一种新兴的水土保持措施,阐明其对水土流失的影响可为黄土坡面水土流失治理及其措施选择提供科学依据。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究新化学材料Jag C162对黄土坡面降雨入渗的调控效应。主要结果有:(1)撒施不同剂量Jag C162后,随着降雨时间的增加,入渗率呈减少的趋势,撒施Jag C162的入渗率减小速率均小于裸土;降雨过程中裸土达到了稳渗阶段,而撒施Jag C162的入渗率没有达到稳定状态;初始产流的时间也相应的推迟。(2)同坡度不同雨强和同雨强不同坡度下,撒施Jag C162后,入渗率显著提高。随着雨强和坡度的增大,裸土的稳定入渗率增加,3种不同撒施剂量下的平均入渗率减小。(3)撒施Jag C162的入渗量明显高于裸土的入渗量,在不同剂量下,入渗量随雨强的增加而呈现递增变化总趋势;入渗量随坡度的增加而减小。(4)撒施Jag C162可增加入渗率,减少地表径流和土壤侵蚀。     

解冻期坡面降雨入渗特征及模拟试验研究

通过室内人工模拟降雨试验和水量平衡方法,研究解冻期坡面降雨入渗规律。试验处理包括4个初始解冻深度(0,2,4,6cm)和3个降雨强度(0.6,0.9,1.2mm/min)。结果表明:(1)在坡面的降雨入渗过程中,随降雨历时的延长,入渗率呈由高到低的变化,波动性明显;(2)坡面初始入渗率受降雨强度的影响较大,0.9,1.2mm/min雨强下的初始入渗率显著大于0.6mm/min下的初始入渗率(p0.05);不同初始解冻深度下的稳定入渗率相差较小,平均入渗率的变化趋势与稳定入渗率的变化趋势相似,均随初始解冻深度的增加呈现先减小后增大,临界解冻深度为4cm;初始解冻深度为6cm时的累计入渗量显著大于解冻深度为0,2,4cm的累计入渗量(p0.05);累计入渗量在0.6mm/min雨强下随初始解冻深度的增加而增加,而在0.9,1.2mm/min雨强下呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,临界解冻深度分别为2,4cm;(3)采用Kostiakov模型、Horton模型、蒋定生模型和Philip模型对试验结果进行模拟后发现,Horton模型最能反映解冻期坡面土壤降雨入渗的特征。研究结果可为揭示解冻期产流机制变化以及土壤侵蚀规律提供参考。     

黄丘区野外草被坡面土壤入渗参数变化规律与模拟研究

利用黄丘区第三副区野外坡面模拟降雨试验,研究了3种覆盖度(30%,60%,90%)和5种降雨强度(1,1.5,2,2.5,3mm/min)下15°草地坡面土壤入渗过程变化规律。结果表明:(1)土壤入渗率随着草被覆盖度和降雨强度的增加不断增大,草被覆盖度越大,土壤入渗率的增加效果越显著,土壤初始入渗率与降雨强度呈指数函数关系,土壤稳定入渗率与降雨强度呈幂函数关系。(2)土壤累积入渗量与降雨时间呈良好的幂函数关系,草被覆盖度越大,土壤累积入渗增量越明显,降雨强度对土壤累积入渗量的影响存在阶段性差异。(3)草被覆盖度的增加能明显提高土壤入渗系数,随雨强的增大,土壤入渗系数不断减小,自然草被覆盖度(60%)下,草被增加土壤入渗系数的有效降雨强度为1~1.5mm/min。(4)利用4个入渗模型对土壤入渗速率与降雨时间的关系进行拟合,研究结果表明Horton公式能较好的模拟该区土壤入渗过程。     

紫色土坡耕地降雨入渗试验研究

在田间条件下,利用人工模拟降雨研究了坡度、降雨、耕作方式对紫色土坡耕地入渗过程的影响.试验结果表明:雨强对入渗过程有重要影响.当雨强在19.62～111..69 mm/h之间变化,稳定入渗率随雨强增加而增大.坡度对入渗的影响比较复杂.在5°～25°范围内,随坡度增加,稳定入渗率表现出升-降-升的变化趋势,在10°与20°分别存在极大值与极小值.中耕显著增加了水分入渗,特别在高强度降雨下,中耕使稳定入渗率增加1倍以上,入渗补给系数增大50%以上.入渗率随降雨历时增加而减小,二者关系可以用乘幂函数描述.累积入渗量可以用降雨历时的线性函数来表示.     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤入渗规律研究

在延安燕沟试验区建立不同下垫面(草地、刈割草地、翻耕草地、灌木地、刈割灌木地、翻耕灌木地)小区,分析了30场人工模拟降雨试验的入渗资料,结果表明,植被覆盖地平均入渗率是刈割地的1.2倍,是翻耕地的2.0倍;在地表坡度7°,草灌地土壤容重分别为1.27和0.99 g/cm3条件下,坡面平均入渗率与降雨强度具有极显著的抛物线函数关系.草地、刈割草地、灌木地、刈割灌木地雨强分别达到1.62,2.21,2.49和1.71 mm/mim时,平均入渗率具有最大值,分别为1. 17,0.97,1.67和1.51 mm/min;但翻耕草地、翻耕灌木地与此相反,雨强分别达到1.36和1.68 mm/min时,平均入渗率具有最小值,分别为0.379和0.382 mm/min;Horton入渗公式能较好地模拟不同土地利用方式下降雨的入渗过程.     

基于短历时Philip入渗公式的产流模型

在分析积水入渗条件下短历时Philip入渗公式特点基础上,建立了基于短历时Philip积水入渗公式的降雨产流模型。模型显示地表积水时刻与雨强平方成反比。利用降雨强度为0.082 cm/min、坡度为15°情况下实测累计降雨产流量推求了模型参数吸渗率,并利用获得的S分别计算了雨强为0.214 cm/min、坡度为5°,雨强为0.133 cm/min、坡度为5°和雨强为0.133 cm/min、坡度为15°情况下累积径流量,相对于实测累积径流过程,计算相对误差都在10%内,可以满足精度要求,说明基于短历时Philip入渗公式建立的降雨产流模型可以用于描述坡面降雨产流过程。     

聚丙烯酰胺应用对黄土复合坡面降雨产流的影响

复合坡是自然界常见的主要坡型。通过室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究了复合坡面降雨产流规律以及聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM)应用对其的影响。试验采用2种复合坡型(凹型坡和凸型坡)的12个坡度组合和4个PAM施用量,共48个试验处理。结果显示,PAM应用显著缩短了初始降雨产流时间,初始产流时间平均比对照处理提前63.7%~71.6%。PAM应用明显改变了坡面径流随降雨历时的变化规律。PAM应用后,除了大坡度(≥10°)、小量PAM应用(0.5 g/m2)的凸型坡外,降雨径流系数在整个降雨过程中基本维持稳定。PAM应用增大了降雨径流系数和径流量,且径流系数和径流量随着PAM施用量的增大而增大。凸型坡的径流量平均比凹型坡的大14.7%~31.8%。当PAM施用量为0.5、1.0和2.0 g/m2时,凹型坡和凸型坡的径流量分别比对照处理增加55.7%、100.2%、147.3%和16.6%、69.3%、108.9%。在黄土坡地上大剂量(≥1.0 g/m2)应用PAM可明显增大坡面径流量,实际应用中应制定合理的PAM施用量。     

Control of Rainfall-Induced Soil Erosion with Various Types of Polyacrylamide (8 pp)

Background   Several types of organic polymers with various molecular weights and surface charges are produced for various industrial and agricultural purposes, and recent studies have shown that high molecular weight anionic polymers are the most effective in reducing runoff and soil loss. However, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is marketed under various commercial names with variable molecular weight and length according to its chemistry (Barvenik 1994). Consequently, its interactions with soil and efficiency in reducing soil erosion are expected to vary. Moreover, types of PAM other than those recommended for erosion control may also be effective in reducing soil erosion. Objectives   The objective of this research is to test the influence of 9 types of polyacrylamide (PAM) on water infiltration and soil loss of an arid silt loam soil under simulated rainfall conditions. Method  logy. Nine types of organic polymers varied in surface charge, ranging from +20 to –75, and molecular weight ranging from very low to very high were used in this study. Soil plots with dimensions of 60 cm by 120 cm having moderate slope of3 to 5% were constructed in the field and equipped with runoff collection installations. A specific type of PAM was spread on soil plots at a rate of 10 kg/ha. Rainfall was supplied from a drip type rainfall simulator at constant intensity and duration of 80 mm/h and 50 min, respectively. Runoff, infiltration and soil loss were measured for each plot subjected to a specific type of PAM and compared to control plots. Results and Conclusions   Land application of PAMs significantly increased infiltration prior to runoff but had insignificant effect on total infiltration volume and final infiltration rate under the present experimental conditions. Experimental results confirmed that anionic polymers were more effective in reducing soil loss than that of non-ionic or cationic polymers. In fact the cationic, low molecular weight and low surface charge non-ionic PAMs had insignificant effect on soil loss. High molecular weight anionic PAM with 30% surface charge (A-130) was more effective(46% reduction) than those having a high molecular weight and a lower surface charge of 20% (A-110 and A-120) with an aver-age soil loss reduction of 24%. The PAM A-836, described assoil erosion polymer with 20% surface charge and high molecular weight, reduced soil erosion by 41%. Unexpectedly, the anionic PAM with low molecular weight but very high surface charge was also effective in reducing soil loss (47% reduction). Recommendations and Outlook   Land application of PAM improves water infiltration and highly reduces soil erosion thus improving agricultural production. Application of PAM could be the only viable way to improve arid land farming. It seemed that various types of PAMs, other than those specifically produced for erosion protection can be used to combat soil erosion. This means that farmers in poor countries can use any type of PAM that is available to them to improve agricultural production.     

Effect of Gypsum and Polyacrylamide Application on Erodibility of an Acid Kunigami Mahji Soil

Calcium carbonates and gypsum are often used to improve the chemical status of acid soils. This study discusses the effects of gypsum and polyacrylamide (PAM) application on infiltration and erodibility of a Japanese acid soil. Acid Kunigami mahji soil (sedimentary rock derived, Typic Hapludult) from Okinawa was packed into an acrylic plastic box, and simulated rainfall of 40 mm h⁻¹ was applied. Prior to the rainfall, 2.5 t ha⁻¹ of gypsum and/or 15 kg ha⁻¹ of non-ionic or anionic PAM were applied onto soil surface. During a rainfall, surface runoff was collected periodically, and sediment concentration, pH, and electric conductivity of the runoff were measured. Gypsum application enhanced surface runoff. During the rainfall, EC of the runoff was greater than the critical coagulation concentration of the clays of the mahji soil, however the soil became dispersive with gypsum application. PAM application could improve infiltration of gypsum amended mahji soil and reduce sediment loss.     

Polyacrylamide (PAM) effect on irrigation induced soil erosion and infiltration

Surface irrigation is the oldest and the most widely used method of irrigation. One disadvantage of surface irrigation is soil erosion. New technology employing water-soluble polymers may provide a technique that is effective and affordable to control soil erosion. Water-soluble anionic organic compound known as polyacrylamide polymer (PAM) is the most successful polymer in controlling soil erosion. This study investigated the effect of spraying PAM on the soil surface to control soil erosion and to increase soil infiltration on a Jordanian clay loam soil. Different PAM concentrations, namely 5, 10, and 20 mg/l in addition to the control (0 mg/l) were used in this study. The highest effect of PAM on the measured properties was attained at 20 mg/l. We noticed that PAM's efficiency was decreased with subsequent irrigations. The reduction in soil erosion was 72 and 47.6%, the reduction in runoff water turbidity was 83 and 35%, the increase in water advance time was 6 and 0.9% and the increase in soil infiltration was 36 and 20.8% for the first and fourth irrigation, respectively. PAM's efficiency in flocculating soil particles was studied in the lab where we noticed that its efficiency in sedimentation was increased as its concentration increased.     

模拟降雨条件下聚丙烯酰胺应用对径流、侵蚀和土壤养分流失的影响

Soil erosion affects soil productivity and environmental quality.A laboratory research experiment under simulated heavy rainfall with tap water was conducted to investigate the effects of anionic polyacrylamide(PAM) application rates(0,0.5,1.0,and 2.0 g m-2) and molecular weights(12 and 18 Mg mol-1) on runoff,soil erosion,and soil nutrient loss at a slope of 5°.The results showed the two lower rates of PAM application decreased runoff while the highest rate increased runoff as compared with the control.Sediment concentration and soil mass loss increased significantly with the increasing PAM application rate.Compared with the control,PAM application decreased K+,NH4+,and NO3-concentrations in sediment and K+ and NH+4 concentrations in runoff,but significantly increased the mass losses of K+,NH4+,and NO-3 over soil surface except for the NH4+ at PAM application rate lower than 1.0 g m-2.PAM application decreased the proportion of K+ loss with runoff to its total mass loss over soil surface from 60.1% to 16.4%.However,it did not affect the NH4+ and NO3-losses with runoff,and more than 86% of them were lost with runoff.A higher PAM molecular weight resulted in less soil erosion and K+ mass loss but had little effect on runoff and NH+4 and NO3-losses.PAM application did not prevent soil erosion and the mass losses of K+ and NO3-under experimental conditions.     

微咸水入渗下施加PAM土壤水盐运移特性研究

土壤改良剂与微咸水灌溉相结合,对于合理开发利用微咸水、改善盐碱土结构及促进作物生长有着重要意义。基于一维垂直土柱积水入渗和水平土柱吸渗试验,研究了微咸水入渗条件下,不同聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM)施量(0、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%)对盐碱土水盐运移特性的影响。结果表明:(1)微咸水入渗条件下,施加PAM能够降低土壤入渗速率,增加土壤保水性能。(2)施加PAM对Philip及Kostiakov入渗模型参数有显著影响,在PAM施量0.04%时,吸渗率S和经验系数K最小,而经验指数β最大。(3)在PAM施量为0.04%时,土壤饱和体积含水量最大,BrooksCorey模型进气吸力hd增加了15.30%,土壤持水性能显著提高;土壤水分扩散率最小,水分分布最均匀。(4)施加PAM能够显著提高土层的持水效率和微咸水的淋洗效果,在PAM施量为0.04%时,土层持水效率最高,盐分淋洗量最大。     

聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对黄土坡地降雨产流产沙过程的影响

从防治水土流失和提高降水资源利用率的角度出发，为使PAM能在黄土地区广泛使用，该文通过室内人工模拟降雨和冲刷试验，研究了黄土坡地土壤表层施加PAM对产流产沙过程的影响，分析了产流、径流累计量、泥沙累计量随时间的变化过程，建立了相应的相关关系。比较了不同PAM用量的作用效果及不同土壤对PAM施用效果的影响。试验结果表明，当坡度为15°，雨强1.2 mm/min，降雨历时为30 min时，每平方米土壤表层施加0.8 g PAM后的产流量减少16%，产沙量不到1 kg，减沙率达87.87%；连续冲刷试验结果表明PAM施放在(土娄)土上的效果远优于黄绵土。     

聚丙烯酰胺对不同土壤坡地降雨产流产沙的影响研究

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一种新型高效土壤结构改良剂,对适宜的土壤它可抑制土壤表面结皮,增加土壤水分入渗。研究表明,土壤结构是影响施用PAM效果的决定性因素,粗砂土施用后可以增加径流量、减小产沙量,而壤土施用后径流量和产沙量都减小了,并且减少产沙量的效果要好于减少径流量的效果。壤土PAM的施用量以1.4 g/m2较为合适。     

Soil Erosion as A ffected by Polyacrylamide Application Under Simulated Furrow Irrigation with Saline Water

The reduction of soil and water losses under furrow irrigation with saline water is important to environmental protection and agricultural production.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of polyacrylamide(PAM)application on soil infiltration and erosion under simulated furrow irrigation with saline water.Polyacrylamide was applied by dissolving it in irrigation water at the rates of 1.5,7.5,and 15.0 mg L^-1 or spreading it as a powder on soil surface at the rates of 0.3,1.5,3.0,and 6.0 g m^-2,respectively.The effectrolyte concentration of tested irrigation water was 10 and 30 mmolc L^-1 and its sodium adsorption ratio(SAR)was 0.5,10.0,and 20.0(mmol_c L^-1)_0.5.Distilled water was used as a control for irrigation water quality.Results indicated that the effectrolyte concentration and SAR generally did not significantly affect soil and water losses after PAM application.Infiltration rate and total infiltration volume decreased with the increase of PAM application rate.Polyacrylamide application in both methods significantly reduced soil erosion,but PAM application rate did not significantly affect it.The solution PAM application was more effective in controlling soil erosion than the powdered PAM application,but the former exerted a greater adverse influence on soil infiltration than the latter.Under the same total amounts,the powdered PAM application resulted in a 38.2%-139.6% greater infiltration volume but a soil mass loss of 1.3-3.4 times greater than the solution PAM application.