不同开垦年限黑土磷素的形态与数量变化

研究了不同开垦年限黑土磷素的形态、数量的变化,结果表明:开垦后黑土全磷含量无明显规律性变化,但土壤有效磷数量显著上升,在土壤磷的组分上,土壤有机磷数量显著下降,而土壤无机磷明显升高。在土壤无机磷的6个组分中,Fe-P、O-P占比例最大;其次Al-P、Ca10-P;再次Ca2-P、Ca8-P。垦后无机磷6个组分含量都有升高,绝对升高量顺序为Fe-P>Al-P>Ca2-P>O-P>Ca10-P>Ca8-P。上升强度顺序为Ca2-P>Al-P>Ca8-P>Ca10-P、Fe-P>O-P.     

栗钙土中磷肥转化及效应的研究

采用石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法,研究了磷肥在栗钙土中的转化以及包被物对土壤中磷肥转化的影响和莜麦的磷肥效应。研究结果表明,在不种作物的情况下,磷肥施入土壤后很快转化为Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P等形态,随施肥时间的延长,Ca2-P呈减少趋势,其它形态的无机磷则逐渐增加;在种植莜麦的情况下,莜麦对磷肥的吸收利用率为31.1％,土壤残留为68.9％,残留磷中各形态无机磷占施入磷的比率:28.9％为Ca2-P,11.0％为Ca8-P,10.3％为Al-P,5.5％为Fe-P,9.5％为O-P,3.7％为Ca10-P;包被磷肥较未包被磷肥减少了土壤中Ca2-P向Ca8-P转化,增加了施入磷向Al-P的转化而减少了向Fe-P、O-P的转化,磷肥的利用率提高2.9个百分点。施用磷肥莜麦增产178％。     

不同水分和添加物料对石灰性土壤无机磷形态转化的影响

利用轻粘质土壤 ,模拟石灰性土壤中不同的组分因素进行室内培养试验。结果表明 ,水溶性磷肥施入土壤后很快向其它无机磷形态转化 ,主要转化为Fe-P ,其次是Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Al-P ,而很少转化为O-P和Ca10-P。其转化规律受不同培养组分因素的影响。较低的土壤水分含量 (200g/kg)利于Ca8-P、Al-P向Fe P和Ca10-P的转化 ,过高的水分含量 (200g/kg)有利于Ca10-P的活化与Fe-P的大量生成 ;不同量CaCO3加入促进了Fe-P、Al-P以及Ca2-P向Ca8-P、Ca10-P方向转化 ;秸杆、腐植酸的加入增加了各形态无机磷量以及无机磷总量。随培养时间的延长 ,Al-P、Fe-P等形态的磷量减少 ,Ca8-P、Ca10-P形态的量增加。不同量秸杆以及腐植酸的加入不同程度地降低了速效磷下降的幅度 ,提高了土壤速效磷水平。     

长期施肥对砂姜黑土无机磷形态的影响

采用顾益初、蒋柏藩的无机磷分级方法,研究了长期施肥下砂姜黑土无机磷组分含量变化、生物有效性及其与土壤有效磷的关系。结果表明,长期耗竭状况下Ca2-P和Ca8-P的植物营养效率最高,其次为Al-P和Fe-P,O-P和Ca10-P也表现出了一定的有效性;Fe-P和Al-P对植物的营养贡献率最高,虽然Ca2-P和Ca8-P活性最高,但由于含量低,对磷素养分的贡献率较低,土壤磷素极度耗竭下,Ca2-P的植物营养贡献率甚至低于Ca10-P和O-P。砂姜黑土对磷的固定严重,土壤中积累的磷主要向Al-P、Fe-P和有效性更低的Ca10-P和O-P转化,Ca2-P、Ca8-P的增量较少。相关分析和通径分析表明,无机磷组分对有效磷的贡献为:Al-P＞Ca8-P＞Ca2-P＞Fe-P＞O-P＞Ca10-P;建立了Olsen-P与无机磷组分间的回归方程:Y = 3.8751 +0.4674X1 +0.4470X2+ 0.3769X3-0.1166X4-0.07838 X 5 (Y代表有效磷含量,X1、、X2、X3 、X4 、X5分别代表Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P和Ca10-P含量;P＜0.01,R2=0.9989)。     

长期施肥对黄土高原旱地土壤无机磷空间分布的影响

研究了18年肥料长期定位试验土壤无机磷的空间分布特征。土壤剖面无机磷占全磷总量的65．0％－79．4％，无机磷以Ca-P为主，Ca2-P,Ca8-P,Ca10-P分别占无机磷总量的2．1％－16．0％，0．6％－2．4％和59．7％－80．5％，Al-P,Fe-P,O-P分别占无机磷总量的1．8％－6．0％，3．9％－6．5％和9．2％－14．7％，土壤Ca2-P,Ca8-P,Al-P空间分布特征总趋势为耕层含量较高，耕层以下含量减少，在120cm土层以下趋于稳定。Ca10-P耕层有一定的积累，耕层以下含量减少，但底土含量略高于耕层。Fe-P,O-P空间分布不明显，长期施肥土壤中磷素大量以O－P累积在剖面各土层，其次主要转化为Ca2-P,Ca8-P和Al－P累积在耕层。     

长期施肥对黑垆土无机磷形态的影响研究

对黄土高原旱地黑垆土进行25年长期定位肥料试验,对土壤无机P形态、数量和对作物的有效性进行了研究。结果表明,石灰性土壤无机P的组成以Ca10-P占绝对优势,约占无机P总量的57.7%,其次是闭蓄态P(O-P),占17.9%,而Al-P、Fe-P、Ca8-P分别占5.9%、5.7%、10.1%,最少的为Ca2-P,只有2.8%。所有施肥处理中,各形态无机P均以土粪 NP含量最高;Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P以N处理最低,而Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P以CK处理最低;长期施肥对无机P各组分相对含量也有影响,耗P处理主要是Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P的降低,而施P处理是Ca10-P的降解和Ca2-P的积累。与1990年比较,CK处理均有下降;N处理除O-P、Ca10-P有增加外,其他各组分含量均下降;而NP、秸杆. NP、土粪、土粪. NP处理均呈增加趋势。不同处理对土壤有效P和缓效态P均有不同程度的影响,而与无效态P关系不大。同时做了各形态无机P与作物产量的相关性分析,在各级无机P与产量的相关性中,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P都达到了极显著水平,其中以Ca8-P与产量的相关性最高,而Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P也都达到了显著水平。     

岩溶区不同土地利用类型土壤无机磷形态分布特征

采用蒋柏藩、顾益初的土壤无机磷分级体系,对桂林毛村岩溶区旱耕地、灌丛、林地、水田土壤的无机磷形态分布特征进行研究。结果表明,岩溶区土壤全磷含量较高,速效磷和无机磷的含量均较低。4种土地利用类型总无机磷含量在49.87～489.80g/kg之间,占全磷的比例在6.08%～56.64%之间。各无机磷形态分布除Fe-P以外,均以水田最高,总无机磷含量水田也为最大。在同一土壤剖面不同发生层次上,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca10-P的含量随着深度的增加而减小,O-P含量随着深度增加而升高,对比各无机磷形态含量大小发现:Ca10-PO-PFe-PAl-PCa8-PCa2-P。对各无机磷形态与速效磷相关性分析表明:Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、O-P与速效磷呈极显著正相关关系;各无机磷形态之间,除Ca2-P与Ca10-P相关性不显著,Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P与O-P、Ca10-P相关性不显著,其余各形态无机磷之间均存在极显著的相关性。4种土地利用类型土壤磷素活化系数(PAC)除了水田耕层为2.5%2.0%外,其余土地利用类型的PAC均小于2.0%,说明岩溶区全磷不易转化为速效磷,有效性较低。     

黄土旱塬长期施肥条件下土壤磷素变化及管理

根据长武旱塬长期定位试验研究，黄土旱塬区土壤中无机磷以Ca-P为主，占无机磷总量的70％以上，O－P占无机磷总量的9．19％，Al-P,Fe-P分别占无机磷总量的5．96％和5．23％，无机磷各组分中Ca2-P有效性最高，其次为Al-P,Fe-P,Ca8-P。长期施肥土壤剖面全磷，速效磷含量增加，无机磷各组分均有增加，化肥与有机肥配合能很好地促进无机磷各组分的有效性转化。     

耕作方式对黄绵土无机磷形态的影响

以设置在陇中黄土高原并已经进行了5年的田间定位试验为基础,采用蒋-顾石灰性土壤无机磷分级法,研究了不同耕作方式对黄绵土无机磷形态的影响。结果表明,供试土壤中78.6%的磷以无机磷形式存在,且以Ca-P占绝大多数。无机磷各形态含量排列顺序为:Ca10-P Ca8-P O-PAl-P Fe-PCa2-P。与传统耕作不覆盖(T)相比,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)均可降低土壤中的Ca8-P、O-P和0—5 cm土层中的Ca10-P含量,其中NTS最为明显;NTS处理可提高土壤中的Al-P、Fe-P含量。不同处理中,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P均以0—5 cm土层中含量最高,且随着土层的增加呈下降趋势;但是Ca10-P 以5—10 cm土层含量最高;各处理O-P在土壤剖面中的变化没有显著差异。     

不同温室蔬菜种植模式下土壤磷素形态分布与转化

采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级浸提法,研究了15a长期有机、综合和常规种植3种温室蔬菜生产体系下石灰性土壤磷形态分布及转化特征。结果表明:种植模式及施肥年限对土壤有机磷含量和各形态无机磷含量均有显著影响,且交互作用显著。随着施肥时间延长,3种种植模式土壤有机磷含量与无机磷形态Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P含量不断升高,Al-P、O-P、Ca_(10)-P含量呈现不规则变动,差异较小;有机模式土壤有机磷含量与无机磷形态Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P含量均高于常规和综合模式,O-P、Ca_(10)-P含量略小于常规和综合模式。在各磷素占比中,中等活性磷源(Ca_8-P、Fe-P、Al-P)潜在磷源(O-P、Ca10-P)有效磷源(Ca_2-P)。表层土中有机磷占全磷的8%～23%,亚表层土中有机磷占全磷的6%～13%。有机模式促进了无机磷各形态之间、有机磷和无机磷形态之间的转化过程,0～20 cm土层的磷素转化比20～40 cm更活跃。     

外源磷对土壤无机磷的影响及有效性

通过对我国具有代表性的几个典型土类15年长期定位试验的CK和NPK处理以及原始土壤中无机磷组分的分析，研究施磷肥对土壤无机磷形态的影响及有效性。结果表明，原始土壤中闭蓄态磷和Ca10-P占无机磷比例大，土壤磷有效性低；在不施外源磷条件下连续耕作，各个土类的无机磷总量均逐年减少，其中主要是Ca2-P、Al-P和Fe—P明显降低；长期施用磷肥提高了土壤无机磷总量（TIP）和各组分的含量，其中以Ca2-P、Al-P和Fe—P提高比例显著，而0-P和Ca10-P提高的比例少。说明累积在土壤中的肥料磷多以有效性较高的形态存在。     

Long-term manuring and fertilization influence soil inorganic phosphorus transformation vis-a-vis rice yield in a rice–wheat cropping system

A study on the rice–wheat cropping system was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India, to assess the effects of long-term manuring and fertilization on transformation of the inorganic phosphorus (P) fraction in soil after 22 years of the crop cycle. Soil samples were collected after Kharif from seven treated plots having different types of organic amendments like farm yard manure, paddy straw and green manuring with 50% substitution of nitrogen levels in rice crop only. The result showed that the yield trend of rice was maintained due to the buildup of P from various organic inputs. Although cultivation for 22 years without adding any fertilizer caused a significant decrease in almost all the forms of P viz. avail-P, saloid P, iron phosphorus fraction (Fe–P), aluminum phosphorus fraction (Al–P), calcium phosphorus fraction (Ca–P) and total P in control. Partial substitution of inorganic fertilizer N (50%) with organics, however, caused a significant increase in almost all the P fractions in soil over the control. The relative abundance of all the fractions of inorganic P irrespective of treatments was as follows: Fe–P > reductant soluble P fraction > occluded P > Al–P > Ca–P > saloid P. Saloid and Fe–P were the dominating fractions responsible for 92% variation of available P and total P levels, respectively.     

小麦-玉米轮作土壤中磷肥化学行为及积累态磷生物有效性的研究

本文用改进的石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法系统地研究了河北省主要类型土壤的磷素形态,小麦 玉米轮作中水溶性磷肥施入土壤后的动态转化。研究结果表明,潮褐土、褐土、潮土的磷素形态为:无机磷占土壤全磷的73.2%～96.4%,Ca-P占无机磷的79.1%～90.8%,Ca10－P占Ca-P的51.7%～97.4%。小麦 玉米轮作中水溶性磷肥施入土壤后的化学行为:第一年,小麦和玉米共吸收利用了施入磷的２４.６％～２７.４％,作物主要消耗了土壤积累态Ca2－P,其次为Ca8－P;第二、三年,作物分别吸收利用了施入磷的１９.０％～２０.４％、１２.４％～１７.３％,主要消耗了土壤积累态Ca8－P,其次为Ca2－P、Ａｌ-Ｐ,再次为Ｆｅ-Ｐ。土壤积累磷以Ca8－P为主,其次为Ca2－P,再次为Ａｌ-Ｐ、Ｆｅ-Ｐ。土壤各形态无机磷的转化主要发生在Ca2－P与Ca8－P之间。化学磷肥与有机肥配施提高了土壤积累态磷的有效性。施用磷肥的效应在连续３年小麦-玉米轮作中均表现明显的增产效应。     

Soil Inorganic Phosphorus Fractionation and Availability under Greenhouse Subsurface Irrigation

Inorganic phosphorus (P) fractions and their availability under subsurface irrigation were investigated in a greenhouse planted for 5 years with tomato. Irrigation was applied when soil water conditions reached the predefined maximum allowable depletion (MAD) for different treatments, e.g., ?10 kPa, ?16 kPa, ?25 kPa, ?40 kPa, and ?63 kPa. Concentrations of five inorganic P fractions, which include of soluble / loosely bound P, aluminum (Al) P, iron (Fe) P, calcium (Ca) P, and occluded P, were obtained by following a sequential chemical fractionation procedure. Results showed that the effect of subsurface irrigation and schedules on inorganic P fractions was more pronounced in topsoil layers than in deep soils. The concentrations of soluble / loosely bound P, Al P, and Fe P generally decreased with soil depth, having the largest values at the depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm. In all the irrigation treatments, Al P and Fe P were the dominant fractions at the depths of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm, whereas Ca P and occluded P were most predominant at the depths of 30–40 cm and 40–60 cm. Soluble or loosely bound P, Al P, and Fe P were the main sources contributing to plant-available P, whereas Fe P and Al P were the two most important sources for contribution to plant-available P. Frequent irrigation with small amounts of water (e.g., irrigation with MAD of ?16 kPa and ?25 kPa) yielded larger concentrations of soluble / loosely bound P, Al P, and Fe P, which are the main sources of plant-available P. However, infrequent irrigation with larger amounts of water in each irrigation event led to greater concentrations of Ca P and occluded P, which are relatively less available to plants.     

不同有机无机肥配比对冷浸田土壤肥力及水稻生长的影响

为了消减冷浸型中低产田长期浸渍、泥温低、土壤有效养分低等障碍因子,通过田间小区试验和动态取样与室内测定,研究了不同有机无机肥配比对冷浸田土壤肥力及水稻生长的影响。结果表明:与复合肥处理比较,复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤磷酸铁盐和磷酸钙盐含量分别提高11%和17%,复合肥与60%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤磷酸铝盐含量提高44%,且磷酸铝盐、磷酸铁盐和磷酸钙盐占无机磷总量的比例提高,闭蓄态磷占无机磷总量的比例降低,促使土壤中难溶性磷向易溶性磷转化,提高土壤有效磷含量;复合肥配施60%(N)生鸡粪处理的土壤松结态腐殖质占重组腐殖质的比例提高1.9个百分点,紧结态腐殖质占重组腐殖质的比例降低4.6个百分点,土壤活性有机质含量提高14%,土壤阳离子交换量提高11%;复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤真菌和放线菌数量分别提高33%和28%,复合肥配施60%(N)生鸡粪处理的土壤细菌数和微生物活性分别提高160%和19%,水稻磷、钾吸收量分别提高5%和111%;复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的早、晚稻产量分别增加8%和42%,复合肥与60%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的早、晚稻产量分别增加6%和31%。有机无机平衡施肥是适合于冷浸田水稻增产的施肥方式。     

Changes in phosphorus fractions in the rhizosphere of some crop species under glasshouse conditions

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation of some agronomic plant species on inorganic soil‐P fractions in different sampling zones. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design as factorial in three replicates. The factors were plant species (10 different species and control) and soil‐sampling zone (soil adhering to root mat, rhizosphere soil, and nonrhizospheric soil). The thin‐slicing technique was modified and used to sample rhizosphere soil. The percentages of P fractions in the planted and control soils were near 64% apatite (apatite‐P), 24% octa‐Ca‐phosphates (OCP‐P), 7% Fe‐phosphates (Fe‐P), 4% di‐Ca‐phosphates (DCP‐P), 1% Al‐phosphates (Al‐P), and 0% occluded‐P (O‐P). All of the studied plant species decreased significantly all of the inorganic P fractions in soil adhering to root mat and in rhizosphere soil compared to those in nonrhizosphere soil. However, these decreases were not equal for each fraction and the percentage of apatite‐P increased in rhizosphere soil of the plant species. The means of total P, soluble P, DCP‐P, OCP‐P, Al‐P, and Fe‐P were lower in soil adhering to root mat compared to those in rhizosphere soil. However, this difference was only significant for OCP‐P. In contrast, the mean of apatite‐P in soil adhering to root mat was significantly higher than that in rhizosphere soil. The changes of apatite‐P may be more governed by microbial activities (especially mycorrhizal symbiosis) which may be higher in rhizosphere soil compared to soil adhering to root mat.     

不同改土物料对苏打碱土磷素吸附解吸及磷素形态的影响

  目的  通过研究不同改土物料对苏打碱土中磷（P）素的吸附、解吸及P素形态的影响,为科学改良苏打碱土提供理论依据。  方法  以东北松嫩平原苏打碱土为研究对象,设置不添加改土物料（CK）和添加有机肥（M）、硫酸铝（Al）、石膏（Ca）、硫酸铝 + 有机肥（Al + M）、石膏 + 有机肥（Ca + M）六个处理,研究了不同改土物料对土壤P素的吸附解吸和P素形态的影响。  结果  有机肥处理会降低苏打碱土对P素的吸附,增加对P素的解吸,其它四个处理均会增加土壤对P素的吸附,降低对P素的解吸,其中以Al和Al + M处理差异较大。不同改土物料处理土壤无机P含量均有不同程度增加,其中M、Ca和Ca + M处理均显著提高了土壤中Ca₂-P含量（P < 0.05）,以Ca + M处理增幅最大,达到21.43%;不同改土物料处理均可增加缓效态P（Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P）含量,增幅为1.00%-112.03%,其中Ca、Al、Ca + M和Al + M处理均可显著提高Al-P和Ca₈-P含量,增幅为66.37% ~ 250.1%和18.06% ~ 74.36%。与Ca处理相比,Ca + M处理显著增加了Ca₂-P含量（P < 0.05）,显著降低了Al-P和O-P含量（P < 0.05）。  结论  在苏打碱土中石膏和有机肥配施可减少土壤对P素的吸附,增加土壤有效态P含量,是提高苏打碱土P素有效性的最佳措施。     

黄河三角洲盐渍化荒地种植植物对土壤改良、磷形态转化及有效性的影响

为了明确种植不同植物对黄河三角洲盐渍化荒地改良效果、土壤磷形态转化及增效调控机制,研究了在生长芦苇的盐渍化荒地改变种植植物(柽柳、白蜡、苜蓿)的改良措施对土壤磷形态转化及有效含量的影响。结果表明:与荒地芦苇相比,3种植物种植均能显著提高0—20 cm土壤磷酸酶活性,柽柳种植显著降低0—20 cm土壤pH,促进0—20 cm土壤大颗粒团聚体形成,提高0—40 cm土壤有机碳含量,显著增加0—100 cm土壤盐渍化程度,促使土壤速效磷(Ca2—P)和缓效磷(Ca8—P和Al—P)向难溶性磷(Ca10—P)的转化,导致土壤磷有效性降低;白蜡种植显著降低0—100 cm土壤盐渍化程度及60—100 cm土壤pH,0—20 cm土壤小颗粒团聚体比例增加,0—40 cm土壤有机碳含量显著降低,促进土壤难溶性磷(O—P)向缓效磷(Fe—P)转化,有利于土壤磷有效性提高;苜蓿种植显著增加0—20 cm土壤有效磷含量,提高0—20 cm土壤磷酸酶活性,促进难溶性磷(O—P)、缓效磷(Ca8—P和Al—P)向速效磷的转化,0—20 cm土壤大颗粒团聚体比例增加有利于提升土壤磷有效性,其60—100 cm土壤pH增加不利于土壤磷的有效性提高;3种植物种植后土壤微生物量碳和微生物量磷显著降低,微生物量氮显著增加,土壤呼吸强度及脲酶活性均无显著变化。综上所述,白蜡种植最有利于降低土壤盐渍化程度和pH,苜蓿种植最有利于0—20 cm土壤磷有效性的提高,3种植物种植对20—100 cm土壤磷有效性无显著促进作用。由于3种植物对盐渍荒地改良时间较短,土壤微生物种群动态变化及对土壤磷形态转化过程及调控机制尚需深入研究。