一株耐盐解磷菌的解磷能力及对玉米敏感期生长的影响

从黄河三角洲盐碱化土壤中筛选了一株高效解磷真菌QL1501,经鉴定为草酸青霉菌,菌株QL1501对无机磷的解磷能力远大于对有机磷的解磷,解无机磷最大浓度达85.21mg/L。菌株QL1501的最适生长pH值为8时菌体生长极好。当NaCl浓度为1%~5%时,菌株解磷能力变化不大,溶液中有效磷浓度为76.08~65.37mg/L。当溶液中NaCl浓度高于7%时,菌体生长受到较大影响。接种解磷真菌QL1501处理的玉米株高、根干重和植株干重均显著高于未接种的对照处理,说明该解磷菌作为解磷生物肥料具有良好的效果。     

高寒冷凉环境中解磷微生物的效果初探

为了筛选出能适应青藏高原冷凉气候环境下的解磷菌株,以低磷土(有效磷1.48 mg/kg、全磷1.3 g/kg)为试验土壤,以作物生长中的特征温度5、15、25 ℃来模拟青藏高原的冷凉环境,将胶冻样芽孢杆菌(Paenib-Bacillus mucilaginosusv)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Priestia megaterium)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、紫变异链霉菌(Streptomyces violovariabilis)、肉桂褐链霉菌(Streptomyces cinnamofuscus)、黄团孢链霉菌(Streptomyces flavoag-glomeratus)6株解磷菌接种到土壤中。通过测定不同温度下土壤的pH、有效磷含量、土壤中的碱性磷酸酶活性、无机磷组分,筛选出解磷能力较强的解磷菌。试验结果表明,接种了紫变异链霉菌的处理在任何温度下土壤有效磷含量、碱性磷酸酶活性都高于接种其他菌株的处理,pH与土壤有效磷含量呈显著负相关关系。15℃下无机磷组分中Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量要高于其他处理。因此,紫变异链霉菌(Streptomyces violovariabilis)为适合青藏高原冷凉气候环境的解磷菌株。     

施用接种解磷真菌的壮秧剂对水稻秧苗生长特性及磷素吸收的影响

通过苗床培养试验,研究了在低有效磷营养土上施用接种解磷青霉菌的壮秧剂对水稻秧苗的生长特性及磷素吸收的影响。结果表明,在低磷条件下,施用接种解磷菌的壮秧剂可以显著提高水稻秧苗的株高、地上部干、鲜生物量、根系活力、地上部磷含量和磷吸收量,在5个处理中,P2处理水稻秧苗的株高比对照提高16.81%,地上部鲜生物量比对照增加21.28%,地上部干生物量比对照增加12.42%,地上部磷含量比对照提高31.11%,地上部磷素吸收量比对照提高44.03%,表现效果较好,其次是P1和P4处理,其中P1处理的根部干、鲜生物量、根部的磷素含量和磷素吸收量均高于其他处理。在有效磷较低的土壤上,施用接种解磷菌的壮秧剂,可以促进作物苗期生长,分解土壤中难溶性磷,提高土壤磷素的利用效率。     

施磷水平和接种AMF与解磷细菌对苜蓿产量及磷素利用效率的影响

为探讨不同施磷水平下接种丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi，AMF）与解磷细菌对苜蓿干物质产量及其磷素利用效率的影响，筛选出苜蓿最佳的施肥模式，为紫花苜蓿高效生产及高效复合型菌肥的研制提供理论依据。该研究试验采用双因素随机区组设计，AMF选用摩西管柄囊霉，解磷细菌选用巨大芽孢杆菌，设置4个施菌水平：分别为接种摩西管柄囊霉（Fm，J1）、巨大芽孢杆菌（Bm，J2）、混合菌种（Fm×Bm，J3）和未接菌处理对照组（J0）。施磷（P2O5）设置4个水平P0~P3分别为：0、50、100和150 mg/kg，菌磷互作共16个处理。结果表明：1）相同施菌条件下，苜蓿各茬次干物质产量、总干物质产量和植株磷含量均随施磷量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。除J2条件下，J2P1处理下的苜蓿总干物质产量达到最大值外，其他施菌条件下，苜蓿的总干物质产量均在P2处理达到最大，且施磷处理显著大于未施磷处理（P<0.05）。苜蓿的磷肥偏生产力及磷肥农学效率均随施磷量的增加呈逐渐降低的趋势，而土壤全磷含量和速效磷含量均随着施磷量的增多呈增加的趋势。2）相同施磷处理下，单接种菌处理和混合接种处理下苜蓿的干物质产量、植株磷含量、磷素利用效率、土壤全磷以及速效磷含量均显著大于不接菌处理（P<0.05），其中总干物质产量、土壤全磷和速效磷含量均在J3处理达到最大值。根际土壤速效磷含量与干物质产量拟合的相关系数最大，拟合效果最好。土壤全磷、速效磷含量均与总干物质产量呈显著正相关。因此，当施磷量为100 mg/kg，混合接种AMF与解磷细菌能够显著增加苜蓿土壤磷素有效性，提高磷素利用效率，进而增加苜蓿的干物质产量。     

低磷土壤接种菌根真菌和解磷细菌对大田玉米生长和磷吸收的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能与多数陆生植物共生,促进植物吸收养分尤其是磷。解磷细菌(Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria,PSB)可以活化土壤中难溶性无机磷和有机磷。本研究采用苯菌灵对田间低磷土壤中土著AM真菌进行灭菌,并接种外源AM真菌(Glomusversiforme,G.v)和PSB(Pseudomonassp.),研究AM真菌和PSB接种对不同生育期玉米生长、磷养分吸收和产量的影响。结果表明,施用苯菌灵能够有效地抑制土著AM真菌对玉米根系的侵染,未施用苯菌灵处理中土著AM真菌促进了玉米前期和收获期的生长,提高了玉米吸磷量;接种Pseudomonas sp.促进了玉米六叶期根系的生长;接种外源AM真菌G.v促进了玉米六叶期和收获期地上部的生长,但降低了玉米产量。双接种Pseudomonas sp.和G.v对玉米生长、吸磷量和产量未表现出显著的协同效应。     

酸性土壤中解磷菌的分离及其促生效果研究

酸性土壤中磷易被固定,磷的生物有效性极低。解磷菌对土壤中难溶性磷具有重要的增溶作用。虽然已有不少解磷菌方面的研究,但是主要集中于中性和石灰性土壤中钙磷的解磷菌报道,而关于酸性土壤中高效溶解铝磷的微生物报道较少。采用培养基和土培试验,首先对酸性土壤上不同植物(胡枝子、大豆、水稻)根际土壤中的解磷菌进行了分离,然后比较了它们对不同磷源(磷酸钙和磷酸铝)的溶解能力,最后研究了它们对大豆生长和磷吸收的影响。通过使用难溶性磷源(磷酸钙和磷酸铝)的固体培养基,分离得到5株优势菌株L1、S1、S2、R1和R2,经16S rRNA 序列鉴定,L1属于阮杆菌属(Nguyenibacter),S1和S2分别属于假单胞菌属(Pseu-domonas)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia),R1和R2分别属于伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)和雷尔氏菌属(Ralstonia)。菌株S1、S2、R1和R2对难溶性磷酸钙有较强的溶解能力,对磷酸铝的溶解能力较弱;菌株L1对磷酸铝表现出较高的溶解能力,对难溶性磷酸钙的溶解能力弱。联合接种菌株L1+S1对大豆生长和磷吸收表现出良好的促进效果,而单独接种L1和S1效果不显著。因此,从酸性土壤中分离到的5株解磷菌对钙磷和铁磷具有不同的溶解效果,联合接种L1和S1显著改善了酸性土壤作物的生长和磷的吸收,为研发酸性土壤高效解磷生物肥提供了菌种资源。     

蚯蚓与菌根提高玉米生长和氮磷吸收的互补效应

【目的】蚯蚓和丛枝菌根真菌处于不同的营养级,但在促进植物生长和提高土壤肥力等方面却都发挥着积极作用。研究蚯蚓菌根互作及其对玉米吸收土壤中的氮、磷养分的影响,可为提升土壤生物肥力及促进农业的可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】本研究采用田间盆栽方式,以玉米为供试作物,研究蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)与丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus intraradices)互作及其对玉米养分吸收的影响。试验设置P 25和175 mg/kg两个水平。每个磷水平进行接种与不接种菌根真菌以及添加与不添加蚯蚓,共8个处理。调查了玉米生长、养分吸收以及真菌浸染和土壤养分的有效性。【结果】两个磷水平下,蚯蚓和菌根在增加玉米地上部和根系生物量方面有显著正交互作用(P0.05)。接种菌根真菌的各处理显著增加了玉米的侵染率及泡囊丰度、根内菌丝丰度等菌根指标。同时添加蚯蚓和接种菌根真菌的处理(AM+E)显著提高了菌根的侵染率、菌丝密度、丛枝丰度和根内菌丝丰度但是泡囊丰度有所下降。两种磷水平下,AM+E处理玉米地上部和地下部含氮量和含磷量均显著高于其他三个处理。在低磷条件下,地上部氮磷总量的增加分别是添加蚯蚓和接菌的作用;而地下部磷总量的增加主要是菌根真菌的作用。在高磷条件下,单加蚯蚓显著增加玉米氮磷的总量,而接种菌根真菌对玉米氮磷吸收的影响未达显著性水平。在高磷条件下,单加蚯蚓的处理显著提高玉米地上地下部生物量(P0.05),而单接菌的处理效应不显著,蚯蚓菌根互作通过提高土壤微生物量碳、氮实现对玉米生长和养分吸收的调控。在低磷条件下,单接菌显著提高了玉米的生物量(P0.05),单加蚯蚓的处理具有增加玉米生物量的趋势。菌根真菌主要促进玉米对磷的吸收,蚯蚓主要矿化秸秆和土壤中的氮磷养分增加土壤养分的有效性,蚯蚓菌根互作促进了玉米根系对土壤养分的吸收并形成氮磷互补效应。【结论】无论在高磷还是低磷水平下,蚯蚓菌根相互作用都提高了玉米地上地下部生物量、氮磷吸收量同时提高了土壤微生物量碳、氮。蚯蚓菌根相互作用对植物生长的影响取决于土壤养分条件。在高磷条件下(氮相对不足),蚯蚓菌根互作通过调控土壤微生物量碳、氮调控玉米生长和养分吸收。低磷条件下,菌根主要发挥解磷作用,蚯蚓主要矿化秸秆和土壤中的氮素,蚯蚓和菌根互补调控土壤中氮、磷,从而促进植物的生长和养分吸收。     

哈密瓜根际耐高温促生菌的筛选及其促生效应研究

从哈密瓜根际土壤中筛选高效耐高温促生菌株,并通过盆栽试验来探究其促生效应。利用改良难溶性无机磷固体培养基、透明圈法和钼锑抗比色法评价菌株的解磷能力。以哈密瓜为试验材料进行盆栽试验,设定CK(不接种菌剂)、接种菌株F40(阴性对照)、F1、F9、F70和B25共6个处理,探究接种菌株对哈密瓜的生长以及土壤化学性质的影响。从哈密瓜根际土壤中共筛选出4株耐高温解磷菌,其中菌株F9经鉴定为烟曲霉     

东北地区四种农作物根际磷细菌的分布

从小麦、水稻、玉米,大豆根际土壤中磷细菌数量及其群落结构、多样性和相似性等几个方面,对东北地区代表性农作物根际磷细菌生态分布规律进行了系统研究.结果表明,4种作物根际土壤中分布大量解磷菌和溶磷菌,其中解磷菌达到2.15～6.68×105cfu·g-1、溶磷菌达到0.7～3.9×104cfu·g-1,解磷菌数量多于溶磷菌;作物根际土壤有效磷含量与磷细菌数量问无直接相关性;东北地区农作物根际磷细菌种群结构复杂,小麦、玉米、水稻、大豆根际土壤解磷菌分别涉及9个、11个、13个、12个菌属,溶磷菌分别涉及9个、8个、9个、7个菌属:4种主要农作物根际土壤中分布的磷细菌具有较高的多样性指数,且一般来说根际土壤中解磷菌多样性更高;作物根际磷细菌组成相似性系数在0.50～1.00之间,总体处于较高水平,且溶磷菌的相似性系数高于解磷菌.     

接种菌根真菌对不同磷效率基因型大豆生长和磷吸收的影响

接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)能显著促进大豆生长和对磷的吸收,但不同磷效率基因型大豆对AMF接种的响应还少有报道。为探究接种AMF对不同磷效率基因型大豆生长和磷转运基因表达的影响,以磷高效大豆BX10和磷低效大豆BD2为试验材料进行盆栽试验,设置接菌和不接菌处理,对大豆干重、菌根侵染性状、氮磷养分含量、根系性状,以及菌根诱导的磷转运基因表达进行了分析。结果表明, AMF接种显著促进了大豆的磷吸收,并且接菌效果存在显著的基因型差异,接种AMF显著增加了BD2的地上部干重、磷含量以及植株总磷吸收量,但只增加了BX10的地上部磷含量和总磷吸收量,对植株地上部干重没有显著影响。无论接种与否,BD2的地上部磷含量均显著高于BX10,表明磷低效的BD2具有较高的植株体内磷转运能力。不接菌条件下,两个大豆基因型根系性状无显著差异;接种AMF后BX10的根系体积和根系平均直径均显著高于BD2。BD2的菌根生长反应(MGR)和菌根磷反应(MPR)均显著高于BX10,对菌根依赖性更高。此外,在接菌处理的BD2根系,代表菌根途径磷吸收的磷转运基因GmPT8、GmPT9和GmPT10表达均显著高于BX10;相应地,BD2的总磷吸收量也显著高于BX10。以上结果表明,接种AMF对促进磷低效大豆BD2生长和磷吸收的作用更大,这可能主要是由于BD2菌根途径的磷吸收量较高,体内磷转运效率较高。以上结果将为研究AMF接种对磷吸收的贡献提供理论依据。     

Biosolubilization of phosphorus from rock phosphate and other P fertilizers in response to phosphate solubilizing bacteria and poultry manure in a silt loam calcareous soil

‘Phosphate solubilizing bacteria' (PSBs) are able to release unavailable P from native and applied P sources into plant‐available soil pool through their solubilizing and acidifying effects. The effects of three indigenous and one exotic PSBs on P solubilization from different P sources, plant biomass production, and P‐uptake efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) were examined in an incubation and greenhouse study. For incubation study, surface (0–15 cm) soil was collected from an arable field (Inceptisols) and amended with rock phosphate (RP), single superphosphate (SSP), poultry manure (PM), and RP+PM with and without PSBs. The amended soil was incubated in the control environment at 25 ± 2°C for a total of a 100‐d period to establish relative potential rate of P solubilization of added P sources. A complementary greenhouse experiment was conducted in pots by growing maize as a test crop. Growth characteristics, P‐uptake, and P‐utilization efficiency (PUE) were determined. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria generated a solubilization effect on different P sources by releasing more P into plant‐available soil pool, i.e., 14.0–18.3 µg g^?1 in RP, 5.0–9.9 µg g^?1 in SSP, 1.4–4.4 µg g^?1 in PM, and 4.5–7.8 µg g^?1 in RP+PM compared to their sole application without PSBs. The available P from inorganic SSP declined continuously from the mineral pool (after day 30) and at the end 40% of applied P was unaccounted for. However, P losses were reduced to 28 and 27% when PSBs (PSB₁ and PSB₃) were applied with superphosphate treatments. In the absence of PSBs, the recoveries of applied P (in soil) from RP, SSP, PM and RP+PM were 4, 25, 9, and 12%, respectively, those had been increased to 14, 30, 12 and 15% in the presence of PSBs. Similarly, the plant biomass in RP+PSBs treatments compared to the RP without PSBs increased between 12–30% in first sampling (30 DAG) and 13–30% in the second sampling (60 DAG). The P utilization efficiency (PUE) in plants supplemented with PSBs was 20–73% higher compared to those without PSBs. The detection of oxalic and gluconic acids in culture medium treated with PSBs (7.8–25.0 and 25–90 mg L^?1, respectively) confirmed the production of organic acids by the indigenous bacterial isolates. This study indicate that low P recovery both in plant and soil can likely be improved by using indigenous PSBs and organic amendment poultry manure, which allowed a more efficient capture of P released due to P solubilization.     

Bowman-Cole石灰性土壤有机磷分组法的改进

本文研究了Bowman-Cole土壤有机磷分组法应用于石灰性土壤存在的若干问题,并提出了改进法。改进法的四组土壤有机磷(P0)的分组为:在氯仿预处理土样后用0.5molL-1NaHCO3浸提活性P0;然后,先用0.05molL-1NaOH、后用1molL-1H2SO4处理残余土样浸提中度活性P0,0.05molL-1NaOH提取的无机磷和1molL-1H2SO4提取的有机磷属于中度活性P0;在氯仿和0.5molL-1NaHCO3处理后,用0.05molL-1NaOH浸提稳定性P0,把浸提液的酸度调至pH3.00时,上清液中的有机磷为中度稳定性P0,而沉淀中的有机磷为高稳性P0。结果表明,改进法能更好地区分具有不同矿化率的有机磷化合物,例如,核酸、甘油磷酸、植酸钙、肌醇三磷酸铁、植酸铁等。改进法增加了超声波处理,使震荡时间也明显缩短。因此,石灰性土壤有机磷分组的改进法比Bowman-Cole法更理想。     

Isolation and characterization of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from betel nut (Areca catechu) and their effects on plant growth and phosphorus mobilization in tropical soils

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were isolated and characterized from the rhizosphere and bulk soils of Areca catechu plants. A long history of phosphate fertilizer use has elicited a direct effect on the incidence of soil PSB. Their abundance and ability to solubilize insoluble phosphate were significantly greater (P?<?0.0001) in soils with low available phosphorus (P) content than in other soil types. Three efficient PSB strains, namely, ASL12, ASG34, and ADH302, were identified as Acinetobacter pittii, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae by characterizing 16S rRNA sequences and biochemical characteristics; they produced gluconic acid at concentrations of 7862.4, 4306.5, and 2663.8 mg L^?1, respectively. The highest amount of solubilized P was determined in Pikovskaya (PVK) medium for the bacterial strain ASL12. The secretion of gluconic acid was related to the available P of rhizosphere soils and P solubilization. Under shaded conditions, the application of these three strains significantly improved plant height, shoot and root dry weight, and nutrient uptake of A. catechu seedlings. A further increase in P solubilization was observed by co-inoculating the three strains and also applying tricalcium phosphate (TCP) or aluminum phosphate (AP). A significant (P?<?0.05) correlation was also observed between P-solubilization activity and A. catechu plant growth in pot experiments. Thus, the three strains can be potentially applied as inoculants in tropical and aluminum-rich soils.     

三种不同聚合度组成的聚磷酸铵对玉米苗期生长的影响

目的了解不同聚合度组成的聚磷酸铵(APP)作种肥对玉米苗期生长的影响。方法以磷酸一铵 (简称MAP) 作对照，比较了3种APP [(简称APP1，低中聚成分为主)、APP2 (中高聚成分为主)、APP3 (低中高聚成分均匀分布)]及APP与MAP配施 (APP∶MAP = 1∶1，P₂O₅质量比) 在砖红壤上作玉米种肥的效果。试验设置了CK (不施磷肥)、MAP、APP1、APP2、APP3、APP1∶MAP、APP2∶MAP和APP3∶MAP共8个处理。播种40 d后，收取玉米苗期植株，采集土壤样品，分别测定玉米植株株高、茎粗、地上和地下部干重、土壤全磷及有效磷含量、植株磷吸收量和磷利用率等指标。结果不同聚合度组成APP对玉米苗期生长具有显著影响。单独施用APP时，以APP3的肥效最好，MAP和APP1居中，APP2最差。APP3可以稳定供磷，玉米株高、干重、磷吸收量均最高，表明聚合度组成均匀分布的APP作种肥效果最佳。与单独施用APP相比，APP配施MAP后，显著提高玉米生物产量和磷吸收量，其中以APP3配施MAP效果最好，与MAP相比，APP3∶MAP处理的干物质量和磷利用率分别提高了21.3%、81.6%。结论APP作为种肥施用时，聚合度组成会显著影响肥效，以聚合度组成分布均匀的APP效果最佳。此外，配施MAP对中高聚APP的肥效有显著的促进作用。     

Effectiveness of different precipitated phosphates as phosphorus sources for plants

Abstract. Eleven precipitated phosphates were evaluated as sources of phosphorus (P) for plant growth by comparing their effectiveness with that of monocalcium phosphate, a source of water soluble P that is generally considered to be fully plant available. The precipitated phosphates comprised struvites recovered from waste water discharges (mainly magnesium ammonium phosphate), laboratory synthesised struvites, a synthetic iron phosphate and a recovered calcium phosphate. Precipitating phosphates in these forms could be a way for removing P from waste water before it is discharged to rivers, so reducing the risk of eutrophication. Application to agricultural land would be one potential use for such phosphates. Evaluation was by pot experiments with a sandy loam soil and with a sandy clay loam soil using perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne) as the test crop. The soils differed in pH (6.6 and 7.1) and in Olsen P (28 and 11 mg L⁻¹). Measured variables were grass dry matter (DM) yield and grass P concentration which were used to calculate offtake of P in the harvested grass. DM yields of ryegrass and P offtakes given by the synthetic and recovered struvites were not significantly different statistically either between themselves or to MCP applied at the same rate. On this basis these struvites could be used to recycle P to similar soils and the effect of the P on crop yield should be similar to that of MCP     

Inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis B1 increases available phosphorus and growth of peanut in acidic soil

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms play an important role in plant nutrition by enhancing phosphorus (P) availability to roots through converting the insoluble phosphates into soluble ions. We isolated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from acidic soil (Ultisols) in the field from the layer of 0–150 mm at a tea garden located at 28°38′26″ N and 116°24′27″ E. The capacity of bacterial isolates to solubilize mineral phosphate was tested on aluminum phosphate (AlPO₄) in liquid medium. Among these PSB, isolate B1 (identified as Bacillus thuringiensis) exhibited the maximum P-solubilizing ability and was particularly efficient at solubilizing AlPO₄ (up to 321 mg L^?1) in vitro. The isolate B1 was inoculated to an acidic soil to study its effect on phosphate solubilization and growth of peanuts (Arachis hypogeae). The Olsen-P in the tested soil increased from 14.7 to 23.4 mg kg^?1, with solubilization of 16.4 mg kg^?1 soil of Occluded-P after 14-day incubation. The inoculation by B1 significantly increased plant height (from 37.7 to 45.7 cm), number of branches (from 34.0 to 52.7 per plant), hundred-seed weight (from 42.1 to 46.9 g) and crude protein content (from 243.5 to 268.2 g kg^?1 dry weight). The phosphate-solubilizing B. thuringiensis strain B1 showed potential as a biological phosphorus fertilizer.     

磷转运蛋白基因TaPht1;4 的染色体定位及其与在低磷下与小麦吸磷能力的关系

【目的】植株对介质中磷素的吸收及磷素在体内器官组织间的转运,是通过位于细胞质膜上的磷转运蛋白（PT）介导完成的。高亲和PT在介导植物对低磷逆境下的磷素吸收中发挥重要作用。本研究以小麦中国春遗传背景的整套B染色体双端体为材料,对小麦高亲和PT基因TaPht1; 4的染色体定位特征及其与低磷下小麦品种磷效率的联系进行系统研究,旨在为今后小麦品种磷效率分子鉴定和磷高效遗传改良提供依据。【方法】采用水培法培养中国春（CS）及其遗传背景B染色体组双端体幼苗。三叶期时收获各供试材料根系,提取各材料基因组DNA,通过PCR特异扩增TaPht1; 4,鉴定TaPht1; 4在染色体上定位。通过对各供试材料三叶期幼苗进行24 h低磷胁迫获取丰缺磷处理根叶样本,采用半定量RT-PCR及实时定量PCR分析TaPht1; 4在丰缺磷下的表达。采用上述幼苗培养、 丰缺磷处理和基因表达分析技术,研究不同磷吸收效率小麦品种磷效率参数和TaPht1; 4表达特征。【结果】 1）与CS及其他双端体材料能特异扩增目标基因不同,在3BS中未扩增到目标基因TaPht1; 4; 采用半定量RT-PCR和qPCR对丰、 缺磷下CS和各双端体根、 叶中TaPht1; 4的表达研究表明,丰磷下各供试材料根、 叶中均检测不到TaPht1; 4 表达,缺磷下各供试材料叶片中也均未检测到TaPht1; 4表达,但在根中除3BS未检测到TaPht1; 4 表达外,CS和其他双端体均具有较高的TaPht1; 4表达水平。表明TaPht1; 4定位在3B染色体长臂,呈低磷诱导和根系特异表达特征。2）丰磷下,3BS单株干重与CS没有差异; 缺磷下,与CS相比,3BS单株干重显著降低。表明缺少TaPht1; 4及所在3B染色体长臂后,植株干物质生产能力受到较大影响,这可能与因缺乏该染色体臂丧失TaPht1; 4造成低磷下植株的磷素吸收能力降低密切相关。3）对丰、 缺磷下不同磷吸收效率6个小麦品种TaPht1; 4 的表达水平以及单株干重、 全磷含量、 磷累积量和磷效率研究表明,缺磷下各小麦品种表现为随品种磷吸收效率提高,TaPht1; 4表达水平也随之增高。表明TaPht1; 4 表达水平与低磷下小麦品种磷素吸收能力和干物质积累具有紧密联系。【结论】小麦高亲和PT基因TaPht1; 4 定位在3B长臂。低磷条件下,3BS的单株干重和磷累积量较CS显著降低。丰、 缺磷下,不同磷吸收效率小麦品种TaPht1; 4 表达水平与植株干重和单株磷累积量密切相关。TaPht1; 4 能显著增强小麦在低磷下磷素吸收能力,可作为小麦品种耐低磷能力的参考分子评价指标。     

生活污泥对白菜供磷和土壤磷状况的影响

采用好气培养和盆栽试验以探明污泥磷的肥效,降低污泥施用导致的土壤磷累积引起的环境风险。结果表明,单施污泥土壤有效磷含量和白菜吸磷量均显著低于施用磷酸一铵和鸡粪处理;施用污泥后有利于增加白菜生长后期土壤磷酸酶的活性和土壤Olsen-P含量。在白菜等产量条件下,单施污泥处理土壤中Olsen-P残留量显著高于污泥与化肥混施处理;在P2O5施用量为902~70 kg/hm2时,污泥堆肥磷的肥效为磷酸一铵的25%左右。     

Reduction in Ammonia Loss by Applying Urea in Combination with Phosphate Sources

A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the influence of 100 mg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) kg^–1 soil from various phosphate sources on ammonia losses from soils amended with urea at 200 mg nitrogen (N) kg^–1 soil. Irrespective of soil type, ammonia (NH₃) loss was significantly greater from untreated soil (control) than from the soil treated with phosphorus (P) sources. A maximum decrease in ammonia loss (56%) was observed by applying phosphoric acid followed by triple and single superphosphate. Ammonia losses were significantly greater from sandy clay loam than from clay. Rate of ammonia volatilization was maximum during the first week of incubation and became undetectable for both soils at 21 days after incubation. The addition of phosphate sources significantly decreased pH in the sandy clay loam, but in the clay a significant decrease was observed only with the phosphoric acid addition. Addition of phosphate fertilizers was beneficial in reducing NH₃ losses from urea.     

土壤微生物在枸溶性和聚合态磷肥活化利用中的作用

  【目的】  如何实现磷肥高效利用是农业生产中亟待解决的重要问题。研究土壤微生物在磷肥形态转化与高效利用过程中的作用及机制,为理解作物–磷肥品种–土壤微生物匹配机制提供科学依据。  【方法】  盆栽试验选用褐土,速效磷为4.53 mg/kg,供试玉米品种为‘郑单958’。试验土壤首先进行高温灭菌和不灭菌处理,然后分别施用磷酸一铵 (MAP)、钙镁磷肥 (CMP) 和聚磷酸铵 (APP),肥料施用量均为P 100 mg/kg,同时,设置不施磷肥对照(CK)。玉米收获后测定地上部干重、磷吸收量,土壤pH、速效磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性。以施磷处理与不施磷对照的差值作为各指标的磷肥效应,以不灭菌与灭菌处理的差值作为土壤微生物的作用效果。  【结果】  土壤在灭菌条件下,肥料利用率表现为MAP>APP>CMP,三者之间存在显著差异;不灭菌条件下,MAP和APP处理的肥料利用率无显著差异,但二者均显著高于CMP处理。不灭菌土壤CMP处理的玉米植株磷吸收量和根际土壤速效磷含量较灭菌土壤分别增加了116.3%、128.0%。不灭菌土壤APP处理的肥料利用率、玉米地上部生物量、植株磷吸收量和根际土壤速效磷含量,较灭菌土壤分别增加了40.7%、34.2%、41.2%、38.2%。与不施磷肥相比,不灭菌土壤CMP处理的根际pH值的增加值显著低于灭菌土壤,不灭菌土壤APP处理的碱性磷酸酶活性增加值显著高于灭菌土壤。  【结论】  在试验磷肥用量100 mg/kg下,土壤微生物对不同磷肥的作用存在差异。土壤微生物促进了枸溶性磷肥 (CMP) 和聚合态磷肥 (APP) 的活化,水溶性磷肥 (MAP) 能够满足植物对磷素的需求,因此土壤微生物对MAP的活化未表现出显著作用。本研究为进一步针对不同磷肥研发微生物调控技术,实现土壤–磷肥匹配提供理论支持。