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1.
苜蓿不同部位干燥和质量特性研究   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1  
研究了几种干燥条件(干燥温度:100~200℃,表现速度:0.15~0.45m/s)对苜蓿各部位的干燥特性和品质指标的影响规律。收割后的苜蓿被分成茎秆、压扁茎秆、带叶的压扁茎秆和叶片。苜蓿的品质指标包括茎叶水分差异、粗蛋白质和粗纤维。随着干燥温度和表现速度的增加,苜蓿的干燥速度也增加,其中叶片干燥速度最高,未压扁的茎秆速度最低,并且叶片和茎秆的水分差异也增大。当干燥温度低于160℃时,苜蓿叶片中的蛋白质没有显著变化,同时绿度(同时表现速度不大于0.3 m/s)增加。在本研究中,干燥温度为160℃和表现速度0.3 m/s的干燥条件可以同时保证干燥速度和干燥后的苜蓿品质。  相似文献   

2.
干燥过程对紫花苜蓿粗蛋白含量影响规律的试验研究   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
该文用二次正交旋转组合设计试验方法,探讨干燥因素对紫花苜蓿干燥生产率及其品质的影响,研究干燥温度、表观风速、初始含水率和干燥时间对苜蓿粗蛋白含量的影响规律。利用单因素分析法分析各因素与试验指标的关系,确定各因素在二次非线性模型中的主次顺序。试验分析结果表明,初始含水率对苜蓿品质影响最大,干燥温度次之,干燥时间再次之,表观风速的影响最小。通过优化与试验验证,得出了在温度为176.5℃、表观风速为0.32 m/s、初始含水率为79%wb、干燥时间为3 min的条件下,干制苜蓿的粗蛋白含量高,色泽翠绿,气味芳香的结论。  相似文献   

3.
提高紫花苜蓿热风干燥品质的工艺参数优化   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
紫花苜蓿的热风干燥是牧草收获后贮藏、深加工的必要预处理方式,为了研究紫花苜蓿干燥过程中各因素对干燥的影响及变化规律,为实际生产工艺提供参考,解决目前紫花苜蓿干燥加工中存在的营养成分损失大、含水率不稳定等问题,利用GZ-1型干燥试验装置,对紫花苜蓿的热风干燥特性和工艺进行了研究。以新鲜的紫花苜蓿为原料,紫花苜蓿的干品品质(粗蛋白含量、酸性洗涤纤维含量、中性洗涤纤维含量)为指标,在对其有影响的4个因素(热风温度、热风速度、茎秆压扁与切断长度情况、助干剂种类与浓度)进行单因素试验的基础上;采用4因素3水平正交试验进行了优化。通过对试验数据进行极差与方差分析,找出了优化工艺参数组合并得出结论:热风温度是影响苜蓿干品粗蛋白质含量的最主要因素,茎秆压扁与切断长度情况是影响苜蓿干品中酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量的最主要因素,热风干燥优化后的工艺参数组合为热风温度70℃、热风速度2.5 m/s、茎秆切断长度10 cm且压扁、碳酸钾浓度3%。在此工艺参数条件下,能有效提高干燥效率,并降低干草中营养成分的损失。研究为确定紫花苜蓿热风干燥工艺参数,提高紫花苜蓿热风干燥品质提供参考。  相似文献   

4.
辐照苹果的干燥特性研究   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
苹果经60CO-γ射线辐照预处理后进行热风干燥,结果表明:与未辐照苹果干燥相比,辐照后切片苹果的失水过程仅为降速过程,总失水速度加快;干燥过程中物料温度高;辐照剂量增加,失水速率高,物料温度升高。  相似文献   

5.
干燥过程气体成分对蔬菜干制品质的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
陆烝 《农业工程学报》2004,20(4):188-191
采用自制的QTM试验装置对蔬菜进行气调干制试验,研究了不同温度条件下气体成分对苦瓜片、萝卜丝和香葱干制品质量的影响。结果表明:采用N2或CO2进行气体调节,降低干燥过程气体的O2含量,可明显提高蔬菜干制品叶绿素含量和降低干制过程维生素C质量分数的损失。用指数函数拟合蔬菜干制品的叶绿素含量与O2含量间的关系,用幂函数拟合维生素C质量分数损失率与O2含量间的关系,回归方程置信水平都大于95%。  相似文献   

6.
紫花苜蓿茎秆在常压热风干燥中的传质模拟研究   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
根据斐克定律和质量守恒原理,建立了可以预测干燥过程中苜蓿茎秆内部水分分布的常压热风干燥的传质数学模型。通过对扩散模型边界条件的处理,结合紫花苜蓿茎秆内部水分扩散的干燥试验结果,采用数值模拟方法确定了干燥苜蓿茎秆的传质系数。结果表明,干燥苜蓿样本的含水率与模拟分析含水率的决定系数为R2=0.927,模拟分析具有较高的准确度。在此基础上进行的苜蓿茎秆内部水分分布的模拟计算保证了与苜蓿非稳态干燥过程的一致性。  相似文献   

7.
双孢蘑菇片气调干制工艺优化研究   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
以提高双孢蘑菇片干制质量为目的,采用自制小型气调干燥试验设备,以CO2、N2置换部分空气作为干燥介质对双孢蘑菇片进行干制对比试验。采用正交试验方法,分析了不同干燥介质对双孢蘑菇片干制质量的影响。结果表明,在干燥室气体的O2含量相同条件下,以N2置换部分空气为干燥介质,可提高双孢蘑菇片的脱水率,干制品褐变度降低、维生素C保存率较高。用均匀试验设计回归分析程序拟合产品的褐变度、维生素C和ADF质量分数随干燥室气体O2含量、干制温度和干制时间变化的回归方程,置信水平达95%,可用于指导实际生产。  相似文献   

8.
热研2号柱花草干燥特性及粗蛋白质变化的试验研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
以热研2号柱花草为研究对象,采用快速薄层干燥的试验方法,研究干燥过程中表现出来的干燥特性及不同干燥时间和时期粗蛋白质的变化关系。确定干燥速度与干燥介质温度、含水率与干燥时间、粗蛋白质损失率与干燥介质温度之间的变化方程,分析了各参数之间的关系。结果表明:鲜草刈割后,必须在8 h内进行快速干燥;快速干燥的适宜温度为140~180℃。  相似文献   

9.
热泵干燥北极虾和鱼块的干燥特性研究   总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4  
利用热泵干燥机,分别在-2~0℃和20℃两种温度下对北极虾整虾、去头北极虾、去壳北极虾和尺寸分别为50 mm(直径)×(7~9)mm(厚度)和50 mm×(14~18) mm的鱼块进行了干燥研究。结果显示,虾的状态(有壳或无壳、有头或无头)和鱼块的厚度对其干燥特性有着显著影响。无论干燥温度为-2~0℃还是20℃,去壳虾所需干燥时间均最少,去头虾的干燥速度均大于整虾;薄鱼块的干燥速度在20℃显著大于厚鱼块的干燥速度。扩散模型MR=Aexp(-kt)可以很好地描述热泵干燥北极虾和鱼块的干燥特性,根据试验结果建立的一系列统计回归模型显示,当热泵干燥温度由-2~0℃增加到20℃时,干燥速度和K值显著增加,干燥时间明显减小。  相似文献   

10.
脉动流化床的空气动力学特性与干燥特性   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
对小麦、大豆、豌豆种籽进行了一系列干燥试验,通过试验结果对脉动流化床干燥的空气动力学特性和干燥特性进行了分析。提出了干燥速率与干燥介质温度、气流表观速度、床层静止高度、气流脉动频率以及气流分布板开孔率之间的关系,同时也得出了床层压降与床层静止高度的关系。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

15.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications  相似文献   

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