福建省铁观音茶园土壤钼含量状况调查与分析

为了解福建铁观音茶园土壤钼供应能力,对福建省安溪县、华安县及永春县14个铁观音生产乡镇133个铁观音茶园表层土壤和相应的茶叶钼含量进行了调查。结果表明,133个供试铁观音茶园土壤全钼含量在0.29～23.17 mg/kg之间,平均为2.41 mg/kg,其中以闪长岩类发育的土壤全钼含量最高,而砂岩类发育的土壤全钼含量最低。供试土壤有效钼平均含量仅为0.17 mg/kg,土壤普遍缺乏有效钼。土壤有效钼含量与0.02～0.002 mm颗粒含量及土壤钼全量呈显著正相关,土壤钼有效度与＜0.002 mm颗粒含量呈极显著负相关,而与土壤pH值呈极显著正相关。茶叶中钼的含量在0.04～0.36 mg/kg之间,平均为0.10 mg/kg。茶叶中钼含量与土壤有效钼含量相关性不显著,与土壤有效硫含量呈显著负相关。建议通过改良茶园土壤酸性、避免过度施用含硫肥料和叶面喷施钼肥以改善铁观音茶园钼营养状况。     

福建省安溪县铁观音茶园土壤氮素状况

为了解福建省安溪县铁观音茶园土壤氮素供应能力,对安溪县77个铁观音茶园土壤(分0～20、20～40 cm两个土层)全氮、碱解氮含量及对应的铁观音茶叶氮含量进行了测试分析。结果表明:安溪县铁观音茶园0～20 cm土层土壤全氮含量属中上水平,平均值1.13 g/kg,Ⅱ级(尚可)及以上样点比例达90.9%;20～40 cm土层土壤全氮含量属中下水平,平均值0.81 g/kg,Ⅱ级(尚可)及以下样点比例占77.9%。黄壤、红壤、水稻土改植、赤红壤茶园土壤全氮含量较高,粗骨土、潮砂土茶园土壤全氮含量较低;土壤全氮与有机质含量呈显著的正相关关系。安溪县铁观音茶园土壤碱解氮总体含量较为丰富,0～20cm土层土壤碱解氮含量平均值105.42 mg/kg,Ⅱ级(尚可)及以上样点比例达到97.4%;20～40 cm土层平均值75.02 mg/kg,Ⅱ级(尚可)以上样点比例占84.4%。黄壤、红壤、赤红壤、水稻土改植茶园土壤碱解氮含量较高,粗骨土、潮砂土茶园土壤碱解氮含量较低;土壤碱解氮与全氮、有机质含量呈显著的正相关关系。供试铁观音茶叶氮含量与土壤全氮、碱解氮含量相关关系不显著,土壤碱解氮含量能否作为铁观音茶园土壤供氮能力的指标,以及在铁观音茶树的营养诊断时采摘鲜叶的氮素含量是否能作为茶树氮素缺素的诊断指标有待进一步研究。安溪县铁观音茶园土壤氮素管理时应注重氮肥深施,同时增施有机肥、降低速效氮肥的施用比例。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤养分的分布及其与土壤颗粒组成关系

对四川紫色土区不同土地利用方式下土壤表层及剖面养分的分布特征及其与颗粒含量之间的关系进行了研究,结果表明:(1)林地、水田具有较高的土壤氮素和有机质(与旱地、果园、裸地均达到了显著差异),且林地剖面养分随土层深度的增加呈几何级数下降,但土壤磷素含量相对较低。(2)受施肥状况的影响,经济园林土壤磷素普遍偏高。(3)旱坡地的表层养分与底层养分含量差异不大,说明该区旱坡地土壤可能存在较大的养分流失与淋失现象,坡面径流、壤中径流携带的养分不容忽视。(4)土壤中大部分养分含量与土壤颗粒含量之间有一定的相关性,其中土壤全氮、碱解氮与粉粒(0.002～0.02mm)含量之间呈显著的正相关,与砂粒(0.02～2mm)含量之间呈极显著的负相关;土壤有机质与粉粒含量之间呈极显著的正相关,与砂粒含量之间呈极显著的负相关;而土壤全磷情况正好相反,与粉粒含量呈现极显著的负相关,与砂粒含量呈现极显著的正相关;只有碱解氮与粘粒(<0.002mm)含量之间的相关性达到了5%显著水平。     

福建铁观音茶园土壤氮素状况研究

为了解铁观音茶园土壤氮素供应能力,对福建安溪、永春和华安14个铁观音生产乡镇150个铁观音茶园表土及相应茶叶进行了调查.结果表明:供试茶园土壤全氮含量处于中低水平,平均值为0.79 g·kg-1,碱解氮含量处于中高水平,平均值为95.56 mg·kg-1,全氮含量与碱解氮含量呈显著正相关.有机质及阳离子交换量与土壤全氮和碱解氮含量均呈极显著正相关.不同土壤类型全氮含量依次为水稻土改种>黄壤>红壤>黄红壤>赤红壤,质地黏重的土壤氮含量较高.茶树新梢氮含量变幅为8.1～141.8 g·kg-1,平均值为23.7g·kg-1, 与土壤碱解氮含量无显著相关性.土壤碱解氮含量是否能作为茶园土壤供氮能力的指标以及在铁观音茶树的营养诊断时茶树新梢的氮素含量是否能作为茶树缺素的诊断指标有待进一步研究.福建铁观音茶园土壤应注意增施有机肥,避免过度施用速效氮肥.     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤不同形态铅含量及其影响因素

通过对粤东凤凰山茶区12个大型茶园土壤和茶叶进行采样,采用连续提取法将茶园土壤Pb分为可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态、有机束缚态和残渣态,探讨茶园土壤Pb的5种化学形态分布与土壤理化性质、茶叶Pb含量的相关性关系。结果发现,土壤中Pb的5种化学形态分布的规律为残渣态〉铁锰氧化态〉交换态〉有机束缚态〉碳酸盐态。土壤有机质与可交换态Pb含量呈显著负相关,与碳酸盐结合态Pb呈极其显著负相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Pb呈显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Pb和有机束缚态Pb呈极其显著正相关。茶区12个茶园土壤样品的Pb生物有效性系数范围在0.029～0.113,平均值为0.061;Pb可迁移性系数范围在0.021～0.078,平均值为0.044。凤凰山茶叶Pb含量的范围在1.39～1.82 mg/kg之间,平均为1.56 mg/kg。茶叶中的Pb含量与土壤氧化物结合态Pb、有机束缚态Pb呈显著正相关,与土壤有机质呈极其显著正相关。     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤铜、铬化学形态分布及茶叶有效性研究

采用连续化学提取法对粤东凤凰山茶区12个大型茶园共60份土壤样品中Cu和Cr的5种化学形态分布和茶叶有效性进行研究。结果发现,土壤中Cu的5种化学形态的分布规律为残渣态〉有机束缚态〉铁锰氧化态〉碳酸盐态〉交换态,而Cr的化学形态分布为残渣态〉有机束缚态〉交换态〉碳酸盐态〉铁锰氧化态。可交换态Cu和有机束缚态Cu含量与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Cu呈极显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Cu呈极显著正相关,与有机束缚态Cu和铁锰氧化态Cu呈显著正相关。可交换态Cr含量与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Cr呈极显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Cr呈极显著正相关。凤凰山茶叶Cu含量的范围在41.20～118.93mg·kg^-1之间,平均为52.92mg·kg^-1。茶叶中Cu含量与土壤可交换态Cu、有机束缚态Cu、有机质都有显著的正相关性,而与土壤pH值有显著的负相关性。茶叶Cr含量的范围在2.73～6.29mg·kg^-1之间,平均为4.13mg·kg^-1。茶叶Cr含量与土壤有机质和pH值分布呈显著正相关和显著负相关。     

宣城市岗坡地土壤养分特征及其与颗粒组成关系

对宣城市岗坡地土壤养分特征及其与颗粒组成关系进行了分析,结果表明:⑴不同土地利用类型中,林地土壤有机质和全氮含量显著高于其它3种土地利用类型;耕地和新耕地土壤全磷、速效养分含量都高于林地和灌丛;土壤有机质、速效氮和速效磷含量与土地利用类型有显著的相关性。⑵土壤有机质、全氮含量中、上坡位都显著高于下坡位,全磷和速效养分的含量随坡位下降呈显著增加趋势;有机质、全磷和速效磷与坡位有显著的相关性。⑶土壤有机质与粘粒(<0.002 mm)和粉粒(0.002~0.02 mm)的含量均呈显著的正相关,与砂粒(0.02~2 mm)含量呈显著负相关,全氮与粉粒含量呈现显著正相关,全磷与粉粒、砂粒含量显著正相关。     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤镉赋存形态特征及茶叶有效性

通过对粤东凤凰山茶区12个大型茶园土壤和茶叶进行采样,采用连续提取法将茶园土壤Cd分为可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机束缚态和残渣态,探讨了茶园土壤Cd的5种化学形态组成特征及其与土壤理化性质和茶叶Cd积累的关系。结果表明:(1)茶区土壤中镉的化学形态分布受到土壤pH值和有机质含量的影响,土壤中Cd的5种化学形态分布的规律为:残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机束缚态;茶区土壤可交换态Cd和残渣态Cd与土壤中的pH值呈极显著负相关性关系,而有机结合态Cd与土壤pH值呈显著正相关关系;有机质含量与氧化物结合态Cd和有机束缚态Cd呈显著正相关关系,而与可交换态Cd和残渣态Cd呈显著负相关关系。(2)茶叶中Cd含量在0.30~0.98mg/kg,平均含量为0.65mg/kg;茶叶中的Cd含量与土壤中可交换态Cd有显著正相关关系,而与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系。因此,可以通过调节茶园土壤pH值,影响土壤中Cd的化学形态分布,最终达到降低茶叶中Cd含量,提高茶叶品质的目的。     

成都平原区土壤速效磷时空变化特征

根据1982年173个样点和2002年117个样点的分析数据，利用地统计学方法和GIS技术对成都平原耕层（0～20cm）土壤速效磷含量的时空变异特征进行了研究。结果表明，成都平原耕层土壤样点间速效磷平均含量由1982年的7.1mg／kg增至2002年的14.3mg／kg，平均增加了103.40％。20年间由于受区域间农业管理措施、土地利用方式和土壤颗粒组成差异的影响，占平原耕地面积75.86％的土壤速效磷含量增加，且区域增加幅度呈由东向西逐渐降低的趋势。土壤速效磷含量与土壤颗粒组成的相关性分析表明，1982年土壤速效磷含量与土壤砂粒（2～0.02mm）之间呈极显著的负相关，与土壤粉粒（0.02～0.002mm）之间相关未达到显著水平，与土壤粘粒（〈0.002mm）之间呈显著正相关；2002年土壤速效磷含量与土壤砂粒之间呈显著的负相关，与土壤粉粒之间呈极显著正相关，与土壤粘粒之间相关未达到显著水平。     

云南曲靖植烟土壤交换性钙、镁与关联土壤属性的特征研究

利用GPS定位采集云南曲靖核心烟田耕层土壤样品651个,测定土样交换性钙、镁及pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量,研究交换性钙、镁分布特征及其与土壤其他属性的关系。结果表明:①交换性钙、镁含量均值分别为3 054.3、258.12 mg/kg,变异幅度较大,且两者含量属适宜的占比较低,仅为6.3%和29.8%,总体含量丰富。不同烟区间交换性钙、镁含量差异较大;②交换性钙、镁含量与pH及有机质、全氮、全磷含量呈极显著正相关,交换性钙含量与全钾含量相关性不显著,交换性镁含量与全钾含量呈极显著正相关。采用曲线估计分析每两个属性之间的回归关系,共建立9个拟合曲线函数方程,决定系数为0.118～0.285,拟合误差均在3%以内,拟合优度较好,调节土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量对钙镁养分的平衡有重要影响。     

凤凰单枞茶树吸收土壤铬和锰的规律研究

[目的]探究凤凰单枞茶树对土壤中铬和锰的吸收规律,为综合防治茶园土壤Cr和Mn污染提供科学依据。[方法]对粤东揭阳市揭东县宝山茶园凤凰单枞茶树和土壤进行采样,运用原子吸收分光光度计法测定茶叶、茶茎和茶根中Cr和Mn的含量,并采用乙酸提取法和原子吸收分光光度计法测定土壤样品中酸可提取态Cr和Mn的含量。[结果]茶树各器官Cr含量由高到低分布情况依次为:茶根>茶茎>茶叶;而Mn含量分布情况依次为:茶叶>茶茎>茶根。茶叶中Cr和Mn含量与土壤中酸可提取态Cr和Mn呈显著正相关性,茶茎中Cr含量与土壤中酸可提取态Cr也呈显著正相关性;茶叶、茶茎和茶根中的Cr含量均与土壤中有机质含量呈显著正相关性,茶根中的Mn含量与土壤pH值呈显著负相关性,茶叶中的Mn与土壤有机质呈显著正相关性。[结论]通过调节土壤酸可溶解态Cr和Mn,土壤pH值和有机质含量,从而控制茶树吸收Cr和Mn的量,可以达到防治茶叶重金属污染,提高茶叶质量的目的。     

我国中亚热带丘陵地区红壤的肥力恢复

There are about 1.27 million ha of upland red soils derived from Quaternary red clay facing the degradation in the low-hilly region of the middle subtropical China. From the aspects of chemistry, physics and microbiology, the processes of soil fertility restoration in the surface layer (0~20 cm) under three types of land use patterns (i.e. citrus orchard, tea garden and upland) in two provinces were studied in this work. Results showed that the reclamation of eroded waste land improved most of soil properties. Soil organic matter, total N and P, available P and K, and exchangeable Ca and Mg increased, but soil total K and exchangeable Al decreased. Soil pH decreased by 0.5 unit in the pure tea plantation for 20 years. Soil reclamation increased the percentage of soil microaggregates (<0.25 mm), especially those with a diameter of 0.02~0.002 mm. Soil total porosity increased in the cultivated lands with the increase of soil aeration and capillary porosity. The number of soil microorganisms increased with reclamation caused mainly by the huge increase of the total amount of bacteria. With the cultivation, the activity of soil urease and acid phosphatase increased, but that of invertase dropped.     

Tea Plantation–Induced Activation of Soil Heavy Metals

Abstract

The accumulation of heavy metals in tea leaves is of concern because of its impact on tea quality. This study characterized long‐term changes of soil properties and heavy‐metal fractions in tea gardens and their effect on the uptake of metals from soils by the plants. Soil and tea leaf samples were collected from five plantations with a history of 2–70 years in Jinghua, Zhejiang Province, southeast China. The six chemical fractions (water‐soluble, exchangeable, carbonate‐bound, organic‐matterbound, oxide‐bound, and residual forms) of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the soils were characterized. Dissolved organic‐matter accumulation in the soils and effects of low‐molecular‐weight organic acids on solubility of soil heavy metals were also tested. Long‐term tea plantation use resulted in accumulation of dissolved organic matter, decrease of soil pH, and elevation of water‐soluble and exchangeable metal fractions, thereby increasing metal contents in leaves. The influence was more significant when soil pH was less than 4.4. The results indicated that both acidification and accumulation of dissolved organic matter induced by tea plantations were also important causes of increased accumulation of the metals in the tea leaves. This was particularly true for the soils polluted with low concentration of heavy metals, because availability of the metals in these soils was mainly controlled by pH and dissolved organic matter.     

南方茶园土壤酸化特征及交换性酸在水稳性团聚体中的分布

通过采集浙江省杭州西湖龙井茶园土壤,研究茶园土壤剖面的酸度特征、养分变化以及交换性酸在水稳性团聚体中的分布特征,以了解南方茶园土壤的酸化过程。结果表明:茶园表层土壤(0-20cm)酸化严重,最低的pHH2O值达到4.0,并且有明显的深层化趋势;表土的有机质和速效磷含量较高,速效磷含量最高可达138.2mg/kg;表土团聚体分级表明茶园土壤有良好的团聚体结构,具有良好的水稳性;除了交换性H+在0.5～0.25mm和0.25～0.106mm水稳性团聚体之间没有明显差别外,交换性酸总量、交换性H+和交换性Al 3+含量均随着水稳性团聚体粒径的减小而降低;水稳性大团聚体中交换性Al 3+相对交换性H+占有明显的优势,而在0.106～0.05mm水稳性微团聚体中交换性H+占有明显的优势。交换性酸总量、交换性H+和交换性铝主要分布于>2mm和2～0.5mm水稳性团聚体中,同时在不同粒级团聚体中的分布随粒径的减小而降低。     

土壤性质对土壤–水稻系统中硒迁移的影响

采集浙江省北部水稻种植区成熟期水稻和对应的土壤样品,分析土壤中硒(Se)总量和7种形态Se的含量以及水稻根、茎、叶、谷各部位的Se含量。结果表明:研究区土壤Se平均含量0.344 mg/kg,达到中Se土壤水平,并且与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。7种Se形态中,强有机结合态和腐植酸结合态是主要的两种形态,占Se全量的75.92%;离子交换态、水溶态的含量在1.7%左右;碳酸盐结合态为3.2%。水稻根部富集了大部分的Se(73%),其各部位中Se含量随根、叶、茎、谷的顺序依次减少。将土壤按有机质和p H的大小进行分区分析后发现,当有机质含量小于25 g/kg时,土壤铁锰氧化物结合态Se与水稻根部Se呈显著正相关;当有机质含量大于35 g/kg时,土壤铁锰氧化物结合态Se与谷Se呈显著正相关;当p H7时,碳酸盐态Se与谷Se呈显著负相关。水溶态Se和离子交换态Se与水稻各部位Se含量之间并未呈现明显的相关性。水稻各器官Se含量受土壤p H、有机质含量、各形态Se含量等土壤性质的交互作用影响。     

Distribution of Forms of Copper and their Association with Soil Properties and Uptake in Major Soil Orders in Semi-arid Soils of Punjab,India

Profiles of semi-arid-zone soils in Punjab, northwestern India, were investigated for different forms of copper (Cu), including total Cu, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Cu, soil solution plus exchangeable Cu, Cu adsorbed onto inorganic sites, Cu bound by organic sites, and Cu adsorbed onto oxide surfaces. When all soils were considered, total Cu content ranged from 7 to 37 mg kg^?1, while DTPA-extractable and soil solution plus exchangeable Cu contents ranged from 0.30 to 3.26 mg kg^?1 and from 0.02 to 0.43 mg kg^?1, respectively. Copper adsorbed onto inorganic sites ranged from 0.62 to 2.6 mg kg^?1 and that onto oxide surfaces ranged from 2.0 to 13.2 mg kg^?1. The Cu bound by organic sites ranged from 1.2 to 12.2 mg kg^?1. The magnitudes of different forms of Cu in soils did not exhibit any consistent pattern of distribution. Organic matter and size fractions (clay and silt) had a strong influence on the distribution of different forms of Cu. The content of all forms of Cu was generally greater in the fine-textured Alfisols and Inceptisols than coarse-textured Entisols. Soil solution plus exchangeable Cu, Cu held onto organic sites, and and Cu adsorbed onto inorganic sites (crystalline) had significant positive correlations with organic carbon and silt contents.The DTPA Cu was positively correlated with organic carbon, silt, and clay contents. Total Cu content strongly correlated with silt and clay contents of soils. Among the forms, Cu held on the organic site, water soluble + exchangeable Cu, and Cu adsorbed onto oxide surface were positively correlated with DTPA-extractable Cu. The DTPA-extractable Cu and soil solution plus exchangeable Cu seems to be good indices of Cu availability in soils and can be used for correction of Cu deficiency in the soils of the region. The uptake of Cu was greater in fine-textured Inceptisols and Alfisols than coarse-textured Entisols. Among the different forms only DTPA-extractable Cu was positively correlated with total uptake of Cu.     

Relationship Between Extractable Metals in Acid Soils and Metals Taken Up by Tea Plants

Abstract

The accumulation of heavy metals in plants is related to concentrations andchemical fractions of the metals in soils. Understanding chemical fractions and availabilities of the metals in soils is necessary for management of the soils. In this study, the concentrations of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in tea leaves were compared with the total and extractable contents of these heavy metals in 32 surface soil samples collected from different tea plantations in Zhejiang province, China. The five chemical fractions (exchangeable, carbonate‐bound, organic matter‐bound, oxides‐bound, and residual forms) of the metals in the soils were characterized. Five different extraction methods were also used to extract soil labile metals. Total heavy metal contents of the soils ranged from 17.0 to 84.0 mgCukg^?1, 0.03 to 1.09 mg Cd kg^?1, 3.43 to 31.2 mg Pb kg^?1, and 31.0 to 132.0 mg Zn kg^?1. The concentrations of exchangeable and carbonate‐bound fractions of the metals depended mainly on the pH, and those of organic matter‐bound, oxides‐bound, and residual forms of the metals were clearly controlled by their total concentrations in the soils. Extractable fractions may be preferable to total metal content as a predictor of bioconcentrations of the metals in both old and mature tea leaves. The metals in the tea leaves appeared to be mostly from the exchangeable fractions. The amount of available metals extracted by 0.01 mol L^?1 CaCl₂, NH₄OAc, and DTPA‐TEA is appropriate extractants for the prediction of metals uptake into tea plants. The results indicate that long‐term plantation of tea can cause sol acidification and elevated concentrations of bioavailable heavy metals in the soil and, hence, aggravate the risk of heavy metals to tea plants.