基于土壤类型和微量元素辅助信息的土壤属性空间模拟

为探讨大尺度区域土壤属性空间化的方法,以吉林省为例,研究土壤养分（pH值、有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮）和地形地貌、微量元素等变量之间的关系;并在考虑土壤类型基础上,将相关性较高的变量作为协因子进行土壤养分的Cokriging插值研究。结果表明,pH值与经度、有效铁、锰和速效氮的相关系数分别高达-0.66、-0.71、-0.70和-0.67;有机质与经度、pH值、有效钙、锰的相关系数分别为0.55、-0.58、0.56和0.52;碱解氮与经度、纬度、pH值、有效铁、锌的相关系数分别为0.57、-0.57、-0.67、0.56、0.54;速效磷与速效钾、有效锌的相关系数分别为0.67和0.64。分析发现以相关性较高的微量元素作为协因子进行Cokriging插值精度均优于采用地形变量作为协因子的Cokriging插值。交叉检验和检验站验证结果表明,与普通Kriging相比,基于土壤类型和微量元素的Cokriging插值在增加估值精度方面有所提高。     

Temporal variation of total and DTPA-extractable heavy metal contents as influenced by sewage sludge and perlite in a calcareous soil

Continuous application of sewage sludge (SS) as a source of organic matter, may increase available heavy metals (HMs) up to their critical levels. As a consequence their uptake by plants, risks of accumulation in food chain and groundwater pollution increases. To evaluate the effects of perlite and SS on total content and available fraction of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) over 45 and 90 days a completely randomized pot experiment was conducted. Treatments consisted of SS (0, 2 and 4%) and combined SS and perlite levels (1:1, 1.5:0.5 and 0.5:1.5% SS:perlite). Mean available Fe, Ni, Cd, Mn and Zn fractions decreased over time by 7–27%, whereas, total contents did not change. Available HMs in SS-treated soils increased by 0.5–25%; whereas, only total Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations increased with SS application (although concentrations fall in the range of critical levels). The lowest (1.6 fold) and highest (22.1 fold) increases obtained for available Cu and Zn, respectively. Perlite could mitigate the adverse effect of high rate application of SS on amplification of HMs extractability. Therefore, their concomitant applications can be suggested considering the perlite durability and its positive effects on soil physical properties.     

不同土壤类型有效微量元素的空间特征——以张掖市临泽县为例

以临泽县土壤(0—20cm)中有效Mn,Zn,Fe,Cu,B微量元素为研究对象,运用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法研究了不同土壤类型有效微量元素的空间分布特征,绘制了空间分布图,最后根据甘肃省耕层土壤养分分级标准对临泽县有效土壤微量元素进行综合评价。结果表明:盐渍土、灰棕漠土、流动风沙土普遍缺有效微量元素,泥炭沼泽土、灌耕厚立土、草甸盐土中的有效微量元素含量相对较高;临泽县土壤中有效微量元素含量整体上处于中等水平,为了当地农业生产的需要,可以提高微肥用量和改善微肥的施用措施来增加土壤中微量元素含量。     

烟稻复种连作对中、微量元素含量的影响效应研究

为研究烟稻复种连作对土壤有效中、微量元素含量和烟叶中对应元素含量的影响效应,采取烟田定位检测和回归分析方法进行试验。结果表明,0~23年烟稻复种连作研究范围内,土壤和烟叶中的硫含量呈逐步积累趋势,土壤中其它9种中、微量元素有效铁、锰、铜、锌、硼、钼、水溶性氯、交换性钙、镁含量在复种连作10~15年后,呈不同程度的下降趋势,烟叶中对应的9种中、微量元素含量或呈直接下降趋势或复种连作10年后呈下降趋势,以上变化不利于烤烟良好品质的形成。土壤有效硼、钼、硫、钙、镁含量与烟叶中对应元素含量达到了极显著或显著的正相关关系,其它元素相关性不显著。     

保水剂用量对紫色土微量元素有效态及活化率的影响

运用野外径流侵蚀泥沙小区的模拟试验,在紫色土中施加不同用量(T0:0 kg/hm²、T1:30 kg/hm²、T2:90 kg/hm²、T3:150 kg/hm² 和T4:210 kg/hm²)的保水剂,研究不同保水剂施用量对紫色土微量元素及其有效态含量的影响。结果表明,土壤微量元素含量表现为:Mn(134.68±11.02)mg/kg>Zn(69.46±5.24)mg/kg>Fe(24.02±3.03)mg/kg>Cu(17.42±12.17)mg/kg>Mo(1.04±0.17)mg/kg,土壤微量元素有效态含量表现出相似规律。随着保水剂施用量的增加,土壤Mn、全Zn、土壤有效Zn逐渐增加,表现为T0Cu>Mn>Fe>Zn。本研究可为提高紫色土区抗旱性能及土壤微肥的高效利用及土壤肥力综合评价提供理论依据与数据支持。     

基施硒肥对莜麦产量和微量元素含量的影响

在河南省黄河滩区,通过研究基施硒肥(亚硒酸钠)对莜麦青干草和果实产量以及微量元素含量的影响,探索提高莜麦产量以及微量元素含量的新途径。结果表明: 1）基施硒肥能提高莜麦的青干草产量, 当基施量为954 g/hm2的情况下,效果最佳,扬花期青干草产量提高9.33%（P0.05）,但基施硒肥对莜麦果实产量影响不显著; 2）莜麦对硒有较强的吸收和同化能力,可以从肥料中大量吸收无机硒,并大多转化为有机硒向上运输到茎叶和果实中; 3）基施硒肥能在不同程度上提高莜麦青干草中Cu、 Zn和Se的含量,而对Fe和Mn的含量影响不大,当硒肥基施量在954 g/hm2的情况下,扬花期青干草中Cu、 Zn和Se的含量分别提高 9.31%（P0.05）、 13.22% （P0.05）和281.25%（P0.05）; 4）基施硒肥能显著提高莜麦果实中Fe、 Cu、 Zn和Se的含量,而对Mn的含量影响不大,当硒肥基施量在954 g/hm2的情况下,Cu、 Zn和Se的含量分别比不施硒对照提高7.92%（P0.05）、 5.75%（P0.05）和18.75%（P0.05）,当硒肥基施量在765 g/hm2的情况下,莜麦果实中Fe的含量比对照提高10.19%（P0.05）。综上,莜麦对硒肥有较强的吸收和转化能力,适当地基施硒肥有利于提高扬花期青干草中Cu、 Zn和Se的含量和果实中Fe、 Cu、 Zn和Se的含量,适宜的硒基施量为765954 g/hm2。     

天然降水和径流水中四种微量元素的测定

水样中微量元素的测量是研究元素迁移的一项基础工作。通常用火争原子吸收和法测定水样中微量元素,当样品中元素含量较低时需用甲基异丁基甲酮萃取后测定。该文对这一方法进行了改进,采用浓缩水样以提高街测元素的含量,并加入二氯化钙作为释放剂来消除硅的干扰。     

Copper,Zinc, and Lead Fractions in Soils Long-Term Irrigated with Municipal Wastewater

Long-term irrigation with municipal wastewater may lead, even in spite of intense farming, to an accumulation of organic matter, nutrient elements, and trace metals in soils. Excessive increases of heavy metals may pose a potential risk to the food chain and provoke restrictions for the further cultivation of sensitive crops. Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) forms in soils under long-term irrigation (for 100–120 years) with treated wastewater of Wroclaw were investigated by using selective seven-step sequential extraction (procedure of Zeien-Bruemmer) for partitioning the metals into operationally defined fractions, likely to be released in solution under various environmental conditions. The largest fraction of Cu, Pb, and particularly Zn in nonirrigated (control) soils was strongly bound in a residual form, while the percentage of exchangeable and the most labile fractions were negligible. Total concentration of metals in irrigated soils was elevated, and significant redistribution of metals among phases was observed. Percentages of residual fraction of Cu and Pb were no more than 25% (Zn < 40%), while significantly increased contribution of fractions occluded on iron (Fe) oxides and organically bound Cu. Exchangeable and readily mobile forms of Zn are predominant zinc fractions in soils irrigated with wastewater.     

Biofortification of Trace Elements in Food Crops for Human Health

Micronutrient deficiencies have been reported in food crops worldwide. Several macro- and micronutrients are essential for human health. However, among these elements, the trace elements zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), iodine (I), selenium (Se), and cobalt (Co) are limiting in the diets of much of the world's population. According to United Nations estimates, about 1 billion people, especially woman and children, are suffering from malnutrition of trace elements, especially in Africa, Asia, and South America. Improving bioavailability of these elements in food crops is an important strategy to overcome trace-element deficiencies in food crops and improving human health. Genetic variability in micronutrient contents in the grain of crops such as rice, corn, wheat, barley, soybean, and dry bean is widely reported in the literature. Hence, use of genetic variability among crop species and genotypes within species is an important strategy to achieve biofortification of grain of staple food crops. Other practices that can be adopted to improve bioavailability of essential elements in food crops are adopting appropriate agronomic practices, such as adequate rate, effective sources, and effective methods of fertilizer application. Use of biotechnology is also feasible to biofortification of staple food crops. Planting indigenous and traditional food crop species with high nutritive value is another important strategy to improve trace elements in human food.     

Seasonal Variation of Trace Elements in a Semiarid Veld Pasture

Abstract

A two‐seasonal study was conducted to determine the trace mineral status of goats' grazing forages and soils in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Soil and forage samples were collected fortnightly for two seasons. Sampling period effects were found in soil copper, zinc, and selenium, and all forage minerals except selenium were affected by sampling times. Seasonal effects were observed in iron, manganese, and selenium for soils and in copper, iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium for forages. All soil mineral levels except cobalt and selenium were found to be above critical levels and likely to be adequate for normal growth of plants growing therein, whereas soil cobalt and selenium were severely deficient during both seasons. The levels of iron, zinc, cobalt, and selenium in soil were higher and copper and manganese were lower during winter than during summer. Forages contained marginal to deficient levels of cobalt during the winter, copper and selenium during the summer, and moderately deficient levels of iron and severely deficient levels of zinc, manganese, and cobalt during the summer. Forage copper, iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium during winter were found to be adequate for the requirements of ruminants. Consequently grazing animals at this location need continued mineral supplementation of these elements to prevent deficiency diseases and to support optimum animal productivity.     

Investigation of Heavy Metals using Various Extraction Methods in Livestock Manures

The use of animal waste for a soil amendment is a viable option for waste management. For safe and sustainable management of waste, it is important to assess the concentrations of heavy metals (HM). An experiment was conducted to compare metals [copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn)] in cow manure (CM), duck litter (DL), poultry litter (PL), and poultry litter ash (PLA) using eight extraction solutions. Extractability of HM was highly dependent upon the type of waste as well as extracting agent. Manures differed for the release of HM in the order of PL > DL > CM. Marked decreases in extractable trace elements were observed after ashing of PL irrespective of extraction method. Except for water, extractions released HM in the order of Mn > Cu > Zn. For Zn and Mn, the amount extracted varied in the order 1 M nitric acid (HNO₃) > 0.1 M HNO₃ > 0.01 M HNO₃ ≈ ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) > ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) > calcium chloride (CaCl₂) > ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) > H₂O in PL and PLA. Peak concentration of Cu was achieved in 1 M HNO₃ solution and the lowest Cu was found in NH₄OAc solution. On the basis of these results, the low extractability of HM in ash could suggest that the use of burned PL would be less of a water-pollution problem in the fields.     

Estimating Trace Element Availability in Soils with a Seasonal Water Table using Commercially Available Protocols

The soil accumulation of metals and other elements as a result of human activities is a global concern. This investigation involves the use of commercially available extractions to estimate elemental abundance and availability. The need exists, especially in poor nations, to have cost-effective analytical capabilities to perform an initial screening of a soil resource to determine if a problem exists. Three extraction protocols are proposed: (i) an aqua regia digestion to estimate a baseline geochemistry, (ii) a pyrophosphate extraction to estimate elemental abundances associated with the soil organic fraction, and (iii) a water extraction to estimate the most available fraction. If the soil resource is impacted, then more refined and traditional methods are required to document the extent of impact for possible remediation. The three extraction protocols were applied to soils with little impact to illustrate the assessment potential for selected metals and p-block elements.     

不同前茬作物对山药耕地土壤中、微量元素的影响

山药连作会导致产量和土壤元素含量下降,种植不同前茬作物成为一种有效的解决方案;而种植不同的前茬作物对山药土壤中、微量元素的影响尚不清楚。为探究不同前茬作物对山药土壤中、微量元素的影响,找到更合适山药生长的前茬作物。以新疆维吾尔自治区五家渠市山药种植区内3种不同前茬作物(西瓜、棉花、山药)的耕地土壤为研究对象,探究不同前茬作物对山药种植区土壤养分和有效态中、微量元素(铁、锰、锌、铜、钙、镁)的影响。结果表明:(1)与棉花和山药为前茬作物相比,西瓜作为前茬作物时土壤pH分别显著降低了0.75%和2.38%;而有机质和速效钾含量分别显著增加了21.19%～24.77%和23.62%～47.99%。(2)与山药作为前茬作物相比,西瓜和棉花作为前茬作物时显著增加了土壤有效镁含量,分别增加了8.80%和7.46%。(3)不同前茬作物显著影响山药种植区土壤中、微量元素的综合性指数,山药作为前茬作物时土壤中、微量元素综合性指数最低,而西瓜作为前茬作物时最高。主成分综合得分模型发现前茬作物为西瓜时山药种植区土壤中、微量元素综合得分最高。总之,与棉花和山药相比,西瓜作为前茬作物时土壤有机质、速效钾和有效镁元素增幅最大;因此西瓜更适合作为西北干旱区山药种植的前茬作物。研究结果可在西北干旱区山药种植过程中,在其前茬作物的选择,土壤中、微量元素施肥的科学管理和土地资源的可持续利用上提供基础数据支持。