<Emphasis Type="Italic">Persea</Emphasis> (avocados) Phylogenetic Analysis Based on Morphological Characters: Hypothesis of Species Relationships

The genus Persea consists of two subgenera, Persea (known as avocados) and Eriodaphne (known as aguacatillos, avocado-like species). The present study aimed to determine whether the genus Persea is a monophyletic group and whether the division into two subgenera is an artificial one. In conjunction with these goals, a hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships among Persea species is proposed. Our results suggest that Persea is not a monophyletic group. Two clades of Persea can be recognized. The results suggest that Eriodaphne and Persea should be considered to be independent genera. Various leaf and floral characters contributed for separation into groups. The definition of Eriodaphne is based on fruit color, sessile glands at the base of the stamens, vein prominence and leaf shape. Persea is more closely related to genera Nectandra and Ocotea than Eriodaphne. The 11 species included in Persea are recognized as species. The group is defined by fruit flavor, mature leaf color, number of tertiary divergent veins, and pubescent bracts in the inflorescence. Within this group, a clade of six species in which P. guatemalensis is included is recovered by seed shape, venation pattern relief, and number of fruits per cluster. Moreover, the seed shape supports the separation of P. floccosa and P. zentmyerii. A molecular character analysis is necessary to support the Persea clades proposed herein. Nevertheless the phylogenetic relationships revealed by this study provide new bases for the selection and conservation of the species Persea.     

Phylogenetic relationships within <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus</Emphasis> and its related genera as inferred from AFLP markers

We investigated the phylogenetic relationships among Citrus and its relatives, including 29 genotypes belonging to Citrus, Poncirus, Fortunella, Microcitrus, Eremocitrus, Atalantia and Severinia using AFLP analysis. Cluster analysis was conducted using neighbour joining (NJ) method. The results demonstrated that Poncirus, Microcitrus and Eremocitrus are distant from Citrus. A strong affiliation exists between C. halimii and Fortunella and the results did not support C. halimii as the fourth basic species. Further evidence was provided that P. polyandra should not be the hybrid between trifoliate orange and Citrus genotypes and it deserves species status. Neither the separation of subgenus Papeda and Citrus nor the separation of subgenus Archicitrus and Metacitrus were clearly resolved in the dendrogram. C. ichangesis is a distinct species very different from other Citrus genotypes, and the results showed it is improper to classify it into subgenus Metacitrus. C. reticulata, C. maxima and C. medica were separated into three distinct clusters. Therefore if only cultivated Citrus species are considered, the three basic species concept is acceptable. However, it is not applicable for whole genus Citrus.     

Screening of culture conditions for pathogens of potato dry rot

Dry rot is a severe fungal disease during potato storage. Fusarium spp. is the pathogen causing severe rot of potato tubers, producing Fusarium toxins and contaminating food. The disease leads to a huge loss to China's potato industry. The present research optimized and screened the culture conditions of the major pathogens causing potato dry rot including Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium solani var. coeruleum, Fusarium trichothecioides, and Fusarium sporotrioides. The results showed that F. sambucinum and F. culmorum were sensitive to temperature and pH. F. sambucinum, F. trichothecioides, F. Solani var. coeruleum, and F. sporotrioides are favorable to the glucose-based culture while F. culmorum and F. avenaceum were to sucrose-based culture. Illumination stimulated the growth of F. sambucinum and F. sporotrioides but inhibited the growth of F. culmorum and F. avenaceum. It is concluded that the culture conditions are different with species of Fusarium and the understanding of the culture conditions is expected useful in research and the disease control.     

New data on the Zygentoma (Insecta, Apterygota) from Italy

The fauna of Zygentoma from Italy is reviewed and extended by new data. Ctenolepisma guadianica and Allacrotelsa kraepelini are new to Italy (the second one is also a new genus for this country). Neoasterolepisma crassipes is new to continental Italy and Atelura formicaria is new to Sicily. Neoasterolepisma angustothoracica (Grassi & Rovelli, 1890) n. comb., is redescribed.The Zygentoma fauna of Italy is composed of 24 species, 2 of Ateluridae (Atelura formicaria and Proatelurina pseudolepisma), 16 of Lepismatidae (Allacrotelsa kraepelini, Ctenolepisma algharbica, C. ciliata, C. guadianica, C. lineata, C. longicaudata, C. targionii, Lepisma chlorosoma, L. saccharina, Neoasterolepisma angustothoracica, N. balcanica, N. crassipes, N. wasmanni, Thermobia domestica, Tricholepisma aurea and T. gyriniformis) and 6 of Nicoletiidae (Coletinia maggi, C. setosula, C. subterranea, Coletinia sp. III, Lepidospora sp. and Nicoletia phytophila). A key to the identification of all these species is given.     

Aegilops tauschii: Genetic Variation in Iran

All the 79 Aegilops tauschii Coss. accessions of Iranian origin from Prof. Kihara’s collection were analyzed electrophoretically. Of 23 enzyme-encoding loci studied, 11 were polymorphic. In Iran Ae. tauschii is presented by ssp. tauschii and ssp. strangulata which distinctly differ genetically, morphologically and ecologically. Variation patterns of low polymorphic locus Aco2 and highly polymorphic Ep are similar in both subspecies. In contrast, variation of Acph1, Ak, Est2, Est5, Got1, Got2, Got3 and Lap is a set of diverse patterns which markedly differ between subspecies and natural regions also, implying that natural selection is involved.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

镜泊湖区主要森林类型的土壤水文特性

 通过实地调查与试验分析方法,研究镜泊湖区原始红松林、杨桦林、蒙古栎林和人工红松林地的土壤水文特性。结果表明:1)枯落物总储量变化范围在22.32～34.15t.hm-2之间,依次为原始红松林>人工红松林>蒙古栎林>杨桦林;全部枯落物最大持水率、最大持水量与有效拦蓄量均为原始红松林>人工红松林>杨桦林>蒙古栎林。2)原始红松林枯落物吸水速度最快,杨桦林和蒙古栎林次之,人工红松林最慢。3)在同一土层,土壤密度从小到大,土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量和田间持水量由大到小的顺序基本为杨桦林、原始红松林、蒙古栎林和人工红松林。4)相同土层的初渗速度、稳渗速度和渗透系数依次为杨桦林>原始红松林>蒙古栎林>人工红松林;到达稳渗的时间是杨桦林最短,其次为原始红松林,再次为蒙古栎林,人工红松林最长。5)综合枯落物持水能力、吸水速度、土壤持水能力和渗透性能评价镜泊湖区4种森林类型的水文特性,原始红松林和杨桦林最佳,其次为蒙古栎林,人工红松林最差。     

Equations to describe the amount and rate of sorption

The partition of materials that react with soil between the solid and the solution phase, and how this changes with time, can often be described by a simple equation: S = a c^b1t^b2 where S is the amount sorbed, c is the solution concentration, t the time of contact, and a, b₁ and b₂ are parameters. However, when the range of values for sorption is large, it is apparent that both b₁ and b₂ increase with decreasing sorption. At low values for sorption, b₁ approaches 1, and sorption plots are nearly linear. These observations are consistent with a mechanistic model in which it is postulated that the materials react with heterogenous sites. As the amount of sorption decreases, the heterogeneity of the occupied sites decreases. This is why b₁ increases. Because there is heterogeneity of occupied sites, there is a range of rates for the subsequent reaction. This is why the rates are proportional to a fractional index of time. It is better to describe the effects of time this way than by using several first-order equations.     

麦田害虫与天敌群落动态变化研究

2008年3月15日至5月29日系统调查了冬小麦田害虫与天敌的种群数量动态,并利用相对丰富度、优势度指数、优势集中性指数、多样性指数和均匀度分析了害虫与天敌群落动态变化及时间生态位。结果表明:麦田昆虫群落组成较为丰富,由11目39科59种昆虫组成;优势种为麦长管蚜(Macrosiphum avenae)、麦圆叶爪螨(Penthaleus major)、龟纹瓢虫(Propylea japonica)和麦蚜茧蜂(Ephedrus plagiator)。群落的总个体数和丰富度随调查时间而变化;多样性指数与均匀度指数在小麦生长前期较低,中期和后期较高,两者变化规律基本一致,而优势集中性指数变化趋势与其相反。在害虫种群中以棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)种内竞争最为激烈,条斑叶蝉(Psammotettix striatus)的竞争最缓和;棉铃虫与麦长管蚜种间竞争最强,其次为麦圆叶爪螨与小麦叶蜂(Dolerus tritici)。在天敌种群中以七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)种内竞争最为激烈,麦蚜茧蜂的种内竞争最为缓和;龟纹瓢虫分别与七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫(Leis axyridis)在时间维度上的竞争较为激烈,而麦蚜茧蜂分别与龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫的竞争比较缓和。从害虫种群与天敌种群之间的重叠值看,异色瓢虫和七星瓢虫对棉铃虫的控制作用较强,而麦蚜茧蜂和龟纹瓢虫则对麦田主要害虫麦长管蚜、条斑叶蝉和小麦潜叶蝇(Phytomyza nigra)等的跟随和控制作用均较强。     

水源涵养林林木耗水称重法试验研究

 为在水源涵养林林木培育中选择耗水量较低的树种,在北京密云水库水源涵养林集水区,采用小型蒸渗系统测定仪和TDR等仪器,用称重法研究了6个野外水源涵养林树种的耗水特性,对6个树种的日平均耗水进行了比较,对不同天气情况下各树种的耗水特性进行了比较。在正常水分条件下,各树种的日耗水量,从小到大依次为荆条(Vitexnegundovar.heterophylla)、油松(Pinustabulaeformis)、臭椿(Ailanthusaltissima)、侧柏(Platycladusorientalis)、杨树(Populussp)、刺槐(Robiniapseudoacacia);6年生荆条在7—9月份平均日耗水量为0.28kg,7年生油松在7—9月份平均日耗水量为0.57kg,3年生臭椿在7—9月份平均日耗水量为0.55kg,7年生侧柏在7—9月份平均日耗水量为0.7kg,3年生杨树在7—9月份平均日耗水量为0.77kg,5年生刺槐在7—9月份平均日耗水量为0.78kg。结果表明,荆条、臭椿和油松是耗水较少树种,适合在水源涵养林中应用。     

严重侵蚀红壤区生态修复后植物群落组成变化

以强烈干扰马尾松林分为对照,不同修复措施(封育、竹节沟、种草竹节沟、谷坊与无谷坊马尾松和竹节沟湿地松)林分为研究对象,对严重侵蚀红壤地实施生态修复27a后的群落组成和各物种的重要值(IV)特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)5种坡面林分中,乔木层物种组成单一,均为马尾松或湿地松;灌木层物种种类丰富,重要值分布不均匀,竹节沟湿地松林分修复的效果最为明显。其中,耐半荫常绿野栀子的优势度最大(IV=0.12),喜光落叶的白檀次之(IV=0.11),湿地松的幼苗优势度最小(IV=0.02)。草本层结构较为简单,封育马尾松林分草本盖度最高(40%)。(2)在沟道林分中,谷坊林分乔木层和灌木层植物群落组成种类明显多于无谷坊,各种类重要值差异悬殊,谷坊林分常绿、荫生性物种显著多于无谷坊;而草本层受乔木层、灌木层的影响,总盖度差异悬殊,无谷坊的总盖度达到90%,谷坊的总盖度仅为10%。说明通过改良土壤水肥和光照等小生境,可以明显改善红壤严重侵蚀地植物群落物种组成,加速侵蚀退化地植物群落的演替。     

湖北省水稻主产区稻田杂草种类及群落特点

采用七级目测法调查了湖北省3个水稻主产区25个样点稻田杂草的种类及危害程度,分析了各水稻主产区稻田杂草群落的特点.结果表明,湖北省水稻主产区稻田杂草有23科43种,据综合草害指数优势种杂草依次为稗、双穗雀稗、水花生、鸭舌草、千金子、丁香蓼、鳢肠、浮萍.其中襄樊－随州地区以稗、水花生为优势种类,江汉平原以稗、双穗雀稗为优势种类,黄冈地区以稗、鸭舌草为优势种类.江汉平原与黄冈地区稻田杂草群落相似性较大,Sфrenson相似性指数为0.774 1,二者均与襄樊－随州地区的相似性较小.总体上看,湖北省水稻主产区稻田杂草的丰富度较低,可能与长期施用除草剂有关.     

A mono-component model of carbon mineralization with a dynamic rate constant

The difficulties in using complicated models of carbon mineralization and the poor performance of simple ones call for new models that are simple in use and robust in performance. We have developed a model for the mineralization of carbon from experimental data in which the organic matter is treated as a single component. The logarithm of the average relative mineralization rate, K, or rate constant, of a substrate considered as a whole was found to be linearly related to the logarithm of time, t, provided prevailing soil conditions remained unchanged. The equation is: logK = logR–S logt, or K = R t^–S, in which R (dimension t^{S ? 1}) represents K at t = 1, and S (dimensionless, 1 ≥ S≥ 0) is a measure of the rate at which K decreases over time, also called the speed of ‘ageing’ of the substrate. The quantity of the remaining substrate, Y_t, is calculated by Y_t = Y₀ exp(–Rt^{1 – S}), where Y₀ is the initial quantity of the substrate. The actual relative mineralization rate, k, at time t is proportional to K, according to k = (1 ? S)K. The model was tested against an assembly of 136 sets of data collected from trials conducted in 14 countries all over the world. They cover materials ranging from glucose, cellulose and plant residues, to farmyard manure, peat and soil organic matter. The results lead to the conclusion that the model describes well the dynamics of organic matter in soil over time varying from months to tens of years, provided major environmental conditions remain unchanged. It can easily be applied in practice and is attractive because of its modest input requirements.     

不同资源条件下刈割对植物再生能力的影响

以甘南地区高寒草甸中10种常见植物为对象,通过田间模拟试验,对不同生长期内的植物个体进行不同程度的刈割、施肥处理,以探讨不同资源条件下刈割对植物再生能力的影响.结果表明:多数情况下,适口性较好的植物的补偿能力较高,适口性较差的补偿能力较低.垂穗披碱草、燕麦、多枝黄芪、矮嵩草在高资源条件下的生物量补偿程度低于低资源条件,金花苜蓿、珠芽蓼、中华羊茅、獐牙菜、细叶亚菊及藏蒲公英则相反;中华羊茅、细叶亚菊、珠芽蓼在高资源条件下繁殖部分的补偿程度较高,其余7种则相反.不同资源条件下10种植物在总生物量、现存生物量方面的补偿能力排序一致,说明综合补偿指数能较好地反映刈割后植物在总生物量、现存量方面补偿能力的种间差异.本研究结果说明不同资源条件下,生存对策是影响植物再生能力的主要因素,且综合补偿指数可以更客观地反映植物的再生特点.     

青海大通退耕还林工程区的林木耗水特性

 为了给退耕还林工程建设的树种选择提供依据,2002—2003年,通过实地观测并应用PenmanMonteith方程和定位通量法,对青海大通黄土高寒区自20世纪80年代陆续退耕还林后营造的青海云杉、紫果云杉、华北落叶松、白桦、青杨和沙棘进行了林木耗水特性研究。结果表明:2种方法测算林地蒸散的月平均相对误差是57%。中龄林的青杨沙棘混交林、白桦纯林、青杨灌木混交林和白桦青海云杉沙棘混交林的生长季蒸散总量为488～538mm,其中蒸腾量占蒸散总量的74%～79%,林地土面蒸发总量占蒸散总量的10%～12%,林地无地表径流产生;处于幼龄生长阶段的紫果云杉、青杨、华北落叶松、青海云杉混交林生长季蒸散总量为450～510mm,其中蒸腾总量占蒸散总量的45%～69%,林地土面蒸发总量占蒸散总量的16%～44%,地表径流量占林地降水量的1%～6%。大部分林分6—8月的蒸腾耗水量占全年的80%。     

重庆缙云山典型林分的坡面糙率系数及影响因素

根据2008年4月实测数据,以三峡库区重庆缙云山4种典型林分（马尾松纯林、马尾松阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林和楠竹林）为研究对象,并以农耕地作对照,在野外径流小区实验的基础上,通过曼宁公式,对重庆缙云山林地坡面糙率系数n值进行研究。结果表明：地表糙率系数n值介于0.0079-0.2704之间,其中,马尾松纯林的糙率系数n值最小,马尾松阔叶混交林的糙率系数n值最大,大小排序为马尾松阔叶混交林〉阔叶林〉楠竹林〉马尾松纯林;糙率系数n（y）与枯落物厚度（x）的关系为Y=0.0205e^0.5436x,R^2=0.9237;地表水分渗透量（y）随着糙率系数n（x）增加而增大,其关系式为y=37.25lnx＋188.47,R^2=0.7782。     

Durum wheat cultivation associated with Aegilops tauschii in northern Iran

Hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) is assumed to have originated by natural hybridization between cultivated tetraploid Triticum turgidum L. and wild diploid Aegilops tauschii Coss. This scenario is broadly accepted, but very little is known about the ecological aspects of bread wheat evolution. In this study, we examined whether T. turgidum cultivation still is associated with weedy Ae. tauschii in today’s Middle Eastern agroecosystems. We surveyed current distributions of T. turgidum and Ae. tauschii in northern Iran and searched for sites where these two species coexist. Ae. tauschii occurred widely in the study area, whereas cultivated T. turgidum had a narrow distribution range. Traditional durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) cultivation associated with weedy Ae. tauschii was observed in the Alamut and Deylaman-Barrehsar districts of the central Alborz Mountain region. The results of our field survey showed that the T. turgidum–Ae. tauschii association hypothesized in the theory of bread wheat evolution still exists in the area where bread wheat probably evolved.     

Ex situ collections of cultivated flax (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Linum usitatissimum</Emphasis> L.) and other species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Linum</Emphasis> L.

An overview of ex situ collections of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and 53 other species of the genus Linum L. is presented. The names of 33 genebanks in 23 countries preserving Linum germplasm and the species preserved at these places are provided. World genebanks engage in ex situ preservation of about 48,000 accessions of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum). However, possibly only 10,000 accessions of these are unique. Of the ca. 200 species of the genus Linum, other than L. usitatissimum, 53 are reported to be represented in the world’s ex situ collections with a total of about 900 accessions. Of these, 279 accessions alone refer to the wild progenitor of cultivated flax, Linum bienne Mill. However, L. bienne from the region of origin of cultivated flax is rarely represented in genebank collections. References to publications describing the techniques for ex situ conservation and the infraspecific variation of cultivated flax are made. It is suggested that taxonomic species delimitation within the genus Linum is in need of clarification and that the variation in Linum species for ornamental use or use in breeding is investigated.     

Impact of Ammonia During Composting on Calonectria pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae,Causal Agents of Boxwood Blight

Boxwood (Buxus spp.) blight is a devastating disease caused by the Ascomycete fungus Calonectria pseudonaviculata in the U.S. and Europe. A second Calonectria species, C. henricotiae, is also pathogenic on boxwood in Europe, but is not present in the U.S. where it is classified as a quarantine pathogen. Composting can eradicate various plant pathogens and high temperature is likely the most important factor influencing pathogen eradication. We previously reported that C. pseudonaviculata microsclerotia survived exposure to 40?°C in an incubator without compost, whereas exposure to the same temperature and time, but with compost added, greatly decreased survival. That is, the decrease in Calonectria growth and survival in compost was greater than could be accounted for by high temperature alone. We hypothesized that the enhanced decrease in Calonectria growth and survival might be due to ammonia, a fungitoxic gas produced during composting. In this laboratory study, we determined that ammonia within agar in Petri plates reduced radial growth of both C. pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae. In studies with C. pseudonaviculata, gaseous ammonia reduced microsclerotia survival. Our findings suggest that composting dead or dying blighted boxwoods in the presence of ammonia could reduce dissemination of both Calonectria species from blighted to healthy boxwoods.     

不同植物边坡的糙率系数和水力学特征参数

[目的]研究北方土石山区植物边坡糙度,为坡面生态防护的最佳植物配置选择提供依据。[方法]在北京市昌平区试验基地设置多组不同地表类型的径流小区,设计了控制流速、流量的野外放水冲刷试验。[结果](1)与乔灌植被相比较,草本植被对地表径流流速具有良好的阻滞作用,毛白杨对地表流速有加速作用。(2)草地的平均糙率系数最大,裸地最小。对裸地进行处理后发现,铺设枯枝物,可以有效提高地表糙率系数值,通过砾石压盖处理的地表糙率系数并未有明显改变。(3)各类地表下垫面的雷诺系数Re均介于21.34~23.49之间,枯落物小区Re最大,毛白杨小区Re最小,水流均为层流,紊动性弱;弗劳德数Fr介于0.35~2.55之间;阻力系数f介于1.03~54.43之间。[结论]枯落物和草地可以有效减缓地表径流流速;毛白杨下垫面防蚀功能最弱。