川中丘陵区农村生活污水资源化利用后的土壤养分特征

[目的] 探究川中丘陵地区施用经无害化处理的生活污水后，不同类型土壤在不同深度土层中各养分指标的变化特征，为农村生活污水的无害化处理和资源化利用提供科学支撑。 [方法] 对三格化粪池处理后的农村生活污水进行资源化利用。在耕地中设置G₀(37.5 L/m²)，G₂(75 L/m²)，G₀(空白)3种施用处理；在林地中设置L₁(37.5 L/m²)，L₂(75 L/m²)，L₃(112.5 L/m²)，L₀(空白)4种施用处理。结合层次分析法(AHP)与主成分分析法(PCA)对各养分指标权重进行计算，对各处理在不同深度土层中的施用效果进行综合评分。 [结果] 在生活污水不同的资源化利用处理除L₃土壤养分评价等级为“良”外，其余处理皆为“优”。各处理下，耕地中各深度土层养分评价得分排序一致表现为：G₁＞G₀＞G₂；林地中0-20 cm土层表现为：L₀＞L₂＞L₁＞L₃；20-40 cm土层表现为：L₁＞L₀＞L₂＞L₃。耕地施用对提升土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾有明显的效果；林地少量施用对提升20-40 cm除速效钾外其余土壤养分的效果较好。 [结论] 短期来看，在农村生活污水资源化利用时，适量的施用可改善耕地土壤的养分，对于林地无需施用土壤养分就可较好保持。     

王家庄滨湖人工湿地去除农业径流中COD效果的测试与分析

研究处理农业径流的滨湖人工湿地中有机物(COD_Cr，化学需氧量)的去除规律可为类似湿地的设计和运行提供参考。该研究报道了滇池东岸王家庄湿地(占地12000 m²)自2002年8月投入运行后23个月中的有机物去除的季节变化规律。该湿地的优势植物种为茭草(Zizania caduciflora)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)，5条农业区汇水干渠的来水经过布水堰布水后均匀地流过湿地。2002年10月～2004年6月期间,湿地表现出较好的拦截沟渠来水中有机物的能力,有效地降低了滇池的外源有机物污染负荷。旱季(每年11月～翌年4月)和雨季(每年5月～10月)的平均流量分别为497.6 m³/d和747.4 m³/d。进水COD_Cr的负荷为36.1 g/(hm²·d)(旱季)和67.9 g/(hm²·d)(雨季),COD_Cr的平均浓度为87.1 mg/L(旱季)和109 mg/L(雨季)。COD_Cr的出水平均浓度为45.1 mg/L以下(旱季)和53.7 mg/L(雨季)，分别满足一级A标准和一级B标准(城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准，GB 18918-2002)。运行期间的平均水温为旱季17.3℃,雨季21.9℃，COD_Cr的平均去除率为48.2%以上(旱季)和51.0%(雨季)。旱季和雨季湿地中COD_Cr浓度沿程降低，旱季和雨季2/3流程处的COD浓度均低于1/3流程处,农业径流可生化性较差导致湿地中前段的COD降解不明显。旱季湿地的出水受滇池水返混的影响比雨季的大,因此旱季1/3处和2/3处之间的浓度差小。湿地表层土壤(0～40 cm)的pH值沿程升高,有机质沿程降低。     

浅谈纵向负压通风

舍内环境因素诸如温、湿、有害气体、风速等很大程度上受通风工艺的影响。横向通风改为纵向通风后,舍内气流速率提高近6倍,且气流分布均匀,舍内氨气浓度和微生物数量分别降低50％和68％,粉尘含量也由34.6mg/m³下降为11.4mg/m³,节省电力23.7％     

集约化猪场废水强化生化处理工艺试验研究

该文采用新型厌氧反应器技术和强化生物脱氮及硝化技术处理猪场废水。试验结果表明：新型厌氧反应器容积COD_Cr负荷可达8 kg/(m³·d)以上，稳定运行COD_Cr平均去除率为75％；生物脱氮及硝化采用一体式A/O反应器，缺氧段水力停留时间为1 h，好氧段水力停留时间为3 d，氨氮浓度可控制在10 mg/L以下。总出水COD_Cr平均550 mg/L，BOD₅平均53.0 mg/L，NH₃-N平均8.8 mg/L，总COD_Cr去除率87%，总BOD₅去除率96%，NH₃-N总去除率在98％以上；采用原水碳源优化分配强化生物脱氮，TN去除率为77.11%左右。总出水BOD₅/COD_Cr约0.10，出水COD_Cr中难生物降解成分占绝大多数，需经过后续物化处理才能达到广东省水污染物控制标准(DB44/26-2001)。     

蚯蚓粪基质及肥料添加量对茄子穴盘育苗影响的试验研究

将蚯蚓粪和蛭石按2∶1(v/v)的比例组成复合基质，然后添加不同数量的CO(NH₂)₂和KNO₃，用于茄子穴盘育苗。结果表明：通过添加适量的肥料，可以明显提高复合基质的EC值，改善茄子的出苗率、幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率，显著促进幼苗植株的生长发育。根据壮苗指数，筛选出最佳肥料添加量是CO(NH₂)₂ 0.2 kg/m³和KNO_{3 0.4 kg/m³。研究结果为利用蚯蚓粪替代草炭培育茄子健壮穴盘苗提供了科学施肥依据。}     

辅热集箱式畜禽粪便沼气系统研究

设计了一种新型厌氧发酵系统——辅热集箱式畜禽粪便沼气系统，该系统采用太阳能和生物质辅助加热方式，由若干个集箱式发酵单元组成，可根据养殖规模集装成50、100、200、300、500 m³等不同规模的沼气工程。并在其应用示范工程上完成了运行试验和技术经济评价，结果表明，该系统池容平均产气率为0.80 m³/(m³·d)，所产沼气的热值为25.40 MJ/m³，处理后的猪粪污水COD浓度由36500 mg/L降至6500 mg/L，去除率达82.2%，悬浮物浓度由17000 mg/L降至1900 mg/L，去除率达88.8%；其净现值为183530.5元，静态投资回收期为3.58 a。该技术及其成套设备的技术经济可行性较高，具有商业化前景。     

膜生物反应器处理猪场污水研究

为探讨膜生物反应器(MBR)处理猪场污水的可行性和膜生物反应器的运行、操作条件，为膜生物反应器在处理猪场污水中的应用提供必要的基础参数，该文采用U型中空纤维膜和L式中空纤维膜生物反应器，对不同的化学需氧量(COD)及氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)进水浓度、溶解氧水平(DO)、污泥龄(SRT)进行了4种工况试验研究。结果表明，MBR作为猪场污水处理好氧段是可行的，当进水COD平均浓度为1860 mg/L，U型、L式膜平均去除率分别为84.10％，81.20％；NH⁺₄-N进水平均浓度为511 mg/L，U型、L式膜平均去除率分别为93.81％，93.61％。     

“零排放”复合生物净化模式用于循环水养鲍系统的试验研究

采用水生植物滤池(UB和PUB)和固定膜生物滤池（SB）的复合净化模式，对鲍鱼养殖水体和系统排放水体进行净化，实现了循环水养鲍系统的清洁生产。试验结果表明，植物滤池UB对养殖水体中总氨氮(TAN)具有很高的吸收效率，从而降低了SB的硝化负荷，大大减少了TAN、NO^－₂-N、NO^－₃-N和COD的积累，在整个试验过程中，养殖水体中TAN、NO^－₂-N、NO^－₃-N和COD的浓度分别低于0.19、0.01、1.75和1.20 mg/L。由于UB滤池的吸收作用和SB的硝化作用，养殖水体中PO^3-₄的浓度一直保持在0.30 mg/L以下。另外，这种复合净化模式具有调节水体pH值的作用，在试验期间，养殖水体中的pH值一直保持在8.11～8.14的良好水质范围，对鲍鱼的养殖十分有利。系统排放水经另一植物滤池PUB吸收净化后，PO^3-₄浓度降至0.22 mg/L 以下，NO^-₃-N的浓度甚至降至0.10 mg/L以下。本文还建立了养殖循环水体中无机氮的循环模型，用于对养殖水体中TAN、NO^－₂-N和NO^－₃-N的预测和控制。     

第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤中营养元素的淋失

A red soil derived from Quaternary red clay was employed to study nutrient leaching with soil columns repacked in laboratory. The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching patterns and magnitudes of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^-. The treatments were CK (as a control), CaCO₃, CaSO₄, MgCO₃, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, urea, KCl, and multiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers). The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a period of 92 days. Leaching processes of NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- were only measured in CK, urea, and multiple treatments which were directly related to N leaching. Results showed that sole application of CaSO₄, and Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ scarcely had any effect on the leaching losses of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺; the application of MgCO₃ stimulated the leaching of Mg²⁺; the application of CaCO₃ promoted the leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺; urea treatment also promoted the leaching of K⁺ and NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- leaching mainly occurred at late stage of leaching process in particular; under KCl treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ was promoted to a large extent; under multiple treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- was all increased and NO₃^- was mainly leached at the end of leaching process and still had a trend of increase.     

耕作措施对温带半干旱地区土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)通量的影响

通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同耕作措施试验, 利用CO₂分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对双序列轮作次序下春小麦地、豌豆地生育期内CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量进行了测定。试验结果表明: 4种耕作措施下春小麦地和豌豆地在生育期内均表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄汇的功能。传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田下, 春小麦生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.203 6、0.221 2、0.241 8、0.224 9, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.041 6、-0.078 0、-0.081 8、-0.053 7, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.089 1、0.069 2、0.046 1、0.065 6; 豌豆生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.273 6、0.261 6、0.218 1、0.236 0, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.055 0、-0.073 7、-0.066 2、-0.054 5, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.123 4、0.084 7、0.080 6、0.035 0。少免耕及小麦秸秆覆盖有利于减少土壤CO₂排放通量, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖及传统耕作结合秸秆还田均能不同程度地增加CH₄吸收通量、减少N₂O排放通量。综合来看, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田3种保护性耕作措施有助于减少土壤温室气体的排放量。春小麦地CO₂通量随着土壤温度、土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大; CH₄吸收通量随着土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大, 而随着土壤温度的逐渐升高而减小。豌豆地CO₂通量的变化与土壤含水量存在极显著正相关关系; 而春小麦地N₂O通量则与平均土壤温度呈显著正相关, 豌豆地则为极显著正相关。     

农林复合措施保土保肥试验分析

在安徽省开展了4组农林复合间作试验.结果表明,等高种植和棉花可明显降低径流中氮、磷的流失,其中等高种植山芋的径流中全氮、全磷分别为10.481mg/L和0.122mg/L,顺坡种植山芋的径流中全氮、全磷则分别为43.112mg/L和0.285mg/L;等高种植棉花的径流中全氮、全磷分别为3.779mg/L和0.109mg/L,顺坡种植棉花的径流中全氮全磷则分别为38.980mg/L和0.288mg/L.沟渠拦截了径流和泥沙,也拦截了水土携带的氮、磷,观察期间,沟渠拦截1号至4号地块径流中氮素总量分别为575.09,631.18,199.45,710.05 mg,磷素总量分别为54.54,21.42,23.24,30.13 mg;沟渠拦截1号至4号地块流失泥沙中氮素总量分别为3.00,2.95,1.07,3.35 g,磷素总量分别为0.80,0.67,0.21,0.69 g.山芋-杨树-棉花-杨树复合间作明显降低了农田水土和氮、磷流失量,观察期间,山芋-杨树-棉花-杨树复合间作的径流量和流失泥沙盆分别为2 623 cm3/m2和17.31 g/m2,而单一山芋种植下为3 138 cm3/m2和19.76 g/m2,单一棉花种植下为2 658 cm3 /m2和17.87 g/m;山芋和棉花单位面积产生径流中氮磷平均值分别为17.88 mg/m2和0.25 mg/m2,泥沙中氮磷平均值分别为21.30 mg/m2和5.24 mg/m2,而山芋-杨树-棉花-杨树复合间作的对应径流和泥沙中氮磷值分别为14.23,0.22,20.08,4.85 mg/m2.农林复合生产与沟渠拦截对保土保肥和防控农业面源污染,具有重要的作用.     

地膜覆盖的玉米地的土壤空气状况

The effects of plastic mulching on soil aeration at the soil depth of 0-100 cm were studied in a corn field. The results indicated that the CO₂ concentration of unmulched soil in the 0-100 cm layer ranged from 0.001 to 0.016 m³/m^3, and that of mulched soil 0.002 to 0.018m³/m³, about 32.39% higher than the former on the average. Such a CO₂ concentration in the soil air is still suitable for crop growth. The O₂ concentration was inversely correlated with CO₂ concentration in the soil air (unmulching r=-0.92^**, mulching r=-0.79^*). O₂ concentration ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 m³/m³ in the mulched soil and 0.13 to 0.18 m³/m³ in the unmulched soil. By contrast, N₂ concentration in soil air remained relatively steady, with no difference between the two treatments. The relationship between the soil respiratory intensity and the depth of a soil layer appeared to be a power function. At the layer of 0-20 cm, the soil respiration intensity in the mulched soil was obviously higher than that in the unmulched. Plastic mulching could also affect soil structure. In comparison with the unmulched soil, the content of >0.25 mm aggregate and 0.05-0.001 mm microaggregate in the mulched soil was reduced by 82.1% and 35.8%, respectively; the soil total porosity, gaseous phase rate and aeration porosity in the depth of 10-20 cm were reduced by 2.85%, 19.89% and 26.54% respectively, but contrary at the depth of 0-10 cm.     

SE—Structures and Environment: Diurnal Variation in Ammonia,Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour Emission from an Uninsulated,Deep Litter Building for Growing/Finishing Pigs

In an uninsulated livestock building with natural ventilation, the air temperature and airflow show a large variation according to the daily variations in weather and season. The objective of this investigation was to determine the diurnal variation in the emission of NH₃, CO₂ and moisture from an uninsulated building with a deep litter system for growing/finishing pigs and to investigate the influence of air temperature and airflow rate on the NH₃ emission. The investigations were carried out in an uninsulated experimental building with 125 growing/finishing pigs in deep litter pens. The building was 12 m wide and 20 m long (240 m²), naturally ventilated but also equipped with exhaust fans. The NH₃ concentration, the CO₂ concentration, the outside and inside air temperature, the outside and inside relative humidity and the animal activity were measured continuously during 6 days at a constant airflow rate of 146 m³ m⁻² h⁻¹. During six nights the effect of airflow rate on the NH₃ emission was investigated by changing the airflow rate in steps from 26 to 165 m³ m⁻² h⁻¹. The measurements were carried out between day 16 and day 46 from the beginning of the growing period. The NH₃ emission from an uninsulated, deep litter building for growing/finishing pigs showed a clear diurnal variation. During the 6 days with constant airflow rate the emission varied from 6 to 247% of the mean, with the minimum around 6.00 a.m. and the maximum around 5.00 p.m. The daily mean of NH₃ emission increased from 0·23 to 0·65 gh⁻ per pig (day 16–day 43). The diurnal variation of NH₃ emission was correlated to the inside air temperature (correlation coefficient r_s=0·86–0·91) and the animal activity (r_s=0·69–0·83). The increase of NH₃ emission with the air temperature followed an exponential pattern. The relative NH₃ emission flux increased from 0·2 to 2·0 between the air temperatures −2 to 14°C inside the building. An increase in airflow rate through the building from 26 to 165 m³ m⁻²h⁻¹ increased the relative NH₃ emission flux from 0·4 to 1·4. The CO₂ emission during the 6 days at constant airflow rate had a daily mean between 81 and 120 gh⁻¹ per pig with a diurnal variation from 61 to 249% of the mean. The CO₂ emission was correlated to the inside air temperature (r_s=0·42–0·83) and animal activity (r_s=0·67–0·85). The daily mean of water vapour emission increased during the same days between 146 and 408 gh⁻¹ per pig and varied from 18 to 269% of the mean. The water vapour emission was correlated to the inside air temperature (r_s=0·53–0·97), animal activity (r_s=0·57–0·85) and the water absorption capacity of the inlet air (r_s=0·27–0·94). The diurnal variations in NH₃, CO₂ and water vapour emission were correlated to each other.     

Relation between sulphur concentrations in the Scots pine needles and the air in northernmost Europe

The SO₂ emissions from the Kola Peninsula in Arctic Russia (totalling around 600 Gg(SO₂) yr^–1 at the beginning of the 1990s) produce an atmospheric SO₂ concentration gradient to the northernmost Europe. This gradient covers the range from >50 g m^–3 in the vicinity of the sources to 1 g m^–3 in Finnish Lapland. In the present study, the measured sulphur concentrations in Scots pine needles were compared with the estimated distribution of atmospheric SO₂. The total sulphur concentrations in the needles ranged from 741 to 2017 mg kg^–1. Strongly elevated concentrations (> 1200 mg kg^–1) were found within 40 km from the smelters corresponding to an area where the annual mean atmospheric SO₂ concentration exceeded 10 g m^–3. The foliar sulphur concentrations (total, organic and inorganic) show a high correlation with the estimated mean SO₂ concentration distribution in the air. Consequently the foliar sulphur concentrations reflected the atmospheric sulphur load well. The data presented here show that uptake via stomata is an important deposition pathway also in the arctic conditions with a short growing season.     

Fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide from soil under forest, grazing land, irrigated rice and rainfed field crops in a watershed of Nepal

Field evolution of CH₄ and CO₂ from soils under four dominant land uses in the Mardi watershed, western Nepal, were monitored at 15-day intervals for 1 year using closed chamber techniques. The CH₄ oxidation rate (mean±SE, g CH₄ m^–2 h^–1) in the forest (22.8±6) was significantly higher than under grazing land (14±2) and an upland rainfed maize and millet system (Bari) (2.6±0.9). Irrigated rice fields (Khet) showed an oxidation rate of 6±0.8 g CH₄ m^–2 h^–1 in the dry season (December–May) but emitted a mean rate of 131 g CH₄ m^–2 h^–1 in the rainy season and autumn (June–October). The evolution of CO₂ ranged from 10 mg CO₂ m^–2 h^–1 in the Bari in January to 1,610 mg CO₂ m^–2 h^–1 in the forest in July. Higher evolution of CO₂ (mean±SE, mg CO₂ m^–2 h^–1) was observed in the Bari (399±39) and forest (357±36) compared to Khet (246±25) and grazing (206±20) lands. The annual emission of CO₂ evolution varied from 86.6 to 1,836 g CO₂ m^–2 year^–1. The activation energy for CH₄ and CO₂ varied between 16–283 and 80–117 kJ mol^–1, respectively. The estimated temperature coefficient for CO₂ emission varied from 2.5 to 5.0. Temperature explained 46–51% of the variation in CO₂ evolution, whereas it explained only 4–36% of the variation in CH₄ evolution.     

N2O emissions from different cropping systems and from aerated,nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of a municipal waste water treatment plant

Nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate, water-soluble carbon and biological O₂ demand (BOD₅) were quantified in different cropping systems fertilized with varying amounts of nitrogen (clayey loam, October 1991 to May 1992), in an aerated tank (March 1993 to March 1994), and in the nitrification-denitrification unit (March to July 1994) of a municipal waste water treatment plant. In addition, the N₂O present in the soil body at different depths was determined (February to July 1994). N₂O was emitted by all cropping systems (mean releases 0.13–0.35 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1), and all the units of the domestic waste water treatment plant (aerated tank 0–6.2 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1, nitrification tank 0–204,3 mg N₂O m^-2, h^-1, denitrifying unit 0–2.2 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1). During the N₂O-sampling periods estimated amounts of 0.9, 1.5, 2.4 and 1.4 kg N₂O–N ha^-1, respectively, were released by the cropping systems. The aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of the municipal waste water treatment plant released mean amounts of 9.1, 71.6 and 1.8 g N₂O–N m^-2, respectively, during the sampling periods.The N₂O emission were significantly positively correlated with nitrate concentrations in the field plots which received no N fertilizer and with the nitrogen content of the aerated sludge tank that received almost exclusively N in the form of NH ₄ ⁺ . Available carbon, in contrast, was significantly negatively correlated with the N₂O emitted in the soil fertilized with 80 kg N ha^-1 year. The significant negative correlation between the emitted N₂O and the carbon to nitrate ratio indicates that the lower the carbon to nitrate ratio the higher the amount of N₂O released. Increasing N₂O emissions seem to occur at electron donorto-acceptor ratios (C_H2_O or BOD₅-to-nitrate ratios) below 50 in the cropping systems and below 1200–1400 in the waste water treatment plant. The trapped N₂O in the soil body down to a depth of 90 cm demonstrates that agricultural production systems seem to contain a considerable pool of N₂O which may be reduced to N₂ on its way to the atmosphere, which may be transported to other environments or which may be released at sometime in the future.Dedicated to Professor J.C.G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Eight years of carbon dioxide exchange above a mixed forest at Borden, Ontario

This paper summarizes results from 8 years (1996–2003) of eddy covariance-based ecosystem CO₂ exchange measurements at the Borden Forest Research Station (44°19′N, 79°56′W). The site represents a mid-latitude, 100-year-old, mixed deciduous and coniferous forest dominated by red maple, aspen and white pine. The years 1996 and 1997 were relatively cold, had a late spring and received below average photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). This contrasts with an early spring, warmer soil and air temperatures during 1998–1999, and with distinctly wet year of 2000 and dry years of 2001–2003. The combination of early spring, warmer air and soil temperature and relatively high level of PPFD was associated with higher net ecosystem productivity (NEP) that peaked during 1999. Photosynthetic capacity was reduced and NEP showed a mid-growing season depression during the dry years of 2001–2003. Annual average ecosystem respiration (R) determined from a light response model was 30% less than R derived from a logistic respiration equation, relating night time CO₂ flux and soil temperature. However these independently determined R values were well correlated indicating that the site is unaffected by fetch and spatial heterogeneity problems. Based on the combined 8 years of growing season daytime data, an air temperature of 20–25 °C and a vapor pressure deficit (VPD) of 1.3 kPa were found to be the optimal conditions for CO₂ uptake by the canopy. Over the 1996–2003 period, the forest sequestered carbon at an average rate of 140 ± 111 gC m⁻² y⁻¹. The corresponding gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) and R over this period were 1116 ± 93 gC m⁻² y⁻¹ and 976 ± 68 gC m⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. The annual carbon sequestration ranged from 19 gC m⁻² in 1996 to 281 gC m⁻² in 1999. However, these estimates were sensitive to frictional velocity threshold () used for screening data associated with poor turbulent mixing at night. Increasing from 0.2 m s⁻¹ (based on the inflection point in the nighttime CO₂ flux vs. u_* relationship) to 0.35 m s⁻¹ (determined using a selection algorithm based on change-point detection) modified the 8-year mean NEP estimate from 140 ± 111 gC m⁻² y⁻¹ to 65 ± 120 gC m⁻² y⁻¹. Both approaches show that the Borden forest was a low to moderate sink of carbon over the 8-year period.     

Effect of aeration on generation and emission of hydrogen sulfide in wet wells of lifting stations

The aeration of waste water in wet wells of lifting stations was studied to control the generation and emission of hydrogen suulfide in waste water. The aeration unit comprises of a compressor, aeration pipe and a ceramic fine air bubble type diffuser. The capacity of compressor was to introduce 140 m³ h^?1 air at 147 kPa pressure in waste water. The operation of aeration system was interlocked with the operation of the screws/pumps, when the screws/pumps were shut off the compressor started working. During the project the interlock between compressor and screw/pump was removed and the operation of compressor was controlled manually. Five lifting stations were selected for the study. Three were Screw Conveyor type lifting stations while the other two were equipped with centrifugal pumps. The average daily flow of waste water in the selected lifting stations varied from 371 m³ to 18 436 m³. It was experienced that the operation of the aeration system does not dissolve sufficient oxygen to control generation of H₂S, on the other hand it increases the emission of malodorous hydrogen sulfide which reduces the concentrations of sulfides in dissolved form in the waste water. Thus it increases the nuisance of malodour emission in the wet wells and affects the areas in the vicinity of lifting stations. A theoretical assessment to evaluate the efficiency of aeration system for controlling generation of Fresh H₂S and in oxidizing the H₂S already generated in the waste water in the wet wells of lifting stations is also presented.     

Denitrification in grass swards is increased under elevated atmospheric CO2

Emissions of N₂O and N₂ were measured from Lolium perenne L. swards under ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (60 Pa) atmospheric CO₂ at the Swiss free air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment following application of 11.2 g N m⁻² as ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ or ¹⁴NH₄¹⁵NO₃ (1 at.% excess ¹⁵N). Total denitrification (N₂O+N₂) was increased under elevated pCO₂ with emissions of 6.2 and 19.5 mg ¹⁵N m⁻² measured over 22 d from ambient and elevated pCO₂ swards, respectively, supporting the hypothesis that increased belowground C allocation under elevated pCO₂ provides the energy for denitrification. Nitrification was the predominant N₂O producing process under ambient pCO₂ whereas denitrification was predominant under elevated pCO₂. The N₂-to-N₂O ratio was often higher under elevated pCO₂ suggesting that previous estimates of gaseous N losses based only on N₂O emissions have greatly underestimated the loss of N by denitrification.     

二氧化氯对苹果表面和鲜榨苹果汁中酿酒酵母1450的杀灭效果

利用二氧化氯(ClO₂)对水、苹果汁中和苹果表面的酿酒酵母1450(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)进行杀菌处理。结果表明：6、12 mg/L的ClO₂处理15 min使水中酵母分别减少(5.81±0.12)和(6.20±0.05)lg cfu/mL；100 mg/L的ClO₂对苹果汁中酵母的杀菌作用不明显，200 mg/L的ClO₂处理1 h可将果汁中(3.79±0.04)lg cfu/mL的酵母完全杀死，使果汁中(6.48±0.03)lg cfu/mL的酵母减少(3.67±0.05)lg cfu/mL，300 mg/L的ClO₂可将苹果汁中(6.52±0.06)lg cfu/mL的酵母完全杀死；10、20、30和40 mg/L的ClO₂处理1 h使苹果表面接种量为(4.95±0.02)lg cfu/mL的酵母数分别减少(3.41±0.02)、(3.64±0.08)、(3.80±0.04)、(4.47±0.09)lg cfu/mL，50 mg/L的ClO₂处理1 h，可将接种于苹果表面的酵母全部杀死，接种量进一步增加，ClO₂对苹果表面酵母的杀灭效果将会减弱；ClO₂处理对苹果汁的理化指标影响较小。