典型耕作土壤团聚体力稳性的区域分异特点及其影响因素

土壤团聚体力稳性直接影响根系生长和农业耕作等过程。为探究不同类型土壤团聚体力稳性的区域分异规律，自北向南选取典型农业种植区耕作土壤（黑土、褐土、红壤和砖红壤），通过抗压试验测定不同粒径团聚体（1～2、3～5、>5～8、>8～10 mm）的抗张强度、破碎能量和易碎性指数，分析其与土壤理化性质和气候因子间关系。结果表明：抗张强度和破碎能量自北向南逐渐减小，并随团聚体粒径增大而减小，但具体变化特征因土壤类型而异。易碎性指数自北向南先增大后减小，其中红壤最大（0.87），黑土最小（0.47）；相比温带地区黑土和褐土，亚热带和热带的红壤和砖红壤易碎性指数的粒径分异更为明显，表现为其小粒径团聚体易碎性指数（1.10和0.76）显著高于大粒径团聚体（0.65和0.58）。抗张强度和破碎能量与蛭石呈极显著正相关关系（r=0.73和0.70，P<0.01），与年均降水量呈极显著负相关关系（r=-0.72和-0.72，P<0.01）；易碎性指数与年均降水量呈极显著正相关关系（r=0.66，P<0.01），与蛭石、碳氮比、非晶形氧化锰呈极显著负相关关系（r=-0.75～-0.66，P<0.01），表明在区域尺度上气候因子通过黏土矿物控制团聚体力稳性的空间分异。研究结果为不同区域农业土壤质量的评估与改良提供了理论依据。     

水保措施对红壤旱地团聚体及其特性的影响

研究了水土保持措施对红壤荒坡旱地土壤机械组成、团聚体及其特性的影响,分析了水稳团聚体及其特性与土壤侵蚀量、地表径流和花生产量的相关关系。结果表明:(1)水土流失主要引起红壤旱地粘粒部分流失,水保措施能减少12.67~24.40%的粘粒流失;(2)与CK相比,水保措施1 mm风干团聚体和0.5 mm水稳团聚体含量增加,团聚体分形维数(CFD)、稳定性指数(ASI)和平均重量直径(MWD)均显著升高,升高的幅度分别为0.38~0.76%、1.44~2.88%、15.50~18.75%;(3)土壤侵蚀量和地表径流与2 mm、1~2 mm粒级的水稳团聚体呈极显著负相关(p0.1),与0.25~0.5 mm粒级的水稳团聚体呈极显著正相关(p0.1),花生产量与0.5~1 mm和0.053 mm粒径的水稳团聚体显著负相关(p0.5)。基于此,研究红壤旱地土壤团聚体及其特性可以指导红壤旱地水土保持研究工作。     

土地利用方式对土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳的影响

对福建省建瓯市山地红壤的农业用地(坡耕地、茶园、桔园)、林地(杉木、木荷、封育)不同土层(0-10,10-20 cm)土壤团聚体有机碳含量与贮量进行研究.结果表明:林地开垦作为农地后,>2 mm土壤大团聚体的数量明显下降,<0.25 mm团聚体含量显著上升.不同土地利用方式的土壤大团聚体呈现粒径越大,团聚体有机碳含量越高的趋势,林地不同粒径团聚体有机碳含量都显著高于农业用地.林地随着团聚体粒径增大,土壤碳贮量增加;而农地正好相反,随着团聚体粒径增大,土壤碳贮量反而下降.土壤总有机碳增加主要受到大团聚体有机碳增加的影响,其中>2 mm和0.5～2 mm粒径土壤团聚体对土壤总有机碳贡献最为突出.因此亚热带山地红壤内林地开垦为农业用地会导致富含碳的土壤大团聚体有机碳含量大幅度下降,团聚体的稳定性也随之下降.     

桂西北喀斯特地区典型土壤在不同筛分强度下团聚体的稳定性

采用AS 200筛分仪分析了不同有机碳含量下3种喀斯特典型土壤(红壤、棕色石灰土、黑色石灰土)的团聚体颗粒在不同筛分强度(1.5,2和2.5mm振幅)的分级特征。结果显示,3种土壤平均重量直径(MWD)从大到小为:黑色石灰土棕色石灰土红壤(p0.05)。随筛分强度由小到大,棕色石灰土和黑色石灰土的团聚体颗粒分级变化较小,红壤团聚体颗粒分级由大颗粒(8,8~5,5~2mm)团聚体为主逐渐变为中间粒径颗粒(5~2,2~1mm)。红壤团聚体结构最易被筛分过程破坏,其次是棕色石灰土,最后是黑色石灰土。研究表明石灰土团聚体机械稳定性强于红壤,且筛分强度直接影响团聚体分级结果。从团聚体聚合角度来看,喀斯特石灰土土壤稳定性较强。     

浙西3类石灰岩发育土壤有机碳和团聚体稳定性的研究

选择浙西地区黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土和红色石灰土等3类石灰岩土壤,通过物理和化学性状的鉴定,研究了它们的有机碳组成和团聚体稳定性,并与当地质地同为黏土的典型红壤进行了比较。结果表明,石灰岩发育的这些土壤因同时含有较高的黏粒(350~450 g kg~(-1))、游离氧化铁(27.46~51.26 g kg~(-1))、交换性钙(8.55~25.77 cmol(+)kg~(-1)),其水稳定性团聚体(特别是大粒径水稳定性团聚体)数量和水稳定性团聚体平均重量直径明显高于红壤。由黑色石灰土至棕色石灰土到红色石灰土,随着土壤脱钙与风化程度的增强,矿物类型由伊利石、蛭石、蒙脱石的组合向高岭石、伊利石、蛭石的组合转变,碳酸钙、交换性钙、p H和阳离子交换量降低,土壤水稳定性团聚体数量趋向下降。同时,石灰岩发育土壤因风化较弱,p H较高,并含有高量的交换性钙和阳离子交换量,有利于有机胶体与无机胶体发生作用,土壤有机碳稳定性较高。水提取态有机碳占全有机碳的比例及易氧化态有机碳占全有机碳的比例均是黑色石灰土棕色石灰土红色石灰土红壤,而稳定性有机碳的比例及H/F比为黑色石灰土棕色石灰土红色石灰土红壤。模拟试验表明,由自然风化和施肥等引起的土壤酸化可引起石灰岩发育土壤水稳定性团聚体数量的下降,但酸化对红壤团聚体稳定性的影响较小。研究证实,石灰岩土壤因含有丰富的无机胶体和交换性钙,有利于有机碳的积累和水稳定性团聚体的形成,但土壤酸化可明显降低石灰岩土壤水稳定性团聚体的数量。     

红壤不同粒径团聚体对草甘膦农药降解动力学的影响

草甘膦农药的大量喷施,使其在环境特别是土壤中的残留-累积风险日益突出,从团聚体粒径角度研究红壤不同粒径团聚体中草甘膦的降解动力学及其相互作用特征仍鲜有报道。基于此,本研究通过干筛筛分、室内控制培养、液质联用定量分析相结合等探究草甘膦降解残留,并进一步分析团聚体理化性质与草甘膦降解的关系。结果表明:1)不同粒径团聚体中,草甘膦残留量随降解时间不断减小,且粒径之间降解动力学差异不显著。降解半衰期为15.8～20.6 d,粒径最小的团聚体(0.25 mm)中草甘膦的降解半衰期最长,为20.6 d。草甘膦在土壤中的主要降解产物氨甲基磷酸(AMPA)的含量随着降解时间的增加而增加,且在第5d达到峰值,而后不断减小;不同粒径团聚体间AMPA含量差异显著(P0.05)。2)相关分析及主成分分析发现,草甘膦残留量与红壤团聚体中速效磷含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),而其降解产物AMPA含量与团聚体中酸性磷酸酶活性及N-乙酰氨基-β-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著正相关(P0.05)。团聚体粒径与草甘膦残留量间没有显著相关性,但与AMPA含量显著正相关(P0.05)。此外,草甘膦降解过程中,团聚体中有机质含量及β-葡萄糖苷酶、N-乙酰氨基-β-葡萄糖苷酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与团聚体粒径为显著负相关关系(P0.05)。由此表明:红壤不同粒径团聚体影响草甘膦降解速率,粒径最小的团聚体(0.25 mm)中草甘膦农药的降解速率最慢,但试验结束时,各粒径红壤团聚体中的草甘膦和AMPA含量均较高,可能会影响土壤健康及生态环境安全;此外,草甘膦降解与土壤磷素密切相关,后续研究需探讨磷亏缺或丰盈条件下,草甘膦农药的土壤环境特征,为后续农田草甘膦环境风险评估提供依据。     

不同林地类型土壤团聚体稳定性与铁铝氧化物的关系

[目的]探究浙江省凤阳山保护区内土壤铁铝氧化物对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响机理,为该区恢复与保护土壤资源提供理论依据。[方法]以浙江省凤阳山保护区内黄棕壤地带4种林分类型(阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、杉木林、竹林)为对象,测定不同土层(0—10cm,10—20cm,20—30cm)水稳定性团聚体粒径分布以及不同形态的铁铝氧化物含量,分析各形态铁铝氧化物含量对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。[结果](1)4种林分类型土壤团聚体水稳性大团聚体(0.25mm)含量均在90%以上,水稳定性大团聚体含量和平均质量直径(MWD)均表现为:杉木林针阔混交林阔叶混交林竹林。(2)不同形态铁铝氧化物含量大小整体上表现为:游离态氧化铁Fe_d游离态氧化铝Ald无定形氧化铁Fe_o无定形氧化铝Alo络合态氧化铁Fe_p络合态氧化铝Al_p,各形态的氧化铁含量随土层加深均增加。(3)增强回归树BRT分析结果显示,对土壤团聚体MWD影响最大的是Al_p,贡献率为43.6%;其次是Ald(23.5%)和Fe_d(19.5%);Fe_o(6.9%),Alo(4%)及Fe_p(2.4%)的影响程度较小。[结论]Al_p,Ald和Fe_d能促进土壤团聚体稳定,络合态氧化铝Al_p对土壤团聚体稳定性的促进作用大于游离态铁铝氧化物Ald和Fe_d。     

不同耕作措施下旱作农田土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特征

以连续进行12年的保护性耕作长期定位试验为研究对象,探索了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田豌豆-小麦双序列轮作系统的土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特征的影响。结果表明:各处理均以≥0.25 mm团聚体为优势团聚体,且≥0.25 mm团聚体含量随土层深度增加而增加,而其他粒径团聚体含量随土层深度的变化并无明显规律。较之T处理,TS、NT、NTS处理均可提升≥0.25 mm团聚体含量和平均重量直径,NTS处理提升效果最明显。TS、NT、NTS处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于T处理,其中TS、NTS处理显著高于T处理,NTS处理高于TS处理;各处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均随土层增加而减小。较之T处理,NT、TS、NTS处理可不同程度提高各粒径团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,NTS处理的含量最高;各粒径团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量均随土层深度增加而减小;同时,团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量随粒径减小而增加。2~5 mm和0.25~2 mm和≥5 mm团聚体含量与相应粒径团聚体有机碳含量呈极显著正相关、极显著正相关和极显著负相关;0.25~2 mm和≥5 mm团聚体含量与相应级别团聚体全氮含量分别呈极显著正相关和显著负相关。T处理不同粒径团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率按其大小排序均为(0.25 mm)(≥5 mm)(0.25~2 mm)(2~5 mm),其他3种耕作措施各粒径团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率在各土层中的排序各有不同,并无明显规律。     

侵蚀红壤腐殖酸组分特点及其对水稳性团聚体的影响

在华中地区采集不同侵蚀程度(轻度、中度、严重)的红壤,利用干湿筛法获得不同粒径的水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)。通过测定不同粒径水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的腐殖酸组分(胡敏酸和富里酸)碳量,以及向不同侵蚀程度的各粒径团聚体(0.25 mm)中添加不同浓度(0.06、0.6 g L-1)的胡敏酸,分析侵蚀红壤腐殖酸组分特点及其对水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明:随着侵蚀程度的增加,供试红壤和水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的腐殖酸组分含量减少;轻度和中度侵蚀红壤中,大粒径(4和2~4 mm)水稳性团聚体的胡敏酸碳量较小粒径(1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm)的高;同种侵蚀程度下,除严重侵蚀红壤中2~4 mm团聚体的富里酸碳量与1~2 mm团聚体中的有显著差异外,不同粒径团聚体中富里酸碳量差别不大。3种侵蚀程度红壤的胡富比总体上小于1,其中中度侵蚀红壤和各粒径水稳性团聚体的胡富比均大于其他两种侵蚀程度的。腐殖酸组分与水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)含量呈极显著正相关,与胡敏酸碳量的相关系数最大(r=0.85**,n=19)。添加不同浓度(0.06和0.6 g L-1)胡敏酸后,3种侵蚀程度红壤各粒径水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的含量均增加,且小粒径团聚体(1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm)的增加量要高于大团聚体(2~4、4 mm)的。     

不同侵蚀程度下地带性土壤的结构及渗透性能分析

为探讨侵蚀退化过程中地带性土壤结构的变化规律,选取湖北省不同侵蚀程度(微度、轻度、强度、剧烈)的3种典型地带性土壤(黄褐土、黄棕壤、红壤),比较分析了土壤结构稳定性和土壤渗透特性差异。结果表明:随侵蚀程度增加,3种地带性土壤团聚体水稳性逐渐降低,容重增加,饱和导水率呈现不同程度的下降,机械稳定性变化存在差异;在侵蚀程度相同时,3种地带性土壤团聚体机械稳定性、水稳性和饱和土壤导水率的高低顺序均为红壤黄棕壤黄褐土。相关分析表明,土壤团聚体机械稳定性和水稳性与游离氧化铝呈极显著正相关关系(相关系数=0.77和0.81,P0.01),与游离氧化铁呈显著正相关关系(相关系数=0.73和0.76,P0.05),说明游离态铁铝氧化物是影响土壤结构稳定性并形成地带性差异的关键因素,饱和导水率与团聚体水稳性指标和非毛管孔隙度、容重呈显著相关关系(P0.05),其中与水稳性团聚体分形维数达到极显著水平(相关系数=0.76,P0.01),表明水稳性团聚体分形维数可以作为预测和表征饱和导水率的指标。     

Aggregate Stability and Its Relationship with Some ChemicalProperties of Red Soils in Subtropical China

The stability of aggregates in the surface soil is crucial to soil erosion and runoff generation. Thus, to understand the stability and the breakdown mechanisms of soil aggregates as well as the relationship between aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties, such as different forms of Fe and A1 oxides, organic matter, CEC and clay content, the aggregates of slightly and severely eroded red soils derived from Quaternary red clay in subtropical China were analyzed using the routine wet sieving and the Le Bissonnais methods. The results indicated that the aggregates of the severely eroded soils were more stable than those of the slightly eroded soils. Different aggregate breakdown mechanisms resulted in different particle size distribution. The slaking from entrapped air in aggregates severely destroyed the soil aggregates,especially in the slightly eroded soils. Meanwhile, mechanical breakdown and microcracking had little effect on the aggregates compared to slaking. The fragments resulting from slaking were mainly microaggregates that increased in size with increasing clay content. The main fragment size of the slightly eroded soils was 1.0-0.2 mm, while for the severely eroded soils it was 5.0-2.0 mm and 1.0-0.5 mm. Overall, more than 20% of the fragments were smaller than 0.2 mm.In addition, aggregate stability was positively and often significantly correlated with Fed, Ald, Feo and clay content, but significantly and negatively correlated to SOC.     

Effect of sodicity and salinity on disaggregation and tensile strength of an Alfisol under different cropping systems

The influence of electrolyte concentration (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the tensile strength and aggregate stability via flocculation and dispersion behaviour of an Alfisol varying in organic carbon content due to different cropping systems was assessed using a split-split plot experiment involving eight soils, three levels of EC and seven levels of SAR.

Generally, at a given SAR value, mean weight diameter (MWD) increased with organic matter status of the soil in the following order: virgin pasture>wheat>wheat-fallow. As MWD decreased, the amount of dispersible clay increased at a given SAR indicating that more surfaces exposed due to slaking of aggregates led to more clay dispersion. Statistical analysis of changes in tensile strength with various factors showed that an increase in organic matter decreased the magnitude of changes in strength induced by sodicity because organic matter tends to increase aggregate stability (higher MWD). While individual soils had significant relationships between the tensile strength of the aggregates and the amount of spontaneously dispersible clay, this relationship was poor when the results of all soils were pooled together. The amounts of dispersible clay from dry aggregates were higher than from wet aggregates and dispersive breakdown of the aggregates of sodic soils occured irrespective of the mode of wetting. The most important factor in determining the soil strength was the amount of clay dispersed during wet-sieving analysis followed by MWD.     

土粒表面电场对土壤团聚体破碎及溅蚀的影响

团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是评估土壤抗侵蚀能力的重要指标。土壤团聚体破碎是降雨溅蚀发生的关键一步。土粒表面电场对团聚体稳定性具有重要影响,必然也会深刻影响降雨溅蚀过程。该文以黄土母质发育的黄绵土和塿土为研究对象,采用不同浓度的电解质溶液定量调控土粒表面电场,研究不同电场强度对团聚体破碎及溅蚀的影响。结果发现:1)随电解质浓度的降低,土粒表面电位升高,表面电场增大,黄绵土和塿土团聚体平均重量直径减小,团聚体稳定性降低,降雨溅蚀量增大。2)电解质浓度小于10-2 mol/L,黄绵土和塿土表面电位绝对值分别高于202.0和231.6 mV,此时团聚体稳定性和溅蚀量变化不明显,表明表面电位202.0和231.6 mV分别是影响黄绵土和塿土团聚体稳定性及溅蚀的关键电位。3)随着土粒表面电场的减弱,团聚体破碎后释放的<0.15 mm微团聚体含量减小,>0.25 mm大团聚体含量增加,团聚体倾向于破碎为更大粒级的团聚体。4)电场作用下团聚体的破碎特征对降雨溅蚀具有重要的影响,溅蚀量与团聚体破碎释放的<0.15 mm微团聚体含量呈显著正相关,与>0.25 mm大团聚体含量呈显著负相关。上述结果表明,当降雨进入土壤后,对于干燥的土壤而言,土壤溶液电解质浓度被迅速稀释,土粒表面产生强大的电场,该电场通过影响团聚体破碎程度进而影响降雨溅蚀。该研究有助于加深对降雨溅蚀的科学认识,同时也为土壤团聚体稳定性及降雨溅蚀的人为调控提供了一定的理论依据。     

Soil structure and microbial activity dynamics in 20‐month field‐incubated organic‐amended soils

Soil structure formation is essential to all soil ecosystem functions and services. This study aims to quantify changes in soil structure and microbial activity during and after field incubation and examine the effect of carbon, organic amendment and clay on aggregate characteristics. Five soils dominated by illites, one kaolinitic soil and one smectitic soil were sieved to 2 mm, and each soil was divided into two parts and one part amended with ground rape shoots (7.5 t ha^?1) as an organic amendment. Samples were incubated in the field for 20 months with periodic sampling to measure water‐dispersible clay (WDC) and fluorescein diacetate activity (FDA). After incubation, WDC and FDA were measured on air‐dried 1–2‐mm aggregates. Tensile strength was measured on four aggregate classes (1–2, 1–4, 4–8 and 8–16 mm) and results used to assess soil friability and workability. Intact cores were also sampled to determine compressive strength. During incubation, the amount of WDC depended on soil carbon content while the trends correlated with moisture content. Organic amendment only yielded modest decreases (mean of 14% across all sampling times and soils) in WDC, but it was sufficient to stimulate the microbial community (65–100% increase in FDA). Incubation led to significant macroaggregate formation (>2 mm) for all soils. Friability and strength of newly‐formed aggregates were negatively correlated with clay content and carbon content, respectively. Soil workability was best for the kaolinite‐rich soil and poorest for the smectite‐rich soil; for illitic soils, workability increased with increasing organic carbon content. Organic amendment decreased the compression susceptibility of intact, incubated samples at smaller stress values (<200 kPa).     

雨滴机械打击和消散作用对土壤团聚体的破坏特征

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是描述土壤抵抗侵蚀过程中破坏作用的重要指标。但溅蚀过程中,雨滴对团聚体的消散和机械打击两种破坏作用的相对贡献及其破坏机制尚未明晰。利用酒精和超纯水作为雨滴形成材料,模拟机械打击单独作用及消散和机械打击共同作用,分别在五个高度(0.5、1、1.5、2和2.5 m)对塿土和黄绵土进行溅蚀实验。结果表明:当降雨动能相同时,塿土的溅蚀率均小于黄绵土。同时,超纯水雨滴对土壤的机械打击和消散共同作用所导致的溅蚀率均大于酒精雨滴单一机械打击作用的溅蚀率。随着降雨动能增加,两种雨滴对两种土壤的溅蚀率均呈幂函数增加;团聚体因消散破坏作用和机械打击作用的溅蚀率均亦随之增加。但两种土壤的消散破坏作用和机械打击作用的贡献率分别随着降雨动能增加而减小和增加。在相同降雨动能时,塿土消散破坏作用的贡献率均大于黄绵土,而机械打击作用贡献率均小于黄绵土。研究结果对深入理解溅蚀过程中团聚体破坏机理及评价溅蚀过程中团聚体稳定性具有重要意义。     

Clay Dispersion of Hardsetting Inceptisols in Southeastern Nigeria as Influenced by Soil Components

Abstract

Hardsetting soil properties are undesirable in agricultural soils because they hamper moisture movement and soil aeration. The soils of the floodplain of Niger River in eastern Nigeria hardsets upon drying, following dispersion, puddling, and slaking during the waterlogged period. Ten soil samples collected from a depth of 0–20 cm were analyzed for their properties. The soils are classified as Fluvaquentic Eutropepts or Dystric Gleysol (FAO). The objective was to investigate the influence of some soil properties on water‐dispersible clay (WDC) of the soils, which is the precursor of the hardsetting process. The total clay content (TC) correlated significantly with WDC (r=0.94??), whereas the water‐dispersible silt (WDSi) was higher than its corresponding total silt content. The WDC showed a positive correlation with dithionite extractable Fe (Fed), Al (Ald), and oxalate extractable Fe (Feo) (r=0.75?, 0.89??, and 0.76? respectively). Exchangeable Mg²⁺ correlated significantly with WDSi (r=0.70). Principal component analysis of the soil variables indicates that 15 soil components, which influence WDC as hardsetting properties, were reduced to 5 orthogonal components. The parameters that influence hardsetting properties are exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fed, Alo, and Feo. Other soil properties are kaolinite, smectite, illite, and WDC, including soil organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity (EC), and ESP. Therefore, those soil properties, which explain hardsetting characteristics most, are exchangeable Na⁺, Fed, OC, Mg²⁺, and Alo. There are negative consequences on the erodibility, runoff, infiltration and tillage of the soils at both submerged and dry conditions due to clay dispersion, low OC, and hardsetting behavior of the soil.     

湿润速率和粘粒含量对红壤沟间侵蚀的影响

An aggregate stability test and a simulated rainfall test were conducted on four representative Ultisols from southeastern China. The soils selected, with clay contents ranging between 117 and 580 g kg-1 , were derived from shale and Quaternary red clay. The stability of aggregates (2–5 mm in diameter) obtained from the soil samples were determined by the Le Bissonnais method. For determination of infiltration, runoff, and erosion, the soil samples were packed in 30 cm × 60 cm trays, wetted at rates of 2, 10, and 60 mm h-1 , and then exposed to simulated rainfall at 60 mm h-1 for 1 h. The results indicated that both aggregate stability and slaking caused by fast wetting increased with increasing clay content. The effect of wetting rate (WR) on infiltration and seal formation varied with clay contents. In the soil with low clay content (sandy loam), the infiltration rate was affected slightly by WR due to low aggregate stability and slaking. In the soils with medium clay content (silt clay loam and clay), WR affected infiltration significantly due to the high aggregate slaking force. In the soil with high clay content, the effect of WR on infiltration was significant, but not as evident as in the soils with medium clay content, which may be related to high aggregate stability by wetting partially compensating for slaking force. The effect of WR on soil loss was similar to that of runoff, but more pronounced. The findings from this study indicated that the relationship between wetting rate and clay content should be considered when predicting interrill erosion in Ultisols.     

中国亚热带红壤团聚体稳定性与土壤化学性质的关系

The stability of aggregates in the surface soil is crucial to soil erosion and runoff generation. Thus, to understand the stability and the breakdown mechanisms of soil aggregates as well as the relationship between aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties, such as different forms of Fe and Al oxides, organic matter, CEC and clay content, the aggregates of slightly and severely eroded red soils derived from Quaternary red clay in subtropical China were analyzed using the routine wet sieving and the Le Bissonnais methods. The results indicated that the aggregates of the severely eroded soils were more stable than those of the slightly eroded soils. Different aggregate breakdown mechanisms resulted in different particle size distribution. The slaking from entrapped air in aggregates severely destroyed the soil aggregates, especially in the slightly eroded soils. Meanwhile, mechanical breakdown and microcracking had little effect on the aggregates compared to slaking. The fragments resulting from slaking were mainly microaggregates that increased in size with increasing clay content. The main fragment size of the slightly eroded soils was 1.0-0.2 mm, while for the severely eroded soils it was 5.0-2.0 mm and 1.0-0.5 mm. Overall, more than 20% of the fragments were smaller than 0.2 mm. In addition, aggregate stability was positively and often significantly correlated with Fe_d, Al_d, Fe_o and clay content, but significantly and negatively correlated to SOC.     

Directional strength in aggregates as affected by aggregate volume and by a wet/dry cycle

Reduction of aggregate size in the upper, tilled soil layer as a result of one wet/dry cycle was observed for sandy soil and clay soils. Bulk density of aggregates tended to increase as their size diminished for the clay after the wet/dry cycle, whereas similar changes in bulk density for the loam were observed only for aggregates smaller than 5.6 cm. Slaking and water-drop impact seem to be the major factors in reducing the aggregate size of the sandy loam, while swelling and shrinkage affect clay aggregates of all size groups, but only aggregates smaller than 4.0 mm for the sandy loam. Tensile strength of the sandy loam aggregates was related to the axis along which the stresses were applied. A definite directional dependence of tensile strength was observed, e.g. the shorter the axis, the larger the tensile strength. The directional strength dependence was apparently not affected by one wet/dry cycle.     

生物炭碳固定于稳定性土壤团聚体中：土壤黏土矿物及其它土壤性质的作用

Aggregation and structure play key roles in water-holding capacity and stability of soils.In this study,the incorporation of carbon(C) from switchgrass biochar into stable aggregate size fractions was assessed in an Aridisol(from Colorado,USA) dominated by 2:1 clays and an Alfisol(from Virginia,USA) containing weathered mixed 1:1 and 2:1 mineralogy,to evaluate the effect of biochar addition on soil characteristics.The biochar was applied at 4 levels,0,25,50,and 100 g kg~(-1),to the soils grown with wheat in a growth chamber experiment.The changes in soil strength and water-holding capacity using water release curves were measured.In the Colorado soil,the proportion of soil occurring in large aggregates decreased,with concomitant increases in small size fractions.No changes in aggregate size fractions occurred in the Virginia soil.In the Colorado soil,C content increased from 3.3 to 16.8 g kg~(-1),whereas in the53 μm fraction C content increased from 5.7 to 22.6 g kg~(-1) with 100 g kg~(-1)biochar addition.In the Virginia soil,C content within aggregate size fractions increased for each size fraction,except the2 000 μm fraction.The greatest increase(from 6.2 to 22.0 g kg~(-1)) occurred in the 53–250 μm fraction.The results indicated that C was incorporated into larger aggregates in the Virginia soil,but remained largely unassociated to soil particles in the Colorado soil.Biochar addition had no significant effect on water-holding capacity or strength measurements.Adding biochar to more weathered soils with high native soil organic content may result in greater stabilization of incorporated C and result in less loss because of erosion and transport,compared with the soils dominated by 2:1 clays and low native soil organic content.