牛粪及其蚓粪磷素生物化学特性分析

评估牛粪及其蚓粪磷素生物化学特性,为合理利用牛粪及其蚓粪,提高畜禽粪便磷利用效率提供理论依据。利用扩增子测序技术,研究腐熟牛粪及其蚓粪中磷含量、磷酸酶活性和解磷微生物的差异。与牛粪相比,蚓粪pH、电导率、有效磷含量、全碳含量、全氮含量、碳磷比和氮磷比均显著降低,其中pH降低0.46个单位,电导率、有效磷含量、全碳含量、全氮含量分别降低63.86%、20.99%、28.51%、45.57%,牛粪的碳磷比和氮磷比分别为蚓粪的4.20和5.52倍;但蚓粪全磷含量和碳氮比显著提高,全磷含量提高196.40%,碳氮比为牛粪的1.31倍。蚓粪中碱性磷酸酶活性较牛粪低,而酸性磷酸酶二者间无显著差异。蚓粪的细菌和真菌α-多样性均显著高于牛粪。蚓粪中解磷细菌节细菌属(Arthrobacter)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的相对丰度较牛粪显著降低;相反,其他解磷细菌和大多数解磷真菌丰度较牛粪均呈升高趋势。蚯蚓堆肥对有效磷含量的衰减作用主要取决于牛粪的化学性质和解磷微生物的丰度。     

重金属Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb复合污染对土壤生物活性的影响

通过野外土样采集及室内培养试验(25℃),研究了云南东川铜矿区土壤酶和微生物特征,以及模拟重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明,矿区土壤(距矿口0~800 m)重金属污染严重,Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu全量和有效含量是对照土壤(距矿口10 000 m)的3.7~141.0倍和2.2~773.2倍;距矿口越近,土壤有机质、有效氮、有效磷和速效钾含量及土壤pH亦越低,土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳和氮受到的抑制程度也显著增强。与对照土壤相比,距矿口0~800 m的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性分别降低25.5%~47.3%、22.6%~74.2%、30.9%~83.1%、16.7%~69.1%和34.6%~92.3%;细菌、放线菌和真菌数量分别较对照下降30.5%~80.1%、8.1%~49.9%和3.3%~8.3%。土壤酶中的酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶,土壤微生物中的细菌对重金属污染较为敏感。恒温(25℃)培养试验中,低量的Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染刺激了土壤酶活性和细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物生物量碳和氮的数量,但高量的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染使土壤酶活性、细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物生物量碳和氮均显著下降。重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb之间存在着一定的协同或拮抗作用,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb之间在微生物生物量碳和氮上表现出明显的协同效应,Pb与Cd、Zn、Cu对细菌数量的复合效应机制为拮抗效应,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb对真菌数量和放线菌数量的复合效应机制表现为协同效应和拮抗效应并存。     

蚯蚓粪对豇豆土壤活性有机碳及微生物活性的影响

为探讨施用蚯蚓粪对豇豆土壤活性有机碳与微生物活性的作用效果,通过大田试验,研究CK(对照,不施肥)、CF(单施化肥)、VC(蚯蚓粪)和VC+CF(蚯蚓粪和化肥各提供50%的氮)等处理对豇豆土壤活性有机碳、碳库管理指数(CPMI)、微生物量碳氮及微生物呼吸、代谢熵的影响。结果表明,与CF相比,施用蚯蚓粪处理的活性、中活性和高活性有机碳含量均显著升高。VC+CF的活性有机碳含量与CPMI明显高于其它处理,较CF分别高出30.38%和36.69;同时,微生物量碳、氮含量亦显著高于其它处理。此外,VC+CF还明显增强了土壤微生物呼吸作用,但降低了代谢熵,其中土壤微生物呼吸分别比CK、CF和VC提高64.91%、36.23%和16.05%,而代谢熵分别下降10.85%、9.06%和5.32%。与VC+CF相比,VC对豇豆土壤的影响作用较小。相关性分析表明,土壤不同程度的活性有机碳、CPMI与微生物活性之间呈显著或极显著的相关性,各指标之间具有密切的内在联系。综上所述,蚯蚓粪与化肥配施能明显提高豇豆土壤的活性有机碳含量,且能显著增强土壤微生物活性。该研究为豇豆的合理施肥提供了理论依据。     

蚓粪施用对土壤微生物特征以及酶活性的影响

通过将不同比例的蚓粪(0,5%,10%和20%)施用于菜园土,研究玉米种植期间蚓粪施用对土壤微生物学特征和酶活性的影响。结果显示:随着土壤中蚓粪比例的增加,土壤溶解性碳、碱解氮、速效磷含量明显增加,微生物生物量碳氮的含量显著提高,过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶活性增强(P0.05),其中20%蚓粪处理上述各指标含量和活性均为最高水平。与对照相比,蚓粪处理土壤的呼吸速率明显较高,特别是5%的蚓粪处理(P0.05)。另外,与对照相比,蚓粪处理的微生物生物量碳氮比和代谢熵差异不大(P0.05)。相关分析结果显示:土壤溶解性碳、碱解氮、速效磷与微生物生物量碳氮含量、转化酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性变化呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。多元数据分析结果进一步显示:与对照和5%的蚓粪处理相比,10%和20%蚓粪处理综合生物学特征差异显著,生物学综合质量较高(P0.05)。利用农业有机废弃物生产蚓粪,并选择适宜的蚓粪比例培肥土壤的技术具有一定的应用价值。     

牛粪对杨树人工林土壤生物学性状及其生长的影响

[目的]探讨施用牛粪对杨树人工林土壤生物学性状与生长的作用效果,为土壤培肥制度的建立及杨树人工林的合理施肥提供理论依据。[方法]通过3a大田试验,研究CK(对照,不施肥)、CF(单施化肥)、CM(牛粪)和CM+CF(牛粪和化肥各提供50%的氮)等处理对杨树人工林土壤理化特征、微生物数量、微生物量碳氮、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数(CPMI)及生长的影响。[结果]与CF处理相比,CM+CF处理显著提高了土壤中细菌数、真菌数、微生物总量和微生物量碳、氮含量,其中微生物量碳、氮含量分别较CF处理显著提高42.20%和43.75%;CM+CF处理还能明显提高土壤中碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和交换性Mg含量,并显著降低土壤pH值。同时,CM处理使土壤总有机碳含量达最高值,而CM+CF处理使土壤的低活性、中活性、高活性有机碳含量和CPMI最高,其中CPMI分别较CK,CF和CM处理显著高出52.76,47.16,25.89。此外,CM+CF处理使杨树人工林的材积平均生长率达到45.36%,并显著高于其他处理。与CM+CF处理相比,CM处理对土壤和材积的影响效果较小。[结论]牛粪与化肥配施有助于改善杨树人工林土壤的生物学性状,有利于促进林木生长。     

不同比例蚓粪替代化肥对设施土壤活性碳氮含量的影响

  目的  土壤微生物量碳氮（MBC、MBN）和水溶性有机碳氮（WSOC、WSON）是土壤中活跃的碳氮组分,是衡量土壤碳氮周转与养分有效性的重要指标。探究不同比例蚓粪替代化肥条件下,设施土壤微生物量碳氮、水溶性有机碳氮含量变化特征,旨在为设施土壤合理施肥提升提供科学依据。  方法  依托温室内有机肥替代部分化肥长期定位试验,以黄瓜为供试材料,试验共设6个处理,分别为100%化肥（CF100）、75%化肥（CF75）、25%蚓粪替代化肥（VM25）、50%蚓粪替代化肥（VM50）、100%蚓粪替代化肥（VM100）、不施肥（CK）。  结果  0 ~ 10 cm土层土壤活性碳氮含量略高于10 ~ 20 cm土层,其在生育期内呈先增高后降低的变化趋势。其中VM50处理提升效果最显著,较CF100处理分别提高了66.46%（0 ~ 10 cm土层）、76.02%（10 ~ 20 cm土层）;在黄瓜盛果期各处理土壤WSOC含量相对较高,VM50处理土壤WSOC含量较CF100处理分别提高22.88%（0 ~ 10 cm土层）、18.84%（10 ~ 20 cm土层）;0 ~ 10 cm土层,与CF100相比,生育前期VM25处理对土壤MBN含量提升效果较好,生育后期VM50处理对土壤MBN含量提升效果较好。10 ~ 20 cm土层,在黄瓜初果期各处理土壤WSON含量相对较高,VM50处理土壤WSON含量较CF100处理分别提高50.90%（0 ~ 10 cm土层）、12.55%（10 ~ 20 cm土层）;3种比例蚓粪替代化肥显著提高0 ~ 10 cm土层 MBC、WSOC在总有机碳,MBN、WSON在全氮中的占比,VM25、VM50处理对反映土壤微生物群落的结构信息的土壤MBC/MBN降低效果较好,VM50处理对土壤WSOC/WSON降低效果较好。  结论  在设施栽培条件下,可以通过蚓粪适量施入的措施合理替代化肥,达到给作物持续供应养分的目的,为设施栽培中科学合理施肥提供科学依据。     

紫云英施用量对土壤活性有机碳和碳转化酶活性的影响

利用紫云英还田的定位试验研究不同紫云英施用量下土壤活性有机碳含量和碳转化酶活性的变化。试验包括对照、施用化肥和4个紫云英施用量(30、60、90和120 t·hm~(-2))处理。结果表明:与对照相比,施用化肥和紫云英均能够显著增加土壤活性有机碳(可溶性有机碳、热水提取态有机碳、微生物生物量碳和颗粒有机碳)含量,并且随着紫云英施用量的增加土壤活性有机碳含量显著增加。土壤碳转化酶活性的变化规律与土壤活性有机碳相同,其中施用化肥和紫云英较对照处理分别提高14%和24%~55%的纤维素酶活性、27%和45%~187%的蔗糖酶活性、42%和51%~165%的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、11%和11%~24%的酚氧化酶活性以及16%和16%~27%的过氧化物酶活性。与对照相比,施用化肥对相对酶活性(酶活性与微生物生物量碳的比值)无显著影响;增加紫云英施用量能够显著增加相对蔗糖酶和相对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,降低相对酚氧化酶活性和相对过氧化物酶活性。逐步回归分析表明土壤活性有机碳组分含量主要受纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和酚氧化酶活性的影响。     

有机物料及其用量对生菜生长与Pb含量的影响

为了降低叶菜中重金属Pb的含量,选择有机肥、猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪和花生麸5种有机物料为材料,分别以0.5%、1%、2%、4%4个水平的用量施入重金属污染土壤,通过种植3茬生菜（Lactuca sativa L.）的盆栽试验研究有机物料对重金属污染土壤上生菜生长及其Pb含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,有机物料利于生菜生长,有提高生菜生物量的趋势;大部分有机物料处理没有显著影响生菜地上部分的Pb含量;5种有机物料中,仅牛粪有提高生菜地上部Pb含量的趋势;生菜Pb含量平均值高低的顺序为牛粪〉鸡粪〉花生麸〉有机肥〉猪粪,但不同有机物料之间没有显著差异。与对照相比,大部分处理没有显著影响土壤的DTPA-Pb含量,初步揭示了供试有机物料没有显著影响生菜地上部Pb含量的原因。     

鸡粪和垃圾有机肥对苋菜生长及土壤重金属积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,在红壤和潮土中分别施入土壤重量5%、10%和15%的鸡粪或垃圾有机肥,研究其对苋菜（Amaranthustricoclor L.）生长、土壤化学性状及重金属含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施入鸡粪或垃圾有机肥显著增加苋菜的鲜重、主根长和株高;土壤有机质、EC值、速效磷和速效钾含量均大幅增加,但土壤全氮含量无明显变化。与对照相比,潮土中施用两类有机肥使苋菜植株Cu和Zn含量分别增加26.3%~36.0%和1.2%~20.3%,但未超出国家食品卫生标准对Cu和Zn的允许含量;Cd、Cr和Pb含量都较对照降低,没有出现积累现象。红壤施用两类有机肥,苋菜植株中Zn、Cd和Pb分别下降42.7%~59.9%、0~48.9%和4.1%~71.3%,达到显著水平。有机肥的施入量为5%时,两类土壤中重金属都没有出现明显积累;当施入量为10%和15%时,两类土壤的Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb含量显著增加,出现明显积累趋势,其中除了施用鸡粪使土壤有效Cu含量下降外,两种有机肥均增加了两类土壤中重金属Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb的有效态含量。试验结果提示,从土壤培肥与环境质量安全综合考虑,有机肥的用量应控制在一个适宜范围内。     

不同施肥措施对德州市农田土壤生物学性状的影响

[目的]探讨不同施肥措施对山东省德州市农田土壤生物学性状的作用效果,为农田土壤的培肥与农作物的合理种植提供理论依据。[方法]通过连续3a的大田试验,研究CK(对照,不施肥)、CF(尿素提供100%的氮)、CM(牛粪提供100%的氮)和CM+CF(牛粪和尿素各提供50%的氮)等处理对德州市农田土壤养分、微生物数量、微生物多样性、活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响。[结果]与CF处理相比,CM+CF处理显著提高了农田土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和部分微量元素的有效性,降低了pH值;明显增加了土壤微生物数量与微生物量碳、氮含量,其中细菌数分别较CK,CF和CM处理显著增加91.22%,65.47%和17.11%;同时,CM+CF处理的微生物多样性指数最高,并与微生物总量的变化趋势一致,而CF与CK处理的微生物多样性指数与微生物总量的变化趋势不一致。此外,CM+CF处理的低活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数亦显著高于其他处理,其中碳库管理指数比CK,CF和CM处理高出69.52,67.84,38.61。与CM+CF处理相比,CM处理对农田土壤的影响效果较小。[结论]牛粪与化肥配施能显著改善德州市农田土壤的生物学性状,有利于提升土壤肥力和增强供肥性。     

种还分离玉米秸秆还田对土壤微生物量碳及酶活性的影响

在种还分离模式下采用尼龙网袋法对玉米秸秆还田进行田间原位模拟,比较不同秸秆还田量在不同还田深度下对土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳、纤维素酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。试验设置秸秆还田量0(R0),0.44%(R1),0.88%(R2)和1.32%(R3)4个水平和3个还田深度0—15,15—30,30—45cm交叉处理。结果表明:还田1年时,在0—15cm土层,土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳、纤维素酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性均随秸秆还田量增加而提高,且R3处理提升效果最显著,分别达到30.98%,101.16%,172.72%,5.40%;在15—30cm土层,秸秆还田处理的土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳含量和过氧化氢酶活性高于R0处理,但R1、R2、R3之间无显著性差异,纤维素酶活性随秸秆还田量增加而变大;在30—45cm土层,R2、R3处理的土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳含量和纤维素酶活性显著高于其他处理,各处理的过氧化氢酶活性并无显著差异。还田2年与还田1年相比,各处理的土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳、纤维素酶活性均降低,降低幅度分别为8.59%~35.36%,6.74%~29.16%,6.18%~31.72%,但过氧化氢酶活性呈增加趋势,以R3增幅最大,随土层加深,提升幅度为14.14%,10.14%,12.11%。说明在种还分离模式下可以高量秸秆还田,并可有效改善土壤肥力。     

Assessing the Potential of Pomegranate Meal and Potato Waste as New Organic Amendments for Vermicompost

Waste disposal has become one of the greatest global concerns, which has high operational costs and might cause environmental pollution. Due to the lack of the organic matter in most of the Iranian agro-ecosystem, recycling organic waste materials favors the environment by reducing chemical fertilizers as well as improving soil structure and fertility. A vermicomposting system using cow manure (CM), pomegranate meal (PM) + sawdust (S), CM + potato waste (PW), PM + PW, CM + PM, and CM + PM + PW was set up to find a viable alternative raw material for improving physico-chemical properties of vermicompost after 60 days. The amended vermicompost of PM + S and PM + PW markedly improved the electrical conductivity (EC), which were below the EC limit (by 1.01 and 2.27 dS m^?1, respectively), pH (by 7.04 and 6.60, respectively), and water holding capacity (respectively 1.9 and 1.2 times higher than CM). Vermicompost amendment led to significant reduction of organic carbon (OC), but nonetheless, PM + S and PM + PW showed higher OC content in the final product probably due to the higher initial carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio, raw material origin, and lower decomposition rate. In regard to nutrient value, the total phosphorus content in the end-product of PM + S and PM + PW was, respectively, 19.3 and 7.9 times higher compared with the final product of CM. Additionally, the amended vermicompost of PM + PW markedly improved total nitrogen content as compared with CM. The findings suggested that the additional amounts of nitrogen and potassium to PM + S and also potassium to PM + PW would improve the physico-chemical properties and fertilization of the final vermicompost considerably higher than CM vermicompost. This amendment has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of vermicompost of CM, for example, salinity and alkalinity; and chemical fertilizers, for example, soil pollution with heavy metals in phosphate fertilizers, as well as the potential for soil rehabilitation.     

秸秆还田配施化肥对稻油轮作土壤有机碳组分及产量影响

【目的】水稻-油菜轮作是我国重要的农业种植模式。秸秆还田是目前我国秸秆利用最主要、最直接的途径。因此,研究水稻-油菜轮作系统下,秸秆还田配施化肥对水稻和油菜产量、土壤有机质组分及其养分含量的影响,有助于提高水稻和油菜产量,培肥土壤,推进秸秆还田技术的应用。 【方法】通过水稻和油菜7年13季作物的田间定位小区试验,设置了不施氮肥不还田处理（CK）、农民习惯处理（FPP）和3个秸秆还田配施化肥处理（SF1、SF2、SF3:每年水稻秸秆以3000 kg/hm2的量还田,配施不同量氮、磷、钾肥）,分析了各处理土壤有机碳及其组分、土壤养分含量、作物产量和经济效益。 【结果】与不施氮肥处理比较,秸秆还田配合氮、磷、钾平衡施肥能显著提高土壤总有机碳及其各组分、土壤养分含量、作物产量和经济效益。与农民习惯处理相比,秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤总有机碳、胡敏酸和胡敏素分别显著增加了5.62%~12.08%、9.05%~22.57%和7.93%~10.23%,而水溶性有机碳和富里酸含量差异则不明显;土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别显著提高了6.74%~14.04%、134.67%~249.46%和40.18%~70.54%;水稻、油菜和周年平均产量分别增加了8.55%~19.34%、19.06%~27.27%和10.34%~24.08%;净利润提高了1651~4905 yuan/hm2,但总投入增加了1427~2882 yuan/hm2。秸秆还田配施化肥处理中,以氮、磷、钾肥用量与运筹次数最多的SF3处理土壤各项指标、作物产量和经济效益最高,与之相比,SF2处理在水稻和油菜两季共减少肥料用量255 kg/hm2,而作物周年产量减少不明显。土壤有机碳组分、土壤养分含量及作物产量之间有较好的相关性,而逐步回归分析表明,土壤总氮、胡敏酸、水溶性有机碳含量是水稻和油菜产量主要决定因素。 【结论】秸秆还田配施化肥可以提高土壤有机碳、胡敏酸、胡敏素含量及土壤养分含量,培肥土壤并提高其稳定性,促进作物增产。虽然秸秆还田配施化肥增加了人工和肥料投入,但适宜的化肥用量配合秸秆还田提高了水稻油菜轮作体系的经济效益。     

秸秆还田对汉中盆地稻田土壤有机碳组分、碳储量及水稻产量的影响

为探索稻麦或稻油轮作制下,小麦、油菜秸秆还田对汉中盆地稻田土壤碳库组分的变化,设置小麦秸秆不还田(WSN)、小麦秸秆常规还田(WS)、小麦秸秆促腐还田(WSM)、油菜秸秆不还田(RSN)、油菜秸秆常规还田(RS)、油菜秸秆促腐还田(RSM),共6个处理,通过大田试验研究了不同秸秆类型及还田方式对稻田0—5,5—10,10—15,15—20,20—25cm 5个土壤层次中的土壤容重、总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)、活性有机碳效率(ACL)、碳储量(SCS)、碳库管理指数(CPMI)及水稻产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田显著降低0—15cm土层容重,对15—25cm并未产生显著影响。与不还田相比,秸秆还田明显增加了各层次土壤有机碳库指标含量,但TOC和LOC含量均随土壤深度的增加而减少,两者在0—15cm土层含量较高,具有明显的表层富集现象;与不还田相比,小麦及油菜秸秆还田后可明显增加稻田0—25cm土层中的土壤碳储量(SCS),增幅可达21.9%~23.5%和1.7%~6.7%。不同土层中的LOC、ACL、CPIM对秸秆类型的响应不同,具体表现为小麦秸秆还田(WS、WSM)对0—15cm土层具有显著促进作用,而油菜秸秆还田(RS、RSM)对15—25cm土层中的有显著促进作用。产量方面,秸秆促腐还田模式下(WSM、RSM)水稻产量最高,常规还田模式(WSN、RSN)次之,而不还田时产量最低。相关分析显示0—10cm土壤活性有机碳有效率与水稻产量显著相关。秸秆还田是提高汉中盆地稻田土壤有机碳和产量较为有效的农田管理措施。两种轮作模式下,小麦秸秆全量旋耕还田更有利于固持稻田土壤有机碳和增加水稻产量增加。     

Changes in nutrient content,enzymatic activities and microbial properties of lateritic soil due to application of different vermicomposts: a comparative study of ergosterol and chitin to determine fungal biomass in soil

In this experiment, vermicomposts, prepared from five different waste materials, were applied to acid lateritic soil under field conditions and soil samples were collected after 90 days to study the effect of vermicomposts on different chemical and biochemical. Results suggest that vermicompost prepared from paddy straw is most effective to improve nutrient content, enzymatic activities and microbial properties of lateritic soil. Vermicompost application significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the concentration of organic C, mineralizable N, available P and exchangeable K in soil. Amylase, protease, urease and acid phosphatase activities were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in vermicompost treated soils compared with the control. Both basal and substrate‐induced microbial respiration, microbial biomass C and N and fungal population in lateritic soil were increased due to vermicompost application. Ergosterol and chitin content were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in vermicompost treated soils over the control. Application of vermicompost increased the proportion of fungal biomass in total soil microorganisms.     

Impact of organic and inorganic nutrition on soil–plant nutrient balance in arecanut (Areca catechu L.) on a laterite soil

The study assessed the impact of continuous application of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) on arecanut in India. Key parameters examined were biomass production, nutrient uptake, yield, soil fertility and net benefit. Pooled analysis of 8-year data revealed that nutrient application registered significantly higher yield (2585–3331 kg ha^?1) than no nutrition (1827 kg ha^?1). Yields in organic nutrition were around 85% of the yields obtained in inorganic NPK. The concentrations of leaf N and K were significantly higher with NPK than with vermicompost. Vermicompost significantly increased soil organic carbon and the availability of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu), but reduced exchangeable K in soil. The total uptake of K and Ca together contributed positively to 75% variability in total biomass production. Nutrient removal of iron (Fe), P, K and Cu positively influenced the yield with about 81% variability. Biomass partitioning and nutrient uptake pattern are important for fertilization program of arecanut.     

Responses of Saline Soil Properties and Cotton Growth to Different Organic Amendments

Application of organic waste to saline alkaline soils is considered to be a good practice for soil remediation. The effects of applying different organic amendments (e.g., cattle dung, vermicompost, biofertilizer) and earthworm inoculations (Eisenia fetida) on saline soils and cotton growth were investigated during 1 year of cotton cultivation. Compared to the control (applied with inorganic NPK fertilizer), applying organic amendments improved soil physicochemical properties. Biofertilizer application improved available nutrient content, reduced short-term soil electrical conductivity, and produced the highest cotton yield, whereas cattle dung and vermicompost applications resulted in higher soil organic matter content. Application of organic amendments significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon during the flowering period, which sharply declined at harvest. This was especially true for the biofertilizer treatment, which also exhibited lower nematode abundance compared with the other organic materials. Earthworm inoculation following cattle dung application failed to significantly change soil physicochemical properties when compared to the treatments without earthworm inoculation. Results suggest that biofertilizer application to saline soil would improve soil nutrient status in the short-term, whereas cattle dung application would improve soil organic matter content and increase soil organism abundance to a greater extent. However, different strategies might be required for long-term saline soil remediation.     

秸秆不同还田方式对紫色土微生物量碳、氮、磷及可溶性有机质的影响

以广泛分布于西南丘陵区的紫色土为研究对象,通过田间微区试验,研究了油菜/玉米轮作下秸秆不同还田方式对紫色土微生物量碳、氮、磷和可溶性有机质的影响,以期为秸秆在农业生产上的综合利用提供理论依据。结果表明:秸秆直接还田(CS)、生物质炭还田(BC)、秸秆+促腐剂还田(CSD)和秸秆1∶1配施生物质炭还田(CSB)均有效提高土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、氮(SMBN)、磷(SMBP)含量,其中以CSD处理的微生物量碳、磷最高,分别比CK(单施化肥)增加了46.32%,94.09%;CSB处理的微生物量氮最高,其次为CSD处理,分别达到了104.47,104.14mg/kg。对土壤可溶性有机质而言,除BC处理外,其他秸秆还田处理下土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)提高了63.26%~189.46%,其中CSD处理最高,达72.74mg/kg;与CK处理相比,秸秆不同还田方式显著降低了土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)含量,但4种处理的土壤可溶性有机磷(DOP)均有提高,特别是CSD处理对土壤可溶性有机磷的提高效果最佳。与CK处理相比,秸秆不同还田方式降低了土壤DON/TN,但有效提高了SMBC/SOC(除BC处理),其中CS和CSD处理的提高效果显著,同时CSD处理的DOC/SOC和SMBN/TN值最高,分别达到了0.49%和7.66%。秸秆不同还田方式能有效提高作物产量,与CK处理相比,各处理的油菜和玉米产量分别提高了3.37%~7.01%和1.49%~3.92%,其中以CSD处理的增产效果最佳。因此,油菜/玉米轮作下西南丘陵山区紫色土最优的秸秆还田方式为秸秆+促腐剂还田,该还田方式下活性有机质含量最高,有利于提高土壤生产力。     

Earthworm biomass and population structure are negatively associated with changes in organic residue nitrogen concentration during vermicomposting

Vermicomposting is an efficient and environmentally friendly technology to dispose of agricultural organic residues. The efficiency of organic residue decomposition during vermicomposting is directly affected by the biomass and population structure of earthworms. In this study, we investigated how the earthworm biomass and population structure responded to changes in the physicochemical properties of six types of organic residue (cattle dung, herbal waste, rice straw, soybean straw, garden waste, and tea residues) during vermicomposting. Each type of organic residues was placed in a pot with earthworms Eisenia fetida, and the physicochemical properties of the organic residues and earthworm growth dynamics were recorded at 0, 30, 60, and 90 d of vermicomposting. The biomass and population structure of earthworms were stable or increased in rice straw, garden waste, and cattle dung within 60 d of vermicomposting, whereas in tea residues and herb waste, very little earthworm activity (3 adults and 2 cocoons) was recorded on day 30. Among the physicochemical parameters, the substrate C/N ratio was negatively correlated with earthworm growth dynamics. Decomposing organic residues showed higher NH₄⁺-N and NH₃^--N concentrations but a lower total organic carbon content, which negatively affected earthworm growth and reproduction. We recommend that chemical properties of vermicomposting systems should be monitored regularly. At the threshold levels of decomposing organic residue NH₄⁺-N and NH₃^--N concentrations, earthworms should be removed and the vermicompost can be harvested. Small- and large-scale farmers thus need to monitor the physicochemical properties of vermicompost to sustain active earthworm populations.     

猪粪有机肥施用对潮土速效养分含量及团聚体分布的影响

针对集约化养殖畜禽粪便无序排放产生的环境问题,采用连续2年的盆栽试验,以猪粪有机肥为研究对象,设计5个有机肥施用水平(0、6.7、13.3、26.7、40.0 g·kg~(-1)土),研究了猪粪有机肥施用对潮土有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤团聚体分布的影响,为畜禽粪便田间消纳和合理施用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,土壤中有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随有机肥施用量的增加而呈现逐渐升高趋势,且第二年土壤中各指标增加更加明显,第二年施肥处理各速效养分含量分别比第一年高2.7%~54.0%、6.7%~34.6%、36.8%~159.5%、20.3%~35.7%;土壤有机碳含量与外源有机碳投入量之间存在着显著的线性关系,有机肥施用可以显著提高生菜产量,且具有明显的后效作用。2年试验中,土壤团聚体以0.053~0.25 mm和0.053 mm小团聚体所占比例较大,且随有机肥施用量增加呈现降低趋势,而0.25~0.5 mm和0.5 mm大团聚体含量却随有机肥施用量增加呈升高趋势,可见,施用有机肥可促进大团聚体的形成,在有机肥施加量为40.0 g·kg~(-1)土时,土壤中0.25 mm团聚体的含量最高,土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GWD)最大,土壤的团聚化作用最强,土壤结构最稳定。