草被覆盖对养分迁移机制的影响

为探讨草被覆盖对养分流失机制的影响,采用室内模拟降雨试验,在30mm/h雨强下,对不同水土保持先锋植物种(紫花苜蓿、狗尾草)、4种植株密度(0,80,120,160株/m~2)、2种处理方式(保留整株植物、仅保留地下部分)下养分随泥沙和径流的流失浓度与流失总量进行研究。结果表明:草被覆盖能有效控制坡面侵蚀,其中紫花苜蓿和狗尾草植株控制土壤侵蚀作用与地下部分关系密切,地上部分作用不明显。裸坡养分随泥沙的流失量是有植被坡面的1.49~5.90倍(全氮),1.24~8.61倍(全磷),1.17~1.82倍(速效钾),但两者的流失浓度差异不显著,表明草被控制养分随泥沙流失作用主要来源于控制侵蚀量,其中狗尾草地下部分减少养分随泥沙流失的作用强于紫花苜蓿地下部分,紫花苜蓿地上部分减少养分流失的作用强于狗尾草地上部分;同时随植株密度增加,草被地下部分减少养分随泥沙流失的作用逐步增强。草被覆盖能有效减少坡面养分随径流流失,地下部分坡面与全株坡面的全氮流失量比值为1.02~1.05(狗尾草),1.10~1.14(紫花苜蓿),表明草被控制养分随径流流失作用主要来源于地下部分,其中狗尾草地下部分作用较紫花苜蓿明显;同时随植株密度增加,地下生物量控制全氮和全磷养分随径流流失的作用逐步强化,但地下部分控制速效钾流失作用的权重没有明显的定向变化。径流养分浓度动态变化前期不断下降,后期趋于稳定,其中幂函数对养分浓度动态变化的拟合效果最佳;同时全氮和全磷动态变化与植株状况关系密切,而全磷对植株完整状况变化响应不明显。     

放水冲刷对红壤坡面侵蚀过程及溶质迁移特征的影响研究

坡面薄层水流侵蚀不仅造成土壤养分流失,土壤质量恶化,同时对水体污染等环境问题造成一定影响。为了分析上方来水流量对红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中泥沙的迁移规律及土壤溶质运移特征的影响,本试验利用室内放水冲刷试验,采用3个不同上方来水流量（10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1）对第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中坡面径流泥沙和径流中非吸附性离子（Br-）迁移过程进行了研究。结果表明：不同上方来水条件下,放水初期产流量迅速增大,后期趋于稳定,累积径流量与产流时间成显著的线性关系,10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1三种上方来水流量下累积径流量分别为263.2 L、295.1 L、291.04 L;上方来水流量越大,薄层径流冲刷作用越强烈,径流含沙量随时间变化波动越剧烈,累积泥沙量随产流时间呈幂函数变化,15 L min-1、20 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量分别为10 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量的1.42倍、4.25倍;径流Br-浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,反映了土壤溶质随径流迁移量变化主要受水流与土壤接触时间和作用程度的影响。研究表明放水冲刷对土壤侵蚀及溶质运移有重要作用,试验结果对有效预测与控制红壤坡面侵蚀及养分流失具有重要实际意义。     

放水冲刷对红壤坡面侵蚀过程及溶质迁移特征的影响

坡面薄层水流侵蚀不仅造成土壤养分流失,土壤质量恶化,同时对水体污染等环境问题造成一定影响。为了分析上方来水流量对红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中泥沙的迁移规律及土壤溶质运移特征的影响,本试验利用室内放水冲刷试验,采用3个不同上方来水流量(10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1)对第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中坡面径流泥沙和径流中非吸附性离子(Br-)迁移过程进行了研究。结果表明:不同上方来水条件下,放水初期产流量迅速增大,后期趋于稳定,累积径流量与产流时间成显著的线性关系,10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1三种上方来水流量下累积径流量分别为263.2 L、295.1 L、291.04 L;上方来水流量越大,薄层径流冲刷作用越强烈,径流含沙量随时间变化波动越剧烈,累积泥沙量随产流时间呈幂函数变化,15 L min-1、20 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量分别为10 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量的1.42倍、4.25倍;径流Br-浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,反映了土壤溶质随径流迁移量变化主要受水流与土壤接触时间和作用程度的影响。研究表明放水冲刷对土壤侵蚀及溶质运移有重要作用,试验结果对有效预测与控制红壤坡面侵蚀及养分流失具有重要实际意义。     

黄土坡面不同植被覆盖度下产流产沙与养分流失规律

植被与降水是决定坡面产流产沙及养分流失的主要因素,为探求植被覆盖度对土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响,采用野外黄土坡面放水冲刷试验,在30L/min冲刷流量条件下,对不同苜蓿覆盖度下黄土坡面的径流量、产沙量和养分流失量进行研究。结果表明:当植被覆盖度分别为0%,33.5%,43.2%和68.8%时,坡面径流量分别为693.35,362.51,324.65,266.64L;产沙量分别为16.3,5.9,0.16,0.091kg;溴离子流失量分别为5 852.07,1 274.51,397.29,178.56mg。利用幂函数对径流溶质浓度变化过程进行拟合,结果显示幂函数可以很好地反映田间坡面溶质随地表径流变化过程,为进一步描述径流溶质变化过程的数学模型提供指导。平均坡面糙率能够反映土壤侵蚀量的变化。植被覆盖度增加使得平均坡面糙率增大,从而减小了土壤侵蚀量和养分流失量。     

片麻岩坡面花生不同生长时期水土及养分流失规律

通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了花生不同生长时期片麻岩坡面水土流失和养分流失特征。结果表明:花生不同生长时期产流产沙量不同,总体流失量均呈现出0d20d40d60d,与对照(0d)相比,花生60d坡面产流量减少了38%,产沙量减少了47%;不同生长时期坡面养分流失量随生长天数的增加而减少,与对照(0d)相比,60d坡面氮磷钾养分流失量分别减少了75%,45%,70%,降雨过程中硝态氮流失量始终高于铵态氮流失量;不同生长时期坡面养分流失量表现为钾流失总量氮流失总量磷流失总量,养分流失总量与产沙量之间方程拟合系数均达0.98以上,有着显著的正相关性;花生不同生长时期片麻岩坡面磷钾的流失主要以泥沙结合态为主,氮素流失为溶解态氮与泥沙态氮共存。     

谷子不同生长时期水土及养分流失规律研究

通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了谷子不同生长时期片麻岩坡面水土流失和养分流失特征。结果表明:谷子不同生长时期产流产沙量不同,总体流失量呈现出0d20d40d60d,与对照(0d)相比,谷子60d坡面产流量减少了33%,产沙量减少了43%;谷子不同生长时期坡面养分流失量随谷子生长天数的增加而减少,与对照(0d)相比,60d坡面氮磷钾养分流失量分别减少了75%,45%,70%,降雨过程中硝态氮流失量始终高于铵态氮流失量;谷子不同生长时期坡面养分流失量表现为钾流失总量氮流失总量磷流失总量,养分流失总量与产沙量之间方程拟合系数均达0.85以上,有着显著的正相关性;谷子不同生长时期片麻岩坡面磷钾的流失主要以泥沙结合态为主,氮素流失为溶解态氮与泥沙态氮共存。     

模拟降雨对工程建设区裸露坡地产流产沙及氮素流失的影响

为揭示不同降雨强度下工程建设区裸露坡地土壤侵蚀过程和氮素流失特征,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究不同降雨强度(1,1.5,2mm/min)和处理(裸地、坡面覆盖纱网)对工程裸露坡地产流产沙及氮素流失的影响。结果表明:(1)径流强度、径流含沙量、土壤剥蚀率都与降雨强度呈正相关关系,土壤入渗率与降雨强度呈现负相关关系。(2)累积泥沙量与累积径流量在裸地处理中呈现线性函数关系,在纱网处理中呈现幂函数关系。(3)地表径流中氮素流失浓度随降雨历时呈现"下降—稳定"趋势,氮素流失量随降雨强度的增加而增大,其中NO_3~-—N流失量占总氮比重高于NH_4~+—N。(4)土壤坡面覆盖纱网后能有效控制水土流失量和氮素流失量,其中径流量和NO_3~-—N流失量在小雨强处降低效果显著,分别降低了60.21%和56.74%;TN流失量和NH_4~+—N流失量在小、中雨强处降低效果较好,均达到59.26%以上;侵蚀泥沙量在小、中、大雨强处均降低了79%以上。说明土壤坡面覆盖纱网这一措施对降低工程建设区裸露坡地土壤侵蚀量和氮素流失量具有效果显著,可以作为工程建设区水土流失防止措施。     

坡度对坡面土壤矿质氮素水蚀流失负荷的影响

坡度是影响坡面水土流失和土壤养分流失过程的重要因素。室内模拟降雨试验表明,当坡长一定时,不仅土壤侵蚀量存在一个“侵蚀临界坡度”,土壤矿质氮流失量随坡度变化也存在一个“养分流失临界坡度”。试验测定这2个临界坡度均在15°～20°之间。土壤矿质氮地表流失以随地表径流流失为主,约占总流失量的99%。坡面矿质氮总流失量的96%为硝态氮,硝态氮对径流中矿质氮总量的贡献率明显高于在侵蚀泥沙中的贡献率。采取一定的截流措施是控制坡面矿质氮流失的关键。     

不同土地利用方式下片麻岩坡面养分流失规律的研究

通过室内模拟人工降雨试验,研究不同土地利用方式片麻岩坡面水土流失和养分流失特征。结果表明:谷子地、草地坡面产沙量产流量远小于裸地产沙产流量;不同土地利用方式片麻岩坡面产流产沙变化过程不同,草地、谷子地达到稳定产流的时间滞后于裸地。3种土地利用方式坡面养分流失随时间的变化过程基本相同,降雨起始各种养分浓度较高,随着时间的持续,养分流失浓度趋于稳定。不同土地利用方式下片麻岩坡面养分流失量表现为钾流失总量 > 氮流失总量 > 磷流失总量,养分流失总量与产沙产流之间有着极显著的正相关性,裸地养分流失量最大,其次是谷子地,草地的养分流失量最小,但是径流中硝态氮含量和泥沙总磷量谷子地流失量最大,裸地次之,草地最小。3种土地利用方式片麻岩坡面磷钾流失主要是泥沙态养分,氮素流失主要以溶解态氮为主或者二者共同作用。     

不同下垫面太行山片麻岩坡面水土及养分流失规律研究

通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,对太行山片麻岩不同下垫面(压实、耕作、施肥)泥沙侵蚀和水土流失特征进行了研究。结果表明:与压实坡面相比,耕作坡面产流时间延长了18%,施肥坡面产流时间缩短了15%;经过扰动的坡面水土流失严重,与压实坡面相比,耕作和施肥坡面径流量分别增加了49%和55%;压实坡面产沙量为127.85g,比耕作坡面产沙量增加了10%,而施肥坡面产沙量减少了30%。坡面土壤氮磷钾养分流失主要以泥沙结合态为主,其中磷钾最为明显,泥沙结合态流失量均占到总量的90%以上,氮素流失是以泥沙态氮和溶解态氮共存;养分流失量与产沙量的相关系数均达0.9以上。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.