不同水分胁迫下转W16小麦回交株系基因表达特性及其抗旱机制

干旱应答元件结合蛋白(DREB)转录因子调控植物抗逆相关功能基因的表达,对提高植物抗逆境胁迫具有重要作用.本研究采用盆栽法在小麦(Tritium aestivum)拔节至抽穗期进行不同水分胁迫条件下,分析了野生型和转基因小麦回交株系转录因子基因W16的表达特点,并对其抗旱性的生理生化指标进行了测定.半定量RT-PCR结果表明:野生型在无干旱胁迫时,W16有微弱表达,随胁迫增强,表达上调,当表达量达到峰值后(12 h),随胁迫的加剧,表达量迅速下降,呈现“上升-峰值-下降”特点,而整个干旱胁迫过程中转基因植株W16在Ubiquitin启动子作用下表达恒定且表达水平较高;抗旱性生理生化机制分析表明:不同水分胁迫条件下,转基因株系的叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、水分利用效率的变化均高于受体对照,尤其在重度干旱(SD)胁迫下的差异更显著.产量结果显示,在各水分条件下转基因株系产量都高于受体对照,其抗旱指数属于较强抗旱等级.研究结果说明了转基因小麦回交株系中W16的超表达,改良了转基因小麦抗旱性的生理生化特性,提高了转基因小麦的抗旱性能.为抗旱转基因小麦品种选育提供理论和方法参考.     

小麦苗期抗旱类型研究

为探索小麦苗期对水分胁迫的适应性,利用反复干旱法研究了942份小麦材料的苗期抗旱类型。结果表明,小麦苗期抗旱性存在显著差异,3次反复干旱后,小麦品种间成活率变异系数为4.6%～43.51%。根据品种反复干旱后成活率,供试品种对水分胁迫响应划分为抗旱型、耐旱型和敏感型。苗期抗旱性强的小麦品种具有较少种子根、较多次生根和较强分蘖量。小麦苗期抗旱性与后期抗旱性缺乏一致性,与品种的千粒重和冬春性无明显关系。     

小麦重组自交系群体苗期抗旱性综合评价

[目的]探讨干旱对小麦萌发期幼苗生长的影响,筛选抗旱的优良小麦种质材料,为小麦抗旱新品种的选育提供依据。[方法]以洛旱2号与潍麦8号杂交产生的重组自交系(RIL)群体(F9)为材料,基于小麦萌发期幼苗在不同水分条件下的多个农艺性状指标数据,通过主成分分析和K均值聚类的方法,对重组自交系的291个株系及其亲本进行了苗期抗旱性综合评价,并对各株系的苗期抗旱性度量值和其产量的相关性进行了分析。[结果](1)用10%的PEG-6000处理萌动的种子,可促进胚芽鞘长和根数的增加,而对其它农艺性状有明显的抑制作用。(2)从该重组自交系的291个株系中筛选出了44个抗旱优良株系,为小麦抗旱育种提供了宝贵的种质材料。(3)小麦各株系的苗期抗旱性和其产量之间呈显著的正相关。[结论]根系性状对干旱胁迫的反应最为敏感,干旱胁迫下能否形成相对强大的根系系统是衡量幼苗抗旱性的重要条件。     

植物根际促生菌促进小麦生长及提高其抗旱性的研究进展

干旱胁迫是影响小麦生长发育与产量形成最主要的非生物胁迫因子,近年来化肥的过量使用及全球气候变化产生的不利影响,导致小麦在生长过程中受到的干旱胁迫危害日趋严重。植物根际促生菌(PGPR)不仅可以协助小麦提高养分利用率,促进其生长发育,还能够通过自身作用或产生多种代谢产物协助小麦抵御干旱胁迫。本文归纳总结了PGPR促进小麦生长及提高其抗旱性的研究进展,为利用PGPR提高小麦促生抗旱的研究奠定了理论基础。     

植物抗旱生理生化机理研究概况

简述干旱对植物造成的伤害和植物应对干旱的生理生化机制方面的研究概况。研究人员对植物抗旱的渗透调节、膜修复、自由基清除、胁迫蛋白的产生等机理研究已比较深入。从"植物生长发育受到抑制,植物光合作用受到抑制,植物体内有害物质积累"3个方面阐述了干旱对植物造成伤害的机理;从"植物抗旱相关物质(渗透调节物质与植物的抗旱性,抗氧化保护性物质与植物的抗旱性,植物生长调节剂类物质与植物的抗旱性);植物形态结构与植物的抗旱性"几个方面阐述了植物抗旱的机理。     

水稻近等基因导入系芽期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

为筛选水稻抗旱性鉴定指标并科学鉴定水稻抗旱性,本研究以蒸馏水为对照,采用质量体积比为5%、10%、15%、20% 的PEG-6000溶液处理6份川香29B近等基因导入系进行芽期抗旱鉴定,研究模拟干旱对水稻育种材料芽期种子萌发的影响,并探讨芽期抗旱性鉴定指标及筛选抗旱材料。结果表明,轻度水分胁迫对种子发芽抑制作用较小,部分材料表现出促进效应;重度水分胁迫对种子发芽抑制作用明显;对发芽势抑制作用强于发芽率,根长、根干重、剩余种子干重、根芽比在水分胁迫下表现出增长效应,水分胁迫对种子萌发过程中芽的抑制作用强于根,并阻碍了物质的转运利用。相关性分析表明,储藏物质转化率抗旱系数与发芽指数抗旱系数等8个指标呈显著或极显著相关,总体而言,芽长抗旱系数与其他指标抗旱系数相关性强于根长抗旱系数。应用隶属函数法进行抗旱性综合评价,5818(川香29B/ASOMINORI//29B///29B)、川香29B、5819(川香29B/ASOMINDRI//29B///29B)(分别记作C2、C6、C3)综合D值排前三名,综合评价抗旱性较强。在20% PEG-6000溶液处理下,将D值与各指标抗旱系数进行相关性分析,活力指数抗旱系数、根长抗旱系数、储藏物质转化率抗旱系数与D值相关系数分别为0.84、0.78、0.85。综上,储藏物质转化率抗旱系数、活力指数抗旱系数与多数指标抗旱系数显著相关,且与D值显著正相关,储藏物质转化率可作为芽期抗旱性鉴定一级指标,活力指数和D值可作为鉴定二级指标,应用于水稻材料、品种等于芽期进行快速、准确抗旱性鉴定。应用隶属函数法筛选得到抗旱性较强的材料为C2、C6、C3,可进一步应用于抗旱育种,以选育抗旱性品种,并进一步开展抗旱研究。     

普通菜豆种质资源苗期抗旱性综合评价

我国普通菜豆的主产区主要分布在干旱、半干旱地区。干旱是影响其生长的主要因素之一。为了筛选抗旱种质资源以及建立抗旱性评价方法,以50份来源不同的普通菜豆品种为材料,采用盆栽法,设正常供水和干旱胁迫2种处理,在干旱胁迫12 d和复水3 d后分别取样测定各项形态和生理指标;采用干旱胁迫和复水后两者的抗旱度量值(D值)、聚类分析和逐步回归方程以及通径分析相结合的方法,对普通菜豆进行苗期的抗旱鉴定及抗旱指标的筛选。结果表明,干旱12 d后超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,复水3 d后相对叶绿素含量、相对含水量与各自D值显著相关,两处理的丙二醛(MDA)含量与各自D值极显著相关。根据各自D值进行聚类分析,将50份供试材料进行抗旱级别分类,两处理分类结果的一致率达到40%,邻级率为60%,未出现跨级材料;综合两处理的分类结果进一步细分,可分为高抗、中高抗、中抗、中低抗和低抗5个抗旱级别,其中高抗材料10份、中高抗材料25份、中抗材料7份、中低抗材料6份、低抗材料2份。综上所述,普通菜豆苗期干旱胁迫和复水后的D值相互判定的方法可提高鉴定结果的可靠性;干旱胁迫下的SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量和复水后的相对叶绿素含量、相对含水量、MDA含量可作为普通菜豆苗期抗旱性鉴定的指标,尤其是两者的MDA含量可直接用于普通菜豆资源的抗旱性鉴定。本研究为简化鉴定筛选工作提供了方法和理论依据。     

不同类型苹果矮化砧木抗旱评价与基因表达分析

干旱是影响我国苹果(Malus×domestica)生产的主要逆境因素之一,砧木的抗旱能力直接影响着树体的生长发育、产量及果实品质的形成。本研究以平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis var.pingyiensis)基砧分别嫁接7种苹果矮化砧木(GX,CG24,M26,M9-T337,SH1,SH6和SH40)盆栽苗为试材,持续干旱胁迫处理40 d,通过测定植株生长、叶片蒸腾速率、净光合速率等相关指标,利用平均隶属函数法综合分析了各矮化砧木的抗旱性。结果显示,7种苹果矮化砧木抗旱性依次为:SH6SH40M9-T337SH1M26CG24GX。进一步对比分析强抗旱砧木SH6与不抗旱砧木GX显示,SH6中4种抗氧化酶(氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD),抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX),过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(dehydroascorbate reductase,DHAR))活性及其合成关键基因表达水平均高于GX,表明抗氧化能力是砧木抗旱性形成的重要构成。该研究结果为苹果抗旱矮化砧木应用与抗性分子育种提供了理论参考。     

六倍体小黑麦萌发期抗旱性分析

利用20%PEG-6000(-0.975 MPa)为渗透介质室内模拟干旱,分析六倍体小黑麦萌发期发芽率、发芽势、胚芽鞘长、根长、根数的变化,采用模糊隶属函数与抗旱系数相结合的方法对品种萌发期的抗旱性进行综合分析,并利用灰色关联分析法分析各个形态指标与抗旱性的关系,结果表明:干旱胁迫下,小黑麦各品种的发芽率、发芽势、胚芽鞘长、根长都比对照不同程度地降低或缩短,不同品种之间的差异达显著或极显著水平,但根数却增减不一,表明根数对水分胁迫的反应方向不一致;品种"Tornado"(S9)萌发期综合抗旱性强,为小麦抗旱育种提供了种质资源;发芽率与六倍体小黑麦萌发期抗旱性的关联度最大,可作为形态指标加以利用。     

黑麦属优异基因在小麦改良中的研究与应用

黑麦属(Secale cereale,2n=14,染色体组R)作为小麦的三级基因源,在小麦遗传改良中发挥了重要的作用。本文综述了黑麦属优异基因在普通小麦遗传改良中的应用及分子特性的最新研究进展;并将报道的黑麦相关基因及数量性状位点(quantitative trait loci,QTL)整合到其物理图谱,发现在1R染色体上分布的优异基因最多,从而在分子水平上解释了1RS/1BL易位系得以广泛应用的原因;并对黑麦属优异基因的进一步利用进行展望。     

Varietal tolerance to Zinc deficiency in wheat and barley grown in chelatorbuffered nutrient solution and its effect on uptake of Cu,Fe, and Mn

Tolerance to zinc (Zn) deficiency was examined for three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties grown in chelator‐buffered nutrient solution. Four indices were chosen to characterize tolerance to Zn deficiency: (1) relative shoot weight at low compared to high Zn supply (“Zn efficiency index”), (2) relative shoot to root ratio at low compared to high Zn supply, (3) total shoot uptake of Zn under deficient conditions, and (4) shoot dry weight under deficient conditions. Barley and wheat exhibited different tolerance to Zn deficiency, with barley being consistently more tolerant than wheat as assessed by all four indices. The tolerance to Zn deficiency in the barley varieties was in the order Thule=Tyra>Kinnan, and that of wheat in the order Bastian=Avle>Vinjett. The less tolerant varieties of both species accumulated more P in the shoots than the more tolerant varieties. For all varieties, the concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and P in shoot tissue were negatively correlated with Zn supply. This antagonism was more pronounced for Mn and P than for Cu and Fe. Accumulation of Cu in barley roots was extremely high under Zn‐deficient conditions, an effect not so clearly indicated in wheat.     

Evaluation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for yield and related traits under drought stress conditions

ABSTRACT

Drought is a major factor threatening crop production worldwide. Developing wheat varieties that are adapted to drought prone environments is a sustainable strategy to improve wheat production and productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate and select bread wheat genotypes for yield and yield components, and for stability under drought stress and non-stress conditions. One hundred and twenty genotypes were evaluated at five test sites in the 2018/19 cropping season using a 10 x 12 alpha lattice design with two replicates. The level of drought stress was imposed using different sowing dates (early planting representing non-stressed, while late planting as drought stressed conditions) following the onset of the main rain at each site. Grain yield and yield components were recorded, and drought indices were calculated for each genotype. Among the drought tolerance indices, GMP, MP, HM, STI and YI were found to be the most suitable for predicting drought tolerance because they had significant and positive correlations with yield under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Rank sum analysis identified the most drought tolerant genotypes as ‘YS-34', ‘YS-85' and ‘YS-82’. The selected wheat genotypes are useful genetic resources for future drought tolerance breeding programmes in Ethiopia or similar agro-ecologies.     

拔节期干旱胁迫下冬小麦品种间产量及生理响应的差异

拔节期干旱是影响冬小麦产量的重要灾害,揭示不同品种对干旱胁迫生理响应的差异,可为鉴选与培育抗旱品种提供指导。选取黄淮海平原不同冬麦区种植面积较大的晋麦47、洛旱2号、石家庄8号、豫麦18和郑麦9023共5个品种和1个抗逆性较弱的品种偃麦20,利用防雨棚开展盆栽试验研究。从籽粒产量以及气孔特性、膜稳定性和渗透调节特性等方面,分析拔节期受水分胁迫后,各品种抗旱性和干旱胁迫响应途径的差异。结果表明:(1)灌溉条件下,晋麦47、洛旱2号和石家庄8号产量较高,豫麦18和偃麦20产量较低。拔节期受干旱胁迫后,晋麦47、洛旱2号和豫麦18产量较高,石家庄8号和偃麦20产量较低。可见,以籽粒产量为抗旱性评价的核心指标,晋麦47、洛旱2号和豫麦18抗旱性较强,石家庄8号和偃麦20抗旱性较弱,郑麦9023抗旱性居中。(2)3个抗旱品种间干旱胁迫响应途径并不一致。与抗旱性较弱的石家庄8号和偃麦20相比,拔节期干旱胁迫下,豫麦18气孔导度较低,气孔调节能力强;洛旱2号细胞渗透势较低,渗透调节能力较强;洛旱2号膜离子渗漏率较低,膜稳定性较强;晋麦47在气孔调节、渗透调节和膜稳定性调节方面与抗旱性较弱的品种无显著差异。研究结果说明,冬小麦品种间响应干旱胁迫的关键途径存在差异。因而品种的抗旱性难以通过单一生理指标科学评价,需要多指标联合鉴定。     

Use of Italian wheat varieties in China

Summary Italian wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) have played an important role in Chinese wheat production and improvement, especially in the 1950's to 1970's. In the history of wheat introduction in China, three series of Italian germplasms making great impact on the development of wheat production and improvement are recognized. This paper describes the brief history of introduction of Italian varieties into China and the detailed use of them for wheat production and wheat improvement in China.     

华北平原不同等级干旱对冬小麦产量的影响

华北平原是中国重要的粮食生产基地,其中冬小麦播种面积和产量均居中国首位,在国家粮食安全中具有重要作用,干旱是影响该区域冬小麦产量的最主要农业气象灾害。该研究基于华北平原44个气象站点1981—2017年的逐日气象数据以及作物、土壤和田间管理资料,以作物水分亏缺指数为农业干旱指标,基于调参验证后的农业生产系统模型(Agricultural Production Systems Simulater,APSIM),评估了冬小麦生长发育中后期各生育阶段不同等级干旱对冬小麦单产和总产的影响。结果表明,冬小麦拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段干旱造成冬小麦减产率空间上均呈北高南低的分布特征,且开花-成熟阶段干旱引起的减产率(26.8%)高于拔节-开花阶段干旱引起的减产率(19.1%),区域间比较均表现为干旱对京津冀地区冬小麦单产影响最大,对河南省冬小麦单产影响最小;随着干旱等级的加重减产率增大,开花-成熟阶段轻旱、中旱和重旱的减产率分别为16.5%、32.8%和44.9%,拔节-开花阶段轻旱、中旱和重旱的减产率分别为10.3%、18.8%和28.6%。结合冬小麦实际播种面积得到各生育阶段干旱对总产的影响,区域间比较均表现为干旱对山东省冬小麦总产影响最大,对河南省冬小麦总产影响最小。     

Tolerance of durum wheat lines to an acid,aluminum‐toxic subsoil

Durum wheat, Triticum durum Desf., is reportedly more sensitive to aluminum (Al) toxicity in acid soils than hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. Aluminum‐tolerant genotypes would permit more widespread use of this species where it is desired, but not grown, because of acid soil constraints. Durum wheat germplasm has not been adequately screened for acid soil (Al) tolerance. Fifteen lines of durum wheat were grown for 28 days in greenhouse pots of acid, Al‐toxic Tatum subsoil at pH 4.5, and non‐toxic soil at pH 6.0. Aluminum‐tolerant Atlas 66 and sensitive Scout 66 hexaploid wheats were also included as standards. Based on relative shoot and root dry weight (wt. at pH 4.5/wt. at pH 6.0 X 100), durum entries differed significantly in tolerance to the acid soil. Relative shoot dry weight alone was an acceptable indicator of acid soil tolerance. Relative dry weights ranged from 55.1 to 15.5% for shoots and from 107 to 15.8% for roots. Durum lines PI 195726 (Ethiopia) and PI 193922 (Brazil) were significantly more tolerant than all other entries, even the Al‐tolerant, hexaploid Atlas 66 standard. Hence, these two lines have potential for direct use on acid soils or as breeding materials for use in developing greater Al tolerance in durum wheat. Unexpectedly, the range of acid soil tolerance available in durum wheat appears comparable to that in the hexaploid species. Hence, additional screening of durum wheat germplasm for acid soil (Al) tolerance appears warranted. Durum lines showing least tolerance to the acid soil included PI 322716 (Mexico), PI 264991 (Greece), PI 478306 (Washington State, USA), and PI 345040 (Yugoslavia). The Al‐sensitive Scout 66 standard was as sensitive as the most sensitive durum lines. Concentrations of Al and phosphorus were significantly higher in shoots of acid soil sensitive than in those of tolerant lines, and these values exceeded those reported to cause Al and phosphorus (P) toxicities in wheat and barley.     

Variation in salt tolerance within a Georgian wheat germplasm collection

Bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. possesses a genetic variation for the ability to survive and reproduce under salt stress conditions. Durum wheat (T. durum Desf.) is in general more sensitive in comparison to bread wheat, however, exceptions can be found showing the same extent of salt tolerance. Endemic wheats in general are characterised by a high adaptability to their environment. The level and variability of salt tolerance were assessed in a germplasm collection of 144 winter and spring wheat accessions from Georgia comprising Triticum aestivum L., T. durum Desf., T. dicoccon Schrank, T. polonicum L. and Georgian endemics: T. carthlicum Nevski, T. karamyschevii Nevski, T. macha Dekapr. et Menabde, T. timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. and T. zhukovskyi Menabde et Ericzjan. The accessions were tested for salt tolerance at the germination stage. Large variability in salt tolerance within the Georgian germplasm was found among the different wheat species. The endemic hexaploid winter wheat T. macha and the endemic tetraploid wheat T. timopheevii were among the most tolerant materials, thus presenting promising donors for salt tolerant traits in future breeding efforts for salinity tolerance in wheat.     

Drought stress-induced oxidative stress and antioxidative responses in four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties

Drought stress was imposed on four varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Mohan Wonder (MW), Kedar (K), Gayetri (GY) and Gandhari (GN), for 3, 6 and 9 days. The activities of all five tested antioxidative enzymes, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, were enhanced initially in varieties K and GN, whereas in MW and GY, catalase and superoxide dismutase showed a decrease in activity at all periods of drought stress. Peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities increased even on the ninth day of stress in K and GN, but all other activities showed a decrease after 3 days of stress. H₂O₂ accumulation increased with drought stress, but in K and GN there was decrease during prolonged drought stress. Lipid peroxidation increased significantly due to drought stress, which was higher in the case of MW and GY. Proline, phenol and ascorbate content increased with period of drought stress. Carotenoid accumulation also increased initially. Total chlorophylls showed a general decrease during drought stress. The results of this study indicate that two of the varieties, MW and GY, are susceptible to drought stress, whereas the other two, K and GN, are tolerant, with peroxidase and glutathione reductase being most important in conferring tolerance.     

基于SPEI_KC的华北平原小麦玉米周年干旱特征分析

华北平原是中国重要的冬小麦和夏玉米（麦玉）生产基地，同时也是水资源紧缺的区域，农业生产极易受到干旱的影响。该研究在标准化降水蒸散指数（Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index，SPEI）的基础上，引进作物系数（Kc）改进SPEI指数，并基于改进后的SPEI_KC指数从作物生长季尺度、关键生育期尺度以及麦玉周年尺度分析1961-2017年华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米周年干旱的时空分布和变化特征。结果表明：1）SPEI_Kc指数在华北平原麦玉周年干旱评估中的适用性优于SPEI_TW指数（采用Thornthwaite公式计算的SPEI指数）和SPEI_PM指数（采用Penma-Monteith公式计算的SPEI指数）：在（实际）有旱（指数）评估为有旱情况下，SPEI_Kc指数在代表气象站点的平均准确率为76.13%，较SPEI_TW指数、SPEI_PM指数均有提高；在无旱评估为无旱情况下，SPEI_KC指数准确率为85.67%，较SPEI_TW指数、SPEI_PM指数分别均有提高。2）小麦关键生育期和小麦生长季的空间分布均呈轻旱在河北北部较高，重旱在研究区中部较高分布，玉米关键生育期和玉米生长季干旱频率的空间分布均呈中旱在河北北部较高，重旱在山东西部较高分布。总体来说，研究区的东南部干旱频率小于西北部，山东半岛地区和河北中部旱情较轻，河南省干旱严重。3）年代际干旱程度总体呈略微减小的趋势，具体表现为大部分研究尺度的轻旱发生频率增加，所有研究尺度的中旱和重旱发生频率减小；小麦关键生育期、小麦生长季以及玉米生长季的干旱频率减小，玉米关键生育期和麦玉周年尺度干旱频率增加。研究结果能够为正确认识气候变化背景下该地区干旱分布和变化，进而采取合理措施应对气候变化提供理论依据。