土壤气相抽提技术修复柴油污染场地示范研究

土壤气相抽提(SVE)是一种广泛应用于石油类污染土壤修复工程中的原位修复技术,在广东某柴油污染场地开展SVE技术修复示范工程,探讨SVE技术对此类污染场地的修复效果。结果表明:经过3个多月的修复,土壤中总石油烃的最高去除率达64.88%,在试验进行50d后高浓度的挥发性有机物基本被去除,中低浓度污染物仍然存在,土壤中有效磷和速效氮含量与污染物的生物降解作用相关。为缩短修复时间、降低成本,应将SVE与生物通风技术相结合,并采用相应的强化措施(如添加菌剂和营养物质等),以期获得更高的修复效果。     

污染土壤生态修复研究综述

系统介绍了国内外污染土壤生态修复研究的一些成果,并就污染土壤生态修复技术特点和重金属污染土壤、有机物污染土壤的生态修复研究现状进行了讨论,最后指出了污染土壤生态修复研究的前景。     

土壤重金属—有机物复合污染环境效应与修复技术研究进展

重金属-有机物复合污染已是土壤污染的一种普遍形式,其环境危害和治理难度远大于单一污染土壤,因此,重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复治理是我国环保领域亟需解决的现实难题。基于此,本文首先介绍了重金属与有机污染物在土壤中的复合污染现状；其次,分析了土壤中重金属与有机污染物的交互作用及其环境效应；然后从物化修复、生物修复和联合修复这3方面,综述了不同技术手段对重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复的研究进展；最后提出了重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复研究的发展方向。     

工业遗留场地复合型污染分层健康风险评估研究

以某典型有机物-重金属复合型污染场地为研究对象,根据该场地水文地质特征将土层划分为回填土(0~4.1 m)、粉质黏土(4.1~6.5 m)、粉土(6.5~8.5 m)和粉砂(8.5~13.8 m)等4层,运用HERA软件分别进行健康风险评估,推算了土壤和地下水的风险值及修复目标值,并以此划分修复范围和确定修复技术。结果表明,土壤中存在严重的有机污染(苯和甲苯)和重金属(Cr(Ⅵ))污染,苯的最大致癌风险为0.000 155,甲苯的最大非致癌危害商为2.14;Cr(Ⅵ)在下层土壤中不存在暴露途径危害人体健康,而仅在表层回填土中存在致癌和非致癌危害商(0.014 2和97.6);地下水中关注污染物健康风险在可接受范围内;苯、甲苯在各土层中的修复目标值分别为:回填土层0.434、708 mg/kg;粉质黏土层0.807、2 460 mg/kg;粉土层1.42、4 440 mg/kg;粉砂层2.51、8 140 mg/kg;Cr(Ⅵ)仅在回填土层计算出修复目标值为0.251 mg/kg。苯、甲苯等挥发性有机物分层修复目标值随土层深度增加而变大,Cr(Ⅵ)等重金属修复目标值不遵循这个规律,因此,分层健康风险评估更适用于挥发性有机物健康风险评价。     

阳离子表面活性剂增强固定土壤中的苯酚和对硝基苯酚

当前,对有机物污染土壤进行修复成为环境科学研究热点之一[1],常用的修复方法有化学修复、生物修复、化学与生物相结合的修复;但迄今仍没有经济有效的有机污染土壤修复的实用技术.因此,利用在土壤中注入阳离子表面活性剂形成吸附区,截留有机污染物,阻止有机物迁移,并对固定污染物进行修复,无论对土壤及地下水有机物污染防治,还是生产优质农产品都具有现实意义.近年来,相关研究主要集中在截留非极性有机污染物[2～7],而对溶解度较大且易于迁移的极性有机物截留研究较少;并且认为表面活性剂增强土壤截留有机物的机理由土壤表观有机碳含量增大所致.对硝基苯酚、苯酚是环境中优先控制有机物,它们是重要化工原料,也是农药的降解产物.本文以极性化合物对硝基苯酚、苯酚为目标污染物,探讨阳离子表面活性剂增强固定作用及机理,为有效防治土壤有机污染提供理论依据.     

有机污染物根际胁迫及根际修复研究进展

根际环境及根际微生物是植物降解有毒有害有机污染物的基础。污染土壤植物修复的纵深研究产生了根际修复新技术。通过总结近20年来有机污染物胁迫的根际效应的研究,探讨了有机物污染士壤根际修复的可能性,为加强有机污染物在环境中的迁移、调控研究及土壤有机物污染的原位修复提供有利信息。     

基于AHP筛选的有机污染土联合修复技术案例研究

为了研究联合修复技术在有机物污染场地中的筛选方法以及修复效果，以山西某搬迁遗留场地土壤修复工程为案例，本文提出了采用层次分析法（AHP）对常用的物理、化学、生物修复技术方法进行优选，最终确定“常温解吸+异位热脱附+填埋场覆土利用+水泥窑协同处置”的新联合修复模式，并且研究了该联合修复模式的处理效果及其对环境造成的影响。结果表明，AHP可用于有机污染场地修复最佳方案的筛选；采用该联合修复模式费用低、效果良好且未对周围环境造成影响。可见该联合修复模式能够有效地处理此类型场地污染土体。该修复模式的成功实施为类似污染场地土壤修复项目提供了借鉴和参考价值，并在一定程度上控制了土壤资源的流失。     

复杂有机物污染地块原位热脱附修复技术的研究

鉴于复杂有机物污染地块治理难度大,国内用地形势紧张,因此关于原位热脱附技术在复杂有机物污染地块中的运用越来越受到学术界的广泛关注。综述了三类主要的原位热脱附技术:电阻热脱附、热传导热脱附和蒸汽热脱附,根据污染场地状况总结了各类原位热脱附技术的影响因素和适用范围,并给出了相应的技术路线。阐明了温度、时间、土壤含水率、土壤渗透性等因素对热脱附效果的影响。研究表明温度越高、时间越长、土壤含水率适中、渗透性较好的土壤,有机污染物热脱附性能更好。对于有机物重度污染的难处理地块,相比其他原位修复技术,原位热脱附技术具有更好的运用前景。     

聚氯乙烯行业汞污染场地土壤修复技术研究进展

聚氯乙烯行业将成为我国汞公约履约的最重要领域,相关产业生产、升级、腾退转型导致的汞污染地块潜在数量与风险巨大,需要提前开展相关修复技术储备和工程应用实践研究;通过调研总结我国聚氯乙烯行业产业特点、生产工艺导致的汞污染途径与风险特征,对国内外汞污染地块土壤修复常用的修复技术有固化稳定化、热脱附和土壤淋洗等;从污染源控制、污染扩散阻隔、污染土壤及地下水修复等多方面和技术特性、工程实施两个维度,选取修复技术指标,提出多层次构建修复技术筛选矩阵标准;以期为聚氯乙烯行业汞污染地块环境评估与修复提供技术参考。     

根瘤菌在污染土壤修复中的地位和作用

根瘤菌是一种在环境中广泛存在,常与豆科植物共生结瘤固氮的细菌类群,在农、林、牧业的可持续发展中具有重要作用。近年来研究发现,除了人们熟知的固氮功能,根瘤菌还参与环境中重金属、有机物等污染土壤的修复,在生态环境修复、维持土地生产力以及节能减排方面发挥了重要的作用,尤其是根瘤菌与豆科植物联合修复污染环境效果更为显著。本文综合介绍了根瘤菌在重金属、有机物等污染土壤及滨海盐渍土壤修复中的地位、作用及潜在价值,以期为改善生态环境提供一些可参考的方法和依据。     

Influence of Water Content and Plants on the Dissipation of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds in Soil

To devise effective procedures for the remediation of soil contaminated by VOCs, an improved understanding of their fate and transport mechanisms in soil is essential. To show the effect of plants on the dissipation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), two types of experiments, vial and column, were conducted. The results suggested that keeping the soil moisture content at field capacity is desirable for VOCs dissipation. All VOCs were dissipated quickly in unplanted columns than planted conditions in early periods of the experiment because more volatilization occurred in unplanted conditions. The plants could take up and retard volatile contaminants, and prevent contamination of ambient air. Although the time for acclimation for microbial communities to contaminants for enhanced biodegradation should be considered, phytoremediation is potentially a cost-effective remediation technique for soils contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs).     

固定/稳定化土壤修复技术的应用与优化分析

固定/稳定化技术是污染土壤修复的常用方法之一,具有费用低、无毒、综合效益好等优点,非常适合我国典型土壤污染区的修复。本文介绍了固定/稳定化方法的作用原理与修复材料,分析了此技术的适用范围及优缺点。文章归纳了近年来固定/稳定化技术在污染土壤修复中的应用成功案例,并结合我国土壤污染的实际状况和修复需求,从加强工程技术与装备研发、优化费用结构和发展环境友好型固定/稳定化技术等角度,提出了固定/稳定化技术应用的优化建议。     

高级氧化技术修复萘污染土壤和地下水研究进展

多环芳烃是土壤和地下水中普遍存在的持久性有机污染物。其中，萘是结构最简单的多环芳烃，具有迁移性强的特点，可通过多种途径在土壤和地下水中富集，是焦化、化工等历史遗留地块重点关注的污染物之一。高级氧化技术高效、安全且经济，因此，基于高级氧化的萘污染土壤和地下水修复技术受到越来越多的关注。本文综述了芬顿和类芬顿氧化、臭氧氧化和过硫酸盐氧化的反应机理，重点阐述了二价铁、微纳级零价铁、铁矿物、铁螯合物等均相及非均相活化剂活化的氧化技术在修复萘污染土壤和地下水方面取得的研究进展，介绍了多种高级氧化技术联合修复以及高级氧化技术与生物降解技术协同修复的研究现状，指出了目前萘的高级氧化技术研究存在的问题，并对研究做出了展望。     

Properties of an aged phenanthrene-contaminated soil and its response to bioremediation processes

Purpose  

Persistent organic compounds exhibit declining extractability and bioavailability to microorganisms and other soil organisms with increasing contact time or ageing. Among the possible mechanisms are the association of organic compounds with natural organic matter. Ageing can reduce the negative effects that an organic pollutant may have on the biological, biochemical properties and phytotoxicity of the contaminated soil. The aim of the present work was to evaluate, under laboratory conditions, the response of an agricultural soil contaminated with phenanthrene (Phe) and subjected to 2-year ageing and the effects and potential remediation capabilities of compost and an effective Phe-degrading bacterial culture.     

Comparison of Two Methods for Assessment of In Situ Jet-fuel Remediation Efficiency

In 1997, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) remediation started at a former Air Force Base, which operated from 1940 to 1991. TPH had been released to soil and groundwater at the site by military activities. The TPH was 70% jet fuel and the affected area covered 28 ha. Remediation involved a combination of technologies, including removal of volatile organic compounds using soil vapor extraction and air sparging, free product vacuum recovery and aerobic biodegradation of organics with oxygen supplied by the air sparging system, along with nutrient addition. The primary remedial method was found to be biodegradation, which has removed 93% of the contaminants from the site to date. A significant aspect of the remedial action was performance monitoring, including documentation of remediation efficiency. The goal of the research was to assess the relative accuracy of methods commonly used for monitoring in situ TPH remediation. Two such methods were selected for the research: monitoring change in soil TPH concentration (specified as non-polar extractable substances) and monitoring respiration activity in soil with a subsequent stoichiometric mass balance to estimate the mass of TPH destroyed. The study demonstrated that both of the methods provided comparable results regarding the effectiveness of in situ TPH remediation, despite the fact that their methodologies are very different.     

过一硫酸盐的化学氧化机理及在有机污染土壤修复中应用研究进展

基于过一硫酸盐(PMS)的高级氧化技术因反应快速高效、降解有机污染物效果优越，在环境修复领域拥有广阔的应用潜能。经过活化的PMS化学氧化技术在有机污染废水处理中被广泛应用，污染物的去除机制也在不断被发现并完善，其在有机污染土壤修复中也已得到应用。本文综述了PMS对有机污染物的化学氧化机制，分析了有机污染物降解的自由基和非自由基反应过程，探讨了不同活化方式(碱、过渡金属、碳基材料、辐射等)对PMS降解有机污染物的影响，阐述了PMS在有机污染土壤修复中的研究进展和存在问题，并进行了研究展望。     

Behaviour and assessment of bioavailability of organic contaminants in soil: relevance for risk assessment and remediation

Abstract. Soils contaminated with organic chemicals are now widespread in industrialized and developing countries, and the risk assessment and remediation of such contaminated sites is a priority. However, containment and remediation strategies are complicated in many cases by the range of contaminants present and the historical nature of the contamination. Research has increased our understanding of the behaviour of organic contaminants in soil and the factors that control their behaviour. There is a fundamental need to understand and, where possible, quantify the bioavailable fraction as well as the total concentration of contaminant present in soil: the bioavailable fraction is key to toxicity or biodegradation. To quantify these fractions, a large number of techniques have been employed, ranging from organic and aqueous based solvent extractions to the use of biota. Many studies have been carried out investigating the use of chemical techniques to describe bioavailability, which could be used in the assessment and remediation of contaminated land. The aim of this review is to consider the behaviour of organic contaminants in soil, highlighting issues of bioavailability, and then to discuss the relevance of the various methods for assessing risk and potential remediation of organic contaminants in soil.     

Effects of Grasses on the Fate of VOCs in Contaminated Soil and Air

Plant toxicity and chemical removal tests were conducted to investigate the remediation ability of grasses with respect to volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) in contaminated soil and air. Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) were exposed to artificially contaminated soil or air containing a mixture of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) under controlled laboratory conditions. The results showed that the grasses are more severely affected in hydroponics than potted soil contaminated with a mixture of these contaminants. It was observed from the results that more contaminants were detected in the shoot and root of plants grown in a closed system with contaminated air than in an open system with contaminated soil. It is suggested from the results that grasses can be used for purification of VOCs from contaminated air especially in a closed system, but the purification effects are likely to be low. The results also suggested that the concentration level of VOCs in shoot, root, and soil could be used as contamination indicator at contaminated sites.