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[目的] 探究保护性耕作对陇中黄土高原半干旱地区旱作农田土壤二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)排放的影响,阐明两者的排放特征及主要影响因素,为区域农业生态可持续发展和制定有效的增产减排政策提供科学参考。[方法] 以传统耕作(CT)为对照,布设免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖(CTS),免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)3种保护性耕作措施,利用静态暗箱—气相色谱法测定旱作春小麦农田土壤CO2和CH4排放通量,同时对土壤理化性质和小麦产量进行同期测定。[结果] ①与CT处理相比,NT,NTS和CTS处理的CO2累积排放量分别减少17.34%,15.67%和1.52%;CH4累积吸收量分别提高11.95%,16.26%和0.16%;全球增温潜势(GWP)分别减少17.66%,16.01%和1.5%;温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别降低38.15%,45.15%和24.98%。②各处理的土壤有机碳(SOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量随土层的加深呈减少趋势;在0—40 cm土层,NT,NTS和CTS处理的SOC和MBC含量均高于CT处理。③相关性分析表明,土壤温度和SOC与CO2排放通量呈极显著正相关(p<0.001),与CH4吸收通量呈极显著负相关(p<0.001);而土壤含水量与CO2排放通量呈极显著负相关(p<0.001),与CH4吸收通量呈极显著正相关(p<0.001)。冗余分析结果则显示,土壤含水量、土壤温度和SOC是影响土壤碳通量的关键因素,其中土壤含水量最为重要。[结论] 保护性耕作能够减缓研究地区旱作农田土壤温室气体排放,降低其对温室效应的贡献,同时显著增加小麦产量。综合生态效益与经济效益来看,可以优先考虑将免耕与秸秆覆盖相结合作为该地区农田实现增产减排的耕作措施。 相似文献
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以保护性耕作长期定位试验为平台,从2011至2016年采用动态气室法(Li-cor8100)野外原位监测免耕与秋翻在轮作与连作两种不同种植模式下的土壤呼吸速率,解析了耕作方式对东北黑土碳循环过程的影响。研究结果显示,土壤呼吸速率表现出与土壤温度相同的季节性变化。玉米连作条件下,秋翻5-7月份土壤呼吸速率平均值显著比免耕分别高出20.9%、14.8%和6.7%,而7-10月份,秋翻土壤呼吸速率平均值与免耕无显著性差异。在玉米大豆轮作的条件下,整个生长季节内秋翻与免耕处理的土壤呼吸速率无显著性差异。无论是在秋翻还是免耕处理下,轮作7月和8月的土壤呼吸速率均小于连作,但无显著差异。轮作土壤CO2年释放量比连作高,其中秋翻高出3.4%,免耕高出5.9%。耕作处理对土壤水分含量的影响因种植模式而异。连作下免耕增加了土壤含水量,生长季节平均比秋翻增加14.6%;轮作下免耕的含水量较秋翻高,但是差异不显著。土壤温度、土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率混合模型分析表明,土壤温度、土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率混合模型可解释土壤呼吸速率变异的52.4%,且表明土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈明显的正相关关系。从土壤碳释放的角度出发,玉米免耕连作减少了作物生长前半期的土壤呼吸速率,并且增加了土壤水分含量,是有利于农田土壤有机碳固定的耕作措施。 相似文献
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以1992年设置于山西省临汾市尧都区的保护性耕作试验基地为基础,研究了长期保护性耕作对旱地小麦产量、土壤理化性质及剖面水分含量的影响。结果表明,11年免耕覆盖和15年免耕覆盖分别比传统耕作平均增产192%和276%; 丰水年份增产率为52%和117%,而干旱年份增产率高达850%和976%,表现为实施保护性耕作年限越长、越是干旱,保护性耕作的增产效果越显著。保护性耕作能降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,提高土壤剖面水分含量和土壤贮水量,提高表层010 cm土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量, 但不利于有效磷含量的提高。11年免耕覆盖和15年免耕覆盖,表层010 cm土壤有效磷含量比传统耕作降低68和63 mg/kg,降低了561%和519%,应注意磷肥的施用。 相似文献
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增加蓄水保墒能力提高土壤水的利用率、增加有机质含量、改善土壤结构,是发展旱地农业最经济和有效的方法。试验以沈阳军区富裕农副业基地和老莱农副业基地为平台,采用深松耕作措施打破土壤犁底层,结果如下:深松地块与不深松地块相比,表现出明显的抗旱优势,0~20 cm土壤含水量高3.47%~4.03%,产量增加4.82%~8.54%;大豆平播密植与其它垄作比,土壤含水量高5.45%~6.76%,增产12.7%;秸秆覆盖还田,可使0~20cm表层土壤含水量增加20.5%,土壤有机质增加3.98%。 相似文献
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在黄土高原半干旱区连续4年保护性耕作试验的基础上,利用层次分析法,对5种保护性耕作法与传统耕作法适应性(生态与经济)进行综合评价,探究适合黄土高原半干旱区的保护性农业技术体系.结果表明:在两种轮作次序(小麦/豌豆、豌豆//小麦)、两种投入方式(计秸秆和不计秸秆)下,保护性耕作法免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)综合适应性指数(PI)均显著高于其他几种耕作方式,且PI在0.76~0.86之间,是传统耕作法(T)的2~2.5倍,NTS在该地区的适应性最强;NTS、免耕不覆盖(NT)、免耕结合地膜覆盖(NTP)3种耕作方式的PI高于传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)、T、传统耕作结合地膜覆盖(TP),说明NTS、NT、NTP在该区的适应性优于TS、T、TP.因此,在黄土高原半干旱区实施保护性耕作措施NTS,更能促进该区农业的持续发展. 相似文献
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为了揭示渭北旱塬连作麦田不同保护性耕作措施下土壤蓄水保墒效果和冬小麦增产增收效应。于2007-2009年通过田间试验研究了渭北旱塬夏闲期免耕、深松和翻耕等3种耕作方式对麦田夏闲期蓄水保墒效果,以及3种耕作处理与平衡施肥、常规施肥和低肥等3种施肥处理组合对冬小麦生育期土壤水分动态、产量和经济效益的影响。免耕和深松较翻耕保墒作用好,夏闲期免耕、深松较翻耕0~300 cm土层3 a平均土壤含水率分别增加了0.6和0.5个百分点,平均贮水量分别增加了24.2和21.5 mm;生育期内平衡施肥免耕、深松较翻耕处理0~200 cm土层2 a平均土壤贮水量分别增加了17.7和14.4 mm;以平衡施肥深松处理产量最高,2 a平均产量高达5033.1 kg/hm2,较平衡施肥翻耕和平衡施肥免耕分别增产5.5%和6.3%;以平衡施肥免耕经济效益最高,2 a平均纯收益高达5 553.7元/hm2,较平衡施肥深松和平衡施肥翻耕分别增收3.3%和9.2%。综合考虑各处理土壤蓄水保墒效果和小麦增产增收效应,平衡施肥深松处理是渭北旱塬连作麦田较佳的耕作和施肥处理组合。 相似文献
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在河北省北部的丰宁县坝上地区建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用美国BSNE采样器观测不同耕作处理条件下的农田风蚀土壤损失情况。试验结果表明:在风蚀过程中,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层运动,悬浮在空气中的土壤颗粒随着高度的增加逐渐减少,且与高度之间符合幂函数关系;风蚀土壤颗粒粒度组成随高度增加,砂粒级颗粒含量减少,而粉砂及粘土含量增加;免耕覆盖(NTC)、免耕覆盖+耙(NTCH)和免耕无覆盖(NTN)三种处理分别比传统翻耕减少风蚀量73.75%、75.31%和14.17%,由秸秆覆盖和少免耕相结合的保护性耕作可明显地减少农田土壤损失;在覆盖和耕作两因素中,覆盖对减小风蚀的作用最大,地表耕作的作用次之;另外,保护性耕作地能够减少农田土壤养分损失。 相似文献
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为分析陇中黄土高原沟壑区不同保护性耕作措施的贮水效果,本研究利用春小麦/豌豆(W/P)、豌豆/春小麦(P/W)轮作的长期定位试验,分别设置传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作秸秆覆盖(TS)和免耕覆盖(NTS)4种耕作措施,以当地月平均气温、月降水量、月平均辐射量、月平均蒸发量、月作物耗水量为输入因子,以月土壤贮水量为输出,建立基于长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)神经网络的土壤贮水量预测模型,并对该模型的有效性进行评估。研究结果表明:1)基于LSTM神经网络建立的土壤贮水量模型对陇中黄土高原沟壑区保护性耕作下土壤贮水量预测具有较好的适用性,模型模拟结果的平均均方根误差为7.76 mm,平均绝对误差为6.95 mm,相对误差控制在-5%~+5%的范围内。2) P/W轮作序列中各处理的土壤贮水量均比W/P轮作序列增加1.09%~1.43%。3)不同轮作序列,NTS处理的贮水效果均优于其他3种耕作措施,在W/P轮作序列中,NTS处理的年均土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS分别增加2.89%、1.70%和2.46%;在P/W轮作序列中,NTS处理的年均土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS分别增加3.03%、1.91%和2.57%。4)不同降水年型,NTS处理的土壤贮水量最高,且干旱年效果更加显著,其中丰水年NTS处理的土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS平均增加2.71%、1.48%和2.19%,而干旱年平均增加3.97%、2.54%和3.64%。5)保护性耕作措施的贮水效果随季节发生变化,作物生长前期(3-5月)保护性耕作措施的贮水优势较为明显,进入作物生长旺盛期(5-6月)保护性耕作措施与传统耕作的贮水效果差异不显著,而作物生长后期(7月)保护性耕作措施较传统耕作土壤贮水量明显增加。基于LSTM神经网络模拟环境下免耕覆盖的贮水保墒效果最好,为陇中黄土高原沟壑区最适宜的保护性耕作措施。 相似文献
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以伊犁河谷栗钙土区雨养麦田为研究对象,采取田间调查、取样和实验室测定的方法,研究伊犁河谷不同产量水平栗钙土土壤物理指标变化特征,为该地区麦田土壤物理性质的改善和耕层构建提供理论支撑。结果表明:不同产量麦田土壤容重、紧实度从0~10 cm土层到20~40 cm土层均呈现增加的趋势;土壤总孔隙度、水稳性团聚体含量变化趋势刚好与土壤容重、紧实度相反,即0~10 cm> 10~20 cm> 20~40 cm。高产田土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、紧实度、土壤三相比R值、水稳性团聚体各项指标均优于中、低产田。因此,通过土壤培肥、改进耕作措施改善土壤物理性质十分必要。 相似文献
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Long-term tillage effects on soil quality 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
D.L. Karlen N.C. Wollenhaupt D.C. Erbach E.C. Berry J.B. Swan N.S. Eash J.L. Jordahl 《Soil & Tillage Research》1994,32(4):313-327
Public interest in soil quality is increasing, but assessment is difficult because soil quality evaluations are often purpose- and site-specific. Our objective was to use a systems engineering methodology to evaluate soil quality with data collected following a long-term tillage study on continuous corn (Zea mays L.). Aggregate characteristics, penetration resistance, bulk density, volumetric water content, earthworm populations, respiration, microbial biomass, ergosterol concentrations, and several soil-test parameters (pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, Total-N, Total-C, NH4-N, and NO3-N) were measured on Orthic Luvisol soil samples collected from Rozetta and Palsgrove silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) soils. Plots managed using no-till practices for 12 years before samples were collected for this study had surface soil aggregates that were more stable in water and had higher total carbon, microbial activity, ergosterol concentrations, and earthworm populations than either the chisel or plow treatments. Selected parameters were combined in the proposed soil quality index and gave ratings of 0.48, 0.49, or 0.68 for plow, chisel, or no-till treatments, respectively. This indicated that long-term no-till management had improved soil quality. The prediction was supported by using a sprinkler infiltration study to measure the amount of soil loss from plots that had been managed using no-till or mold-board plow tillage. We conclude that no-till practices on these soils can improve soil quality and that the systems engineering methodology may be useful for developing a more comprehensive soil quality index that includes factors such as pesticide and leaching potentials. 相似文献
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研究了不同耕作和秸秆还田方式对1年2熟(冬小麦-玉米)条件下壤质湖土养分含量的影响。结果表明,随着土壤耕翻程度的降低,土壤养分含量逐渐增加。免耕表土(0~l0cm)有机质、全N和速效磷的含量显著(P<0.05)高于常规耕作(浅耕)方式,其速效钾含量也明显高于其他耕作方式,速效磷和速效钾的增加与免耕土壤有机质含量的提高以及由此导致的pH值下降显著相关,他们之间存在着显著(P<0.05)的线性关系;秸秆覆盖有利于表土养分的积累,但与其他秸秆还田方式积累养分量的差异未达到显著水平。 相似文献
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest among terrestrial pools. The restoration of SOC pool in arable lands represents a potential sink for atmospheric CO2. Restorative management of SOC includes using organic manures, adopting legume-based crop rotations, and converting plow till to a conservation till system. A field study was conducted to analyze soil properties on two farms located in Geauga and Stark Counties in northeastern Ohio, USA. Soil bulk density decreased with increase in SOC pool for a wide range of management systems. In comparison with wooded control, agricultural fields had a lower SOC pool in the 0–30 cm depth. In Geauga County, the SOC pool decreased by 34% in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in a complex rotation with manuring and 51% in unmanured continuous corn (Zea mays L.). In Stark County, the SOC pool decreased by 32% in a field systematically amended with poultry manure and 40% in the field receiving only chemical fertilizers. In comparison with continuous corn, the rate of SOC sequestration in Geauga County was 379 kg C ha−1 year−1 in no-till corn (2 years) previously in hay (12 years), 760 kg C ha−1 year−1 in a complex crop rotation receiving manure and chemical fertilizers, and 355 kg C ha−1 year−1 without manuring. The rate of SOC sequestration was 392 kg C ha−1 year−1 on manured field in Stark County. 相似文献
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Conservation agriculture with three management principles has been widely adopted to alleviate the current global agricultural soils facing threats such as soil erosion and nutrient loss. However, unclear understanding of rational crop rotation and the lack of global quantitative assessment limit our deeper insight into soil nutrient cycling under conservation agriculture. Considering the important role of soil extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) on soil nutrient cycling, a meta-analysis with 3238 observations was conducted on the effects of no tillage (NT) and legumes incorporation into rotation system (LRS) on soil EEAs. NT significantly increased the activities of C-acquiring, N-acquiring, P-acquiring, and oxidative enzymes by 18.3%, 17.4%, 7.1%, and 14.0%, respectively, while LRS significantly increased only P-acquiring enzymes. The combination of NT and legume cultivation had no significant effect on EEAs. In contrast, crop diversity had a positive effect on the NT-induced increase in EEAs. In addition, the extent of NT-induced changes varied depending on other factors. Through further analysis, we clarified the important factors affecting NT-induced changes in EEAs, such as climatic conditions, soil properties, and agronomic practices at the experimental sites. Overall, our findings provide insights into the understanding of the mechanisms of conservation agriculture impacts on the soil nutrient cycling. 相似文献
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The recent adoption of conservation farming systems in the semi-arid Canadian prairies opens up the possibility of replacing the traditional fallow period with non-cereal crops (oilseeds, legumes). However, information on changes to soil water regimes by inclusion of these crops, especially in combination with zero tillage, is sparse. A study was initiated in 1984 on a sandy clay loam soil at Lethbridge, Alberta, to investigate the performance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under conventional, minimum and zero tillage in monoculture and in 2-year rotations with fallow, canola (Brassica campestris L.) or lentils (Lens culinaris Medic.)/flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Conventional tillage in the Lethbridge region is shallow cultivation (10 cm) with a wide-blade (sweep) cultivator. Continuous cropping greatly depleted soil water reserves, resulting in some crop failures. Averaged over 10 years, available water for establishment of winter wheat in fall was least after canola (45 mm), followed by continuous winter wheat (59 mm), lentils/flax (74 mm) and fallow (137 mm). In this semi-arid region, the effect of rotation on soil water was much greater than that of tillage. Zero tillage had relatively little impact on available water to 1.5 m depth. However, once the experiment had been established for 6–7 years, available water in the 0–15 cm depth under winter wheat in spring was greatest under zero tillage. Precipitation storage efficiency during the fallow year was generally unaffected by tillage system. 相似文献
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Impacts of agricultural management practices on C sequestration in forest-derived soils of the eastern Corn Belt 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
W. A. Dick R. L. Blevins W. W. Frye S. E. Peters D. R. Christenson F. J. Pierce M. L. Vitosh 《Soil & Tillage Research》1998,47(3-4):235-244
Soil organic matter has recently been implicated as an important sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). However, the relative impacts of various agricultural management practices on soil organic matter dynamics and, therefore, C sequestration at spatial scales larger than a single plot or times longer than the typical three year experiment have rarely been reported. Results of maintaining agricultural management practices in the forest-derived soils of the eastern Corn (Zea mays L.) Belt states of Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania (USA) were studied. We found annual organic C input and tillage intensity were the most important factors in affecting C sequestration. The impact of rotation on C sequestration was primarily related to the way it altered annual total C inputs. The removal of above-ground plant biomass and use of cover crops were of lesser importance. The most rapid changes in soil organic matter content occurred during the first five years after a management practice was imposed with slower changes occurring thereafter. Certain management practices, e.g. no-tillage (NT), increased the soil's ability to sequester atmospheric CO2. The impact of this sequestration will be significant only when these practices are used extensively on a large percentage of cropland and when the C-building practices are maintained. Any soil C sequestered will be rapidly mineralized to CO2 if the soil organic matter building practices are not maintained. 相似文献
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Chisel ploughing is considered to be a potential conservation tillage method to replace mouldboard ploughing for annual crops in the cool-humid climate of eastern Canada. To assess possible changes in some soil physical and biological properties due to differences in annual primary tillage, a study was conducted for 9 years in Prince Edward Island on a Tignish loam, a well-drained Podzoluvisol, to characterize several mouldboard and chisel ploughing systems (at 25 cm), under conditions of similar crop productivity. The influence of primary tillage on the degree of soil loosening, soil permeability, and both organic matter distribution throughout the soil profile and organic matter content in soil particle size fractions was determined. At the time of tillage, chisel ploughing provided a coarser soil macrostructure than mouldboard ploughing. Mouldboard ploughing increased soil loosening at the lower depth of the tillage zone compared to chisel ploughing. These transient differences between primary tillage treatments had little effect on overall soil profile permeability and hydraulic properties of the tilled/non-tilled interface at the 15–30 cm soil depth. Although soil microbial biomass, on a volume basis, was increased by 30% at the 0–10 cm soil depth under chisel ploughing, no differences were evident between tillage systems over the total tillage depth. Mouldboard ploughing increased total orgainc carbon by 43% at the 20–30 cm soil depth, and the carbon and nitrogen in the organic matter fraction ≤ 53 μm by 18–44% at the 10–30 cm soil depth, compared to chisel ploughing. 相似文献
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