武汉市土壤侵蚀经济损失估算研究

利用RS与G IS技术获取了2004年武汉市水土流失状况,利用环境经济学原理选择了由土壤侵蚀造成的土地废弃、泥沙滞留、泥沙淤积、水分损失及养分损失5种实物型损失作为衡量土壤侵蚀经济损失的指标,采用替代花费法、影子工程法和机会成本法,从侵蚀区域内损失与侵蚀区域外损失2个方面估算出武汉市土壤侵蚀经济损失的货币化结果:2004年武汉市土壤侵蚀总经济损失为11 913.15万元,其中养分损失为2 984.85万元、水分损失为752.65万元、泥沙损失为7 169.42万元、废弃地损失为1 006.23万元。本研究中的土壤侵蚀价值损失值只能代表武汉市土壤侵蚀的最低估算值,准确的估算还有待于今后深入研究。     

安徽省土壤侵蚀的经济损失评估

在利用RUSLE模型估算安徽省土壤侵蚀量的基础上,利用环境经济学基本原理和方法,选取N、P、K及有机质等养分,水分损失,泥沙滞留、泥沙淤积等实物型损失作为衡量土壤侵蚀经济损失的指标,采用替代价格法、影子工程法和机会成本法估算出安徽省土壤侵蚀的经济损失的货币化结果。结果显示:2000年安徽省土壤侵蚀经济损失总量达到173081.97万元,其中养分流失引起的损失是安徽省水土流失经济损失的主要形式,达到了90.41%;安徽省土壤侵蚀经济损失在空间上呈现南高北低的趋势。     

安徽省大别山区土壤侵蚀及其经济损失评估

基于通用土壤流失方程(USLE模型)和GIS空间分析技术,对安徽省大别山区土壤侵蚀量进行了估算。选取土壤养分、水分及泥沙滞留、淤积、土地废弃损失作为土壤侵蚀经济损失的指标,采用替代花费法、恢复费用法、影子工程法等方法,评估了安徽省大别山区土壤侵蚀的经济损失。结果表明,安徽省大别山区2007年平均土壤侵蚀模数为2443.4t/(k²·a),土壤侵蚀总量为2.29×10⁷t/a,其中金寨县和岳西县土壤侵蚀总量最高,分别为7.62×10⁶t/a和5.42×10⁶t/a。从空间分布上看,较强的侵蚀主要集中在西部地区,东北部以及南部地区侵蚀量相对较小土壤侵蚀造成的总经济损失为92052.8万元,其中土壤养分价值损失最大,为82557.8万元,占土壤侵蚀经济总损失的89.7%,其次是泥沙损失,达4734.2万元,占经济总损失的5.1%。金寨县经济损失量最大,为37266.3万元,占大别山区土壤侵蚀总经济损失的40.18%。其次为岳西县,约占23.54%。经济损失量最小的为舒城县和桐城市。     

我国水土流失的经济损失评估

进行水土流失影响辨识与损失分类,选择与构建系列损失评估模型和价值计量方法,对我国水土流失造成的直接与间接经济损失进行分区和分类评估。结果表明:2000年我国水土流失造成的经济损失达1 887亿元,对国民经济影响显著,尤其是在水土流失比较严重的西南和西北地区;水土流失对下游乃至更广区域的影响较为严重,造成的间接经济损失远超流失区的直接经济损失;2000年全国水土流失的面积和强度均比1990年有所降低,但经济损失增加了83%。     

北京市土壤侵蚀经济损失分析及价值估算

利用环境经济学的原理和方法对北京地区土壤侵蚀所产生的危害给予了经济学的分析和估算,并对所使用的土壤侵蚀的经济损失估算方法做出了详细的介绍;同时对北京地区2001年度土壤侵蚀所带来的经济损失及治理收益进行了价值估算,2001年水土流失的经济损失总价值为22160.37万元,占当年农业总产值的10.35%,其中养分损失为14368.57万元,所占比例最大,占土壤侵蚀总损失价值的64.84%。水土流失经济损失最严重的区域是密云县和门头沟区,北京市平均每1km2的土壤侵蚀经济损失为1.35万元。通过估算在水土流失治理上大约每增加1元的投资,就能避免最少42元的经济损失;最后还提出了最优水土流失治理水平的设想,以供研究者在此方面进行深入的研究。     

南充市土壤侵蚀的经济损失估值

利用环境经济学的原理和方法对南充市土壤侵蚀所产生的危害进行了经济学的分析和估算,把土壤侵蚀经济损失的货币化值与经济建设的主要指标进行对比,以此反映水土流失的程度.南充市2002年土壤侵蚀总经济损失为6.22亿元,占当年农业总产值的4.96%,其中养分价值损失为5.50亿元,占土壤侵蚀经济总损失的88.45%,说明土壤侵蚀最直接、最严重的后果是降低了土地生产力.南充市水土流失经济损失最严重的区域是南部县和阆中市,应该进行重点治理.     

水土保持是脱贫致富的必由之路

<正>甘肃省是全国水土流失最为严重的省份之一,其中以黄河流域水土流失面积最大,危害最深.省内黄河流域总面积14.5万km~2,水土流失面积10.5万km~2,占总面积的72%;年入黄泥沙总量5.04亿t,占全省输沙总量的78%,占黄河总输沙量的31%.流域内有农业人口1351.5万人,占全省总人口的70%.严重的水土流失灾害,使当地的农业生产基本条件逐年恶化,群众长期处于贫困之中,直接制约着全省农业的振兴和国民经济的全面发展.     

南充市土壤侵蚀经济损失估值研究

利用环境经济学的原理和方法对南充市土壤侵蚀所产生的危害进行了经济学的分析和估算,把土壤侵蚀经济损失的货币化值与经济建设的主要指标进行对比,以此反映水土流失的程度。南充市2002年土壤侵蚀总经济损失为6．22×10~8元,占当年农业总产值的4．96%。其中养分价值损失为5．50×10~8元,占土壤侵蚀经济总损失的88．45%,水土流失损失最严重的区域是南部县和阆中市,应该重点治理。     

西北沟流域土壤侵蚀经济损失分析

以京津水源区的西北沟流域为研究对象,应用环境经济学原理选取土地损失、土壤肥力损失、泥沙淤积损失、富营养化损失作为衡量土壤侵蚀经济损失的指标,估算出该流域每年流失土壤3.37万t,损失耕地8.64 hm2,每年因土壤侵蚀造成的经济损失为56.67万元,其中N、P、K养分损失20.72万元,占土壤侵蚀总损失量的36.56%。     

黑龙江省东部低山丘陵区水土流失现状危害及发展趋势

黑龙江省东部低山丘陵区面积占黑龙江省总面积的25.3%,水土流失面积占全省水土流失总面积的41%,属黑龙江省水土流失严重区域。通过对黑龙江省第2次和第3次土壤侵蚀遥感调查成果进行分析总结,确定近5 a黑龙江省东部低山丘陵区一小部分水土流失土地得到了有效治理和开发利用,大部分水土流失土地在发展、流失程度在加重。具体表现为轻度水土流失面积在减少,中度、强度侵蚀水土流失土地在扩大。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分，因此，各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中，在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究，而植物中则相对缓慢，但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成，以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI