名山河流域不同土壤类型和土地利用方式下有机碳的分布特征

以名山河流域不同类型土壤为研究对象,研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳和团聚体中有机碳含量的分布特征。结果表明:(1)名山河流域3种类型的土壤有机碳含量在17.50~34.70g/kg之间,含量高低表现为水稻土黄壤紫色土,水稻土含量分别是黄壤和紫色土的1.32,1.39倍;从不同的土地利用方式看,水田土壤有机碳及活性有机碳含量显著高于旱地、茶园和果园,土壤活性有机碳与土壤有机碳呈极显著正相关(R2=0.884 6);(2)土壤有机碳含量在土壤剖面中表现出随着土层深度的增加而降低的趋势,表层土壤(0—20cm)有机碳含量由高到低依次为水稻土黄壤紫色土,下层土壤(20—40cm)有机碳含量为水稻土紫色土黄壤,土壤活性有机碳含量的分布具有相似规律;(3)在不同土地利用方式下,表层土壤(0—20cm)有机碳含量大小关系表现为水田旱地果园茶园,下层土壤(20—40cm)有机碳含量表现为水田果园茶园旱地,水田表层、下层土壤活性有机碳含量均极显著地高于旱地、果园、茶园,再次证明活性有机碳是表征有机碳特性的重要指标;(4)3种类型土壤的团聚体在不同的利用方式下的有机碳含量表现出随着土壤剖面加深而降低的趋势,土壤团聚体的单位有机碳含量随着粒径的减小呈现波浪形的变化趋势,各粒径团聚体中的有机碳含量与土壤有机碳含量呈正相关关系。综上可知,土壤类型的差异和土地利用方式的不同会对土壤有机碳及各粒径团聚体中有机碳的含量及分布特征产生一定的影响。     

基于Landsat遥感影像和1∶50 000土壤数据库的福州市耕地有机碳动态变化研究

耕地土壤碳库是全球碳库中最为活跃的部分,其变化对全球气候变化产生重要影响。目前对耕地土壤有机碳估算多采用中、小系列比例尺的土壤数据库,较少结合遥感影像与大比例尺土壤数据库进行估算。基于此,本研究采用Landsat遥感影像和1∶50 000高精度土壤数据库,以福建省福州市为例,基于遥感与碳循环过程模型对1987年和2016年耕地土壤有机碳动态变化进行研究。结果表明,利用Landsat影像反演得到的耕地土壤基础呼吸与土壤有机碳相关性强,建立的1987年和2016年模型R²分别为0.637和0.752。研究期间,全市耕地土壤有机碳密度从东部沿海向西部内陆地区递增,整体发挥着“碳汇”作用,有机碳密度和储量分别增加0.20 kg·m^-2和2.946×10⁵ t。从不同土壤类型比较得出,黄壤、红壤和水稻土是“碳汇”,有机碳密度分别增加0.70 kg·m^-2、0.40 kg·m^-2和0.19 kg·m^-2;其他土类为“碳源”,其中,水稻土碳储量最大,两期在全市总碳储量中占比均超过90%。从不同行政区比较得出,仓山区、长乐区、马尾区和连江县为“碳源区”,其他地区为“碳汇区”,其中,仓山区碳储量一直为全市最低,两期占比均不足0.5%,而福清市则一直居于全市首位,占比均高于20%。总体而言,福州市耕地土壤有机碳30年间空间动态变化显著,在不同土类和行政区间存在差异,今后应根据不同耕地土壤类型和行政区的有机碳情况有针对性进行耕地管理。     

陕西省土壤有机碳密度空间分布及储量估算

土壤有机碳是反映土壤质量以及土壤缓冲能力的一个重要指标,对于温室效应与全球气候变化具有重要的控制作用。研究以陕西省第二次土壤普查数据为主要资料,结合多年的相关研究数据,对陕西省土壤碳密度及储量进行估算,并分析了陕西省土壤有机碳密度的空间分布特征。结果表明:榆林、延安地区北部以及商洛等地区分布的风沙土、黄绵土、石质土等土壤有机碳密度最小,小于4 kg m-2;陕西南部地区的土壤有机碳密度主要在4~9 kg m-2之间;咸阳地区及渭南地区土壤有机碳密度也较高,主要在9~12 kg m-2之间;关中地区渭河及其两岸、秦岭部分山区土壤有机碳密度最大,最高达30 kg m-2以上;陕西省平均土壤有机碳密度为6.87 kg m-2,在全省的22个土壤类型中,有13个土壤有机碳密度低于全国平均水平,占全省土壤总面积的77.42%,全省土壤有机碳储量约为1.41×1012kg。本研究为我国土壤碳库和碳平衡的研究提供基础数据。     

30年来东北主要黑土区耕层土壤有机碳密度与储量动态变化研究

运用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,通过对全国第二次土壤普查时期(1980年)、2000年、2011年研究区三期采样数据的比较,研究了东北主要黑土区海伦、双城、公主岭三个县(市)不同时期的土壤有机碳密度与储量,并分析了30年来研究区土壤有机碳密度与储量在时间与空间的变化情况。研究表明:海伦、双城和公主岭过去30年间土壤有机碳密度分别下降了0.68 kg m-2、0.18 kg m-2和1.05 kg m-2;储量分别下降了0.23×1010kg、0.05×1010kg和0.18×1010kg。海伦、双城前20年有机碳密度下降速率较快,后10年趋向平稳并略微增长,公主岭有机碳密度在研究期的30年内仍处于快速下降阶段。按照土类统计,1980年与2011年两个时期研究区的有机碳密度与储量,结果表明几乎所有土壤类型的有机碳密度与储量均出现下降,有机碳密度降幅最大的为棕壤(下降1.95 kg m-2),有机碳储量降幅最大为黑土(下降0.29×1010kg)。     

松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳时空格局

该文基于吉林省第二次全国土壤普查省数据、县级土壤剖面资料和2003－2006年实测数据,估算了不同土壤类型农田表层土壤有机碳密度和储量,并对近25年来土壤有机碳时空变化特征及其原因进行分析。结果表明,总体上松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳密度和储量呈增加趋势。其中,碱土、暗棕壤、黑土和草甸土的土壤有机碳密度增幅分别达33%（4.16 kg/m2）,23.05%（3.79 kg/m2）、16.51%（3.74 kg/m2）和12.20%（3.77 kg/m2）;相反,黑钙土有机碳密度下降幅度达30.79%（2.18 kg/m2）。两时期土壤有机碳密度的空间分布格局基本一致,呈中部高、边缘低的趋势,但25年间土壤有机碳含量变化与1980年初始含量呈显著负相关（r＝-0.615**,P＜0.01）,且4.04 kg/m2是土壤有机碳上升或下降的临界值。根据West等提出的土壤碳汇潜力估算方法,如果保持1980年土地利用方式和传统的栽培耕作措施不变的情况下,松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳的碳汇潜力为0.33 Tg/a。     

省域土壤有机碳空间分布的主控因子——土壤类型与土地利用比较

基于河北省第二次全国土壤普查数据,运用方差分析和回归分析对比了河北省土壤类型和一级土地利用类型对0～20 cm深土壤有机碳空间分布的影响,探讨了省域土壤有机碳空间分布的主控因子。研究结果表明,土壤类型和土地利用是河北省表层土壤有机碳密度空间分布的重要影响因子。其中土壤类型对土壤有机碳密度空间分布的影响与土壤分类级别相关,土壤分类级别越低,对土壤有机碳密度空间变异的反映能力越大。与土壤类型相比,土地利用对表层土壤有机碳密度空间分异的解释能力要大于土类,但小于亚类和土属。为此,在省域尺度对土壤有机碳密度进行区域预测和估算时应将土地利用和土壤类型结合起来作为土壤有机碳空间分布的主控因子,优先考虑土地利用后,在相同土地利用类型内再尽量以低级土壤分类进行空间预测或估算。     

青藏高原土壤有机碳储量与密度分布

采用全国第二次土壤普查数据结合作者的实测数据,利用1∶100万土壤数据库对青藏高原土壤有机质层、土壤矿质层及整个剖面的土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量分别进行了估算。结果表明:青藏高原的平均土壤有机碳密度约为C 7.2 kg m-2,较前人的C 8.01~19.05 kg m-2全国平均土壤有机碳密度偏低。青藏高原总的土壤有机碳储量约为18.37 Pg,其中有机质层土壤有机碳储量约占38.14%,矿质层土壤有机碳储量则占61.86%。     

下辽河平原区农田土壤固碳潜力估算

利用1980年第二次土壤普查数据和2010年耕地地力评价数据,结合近30年来的调查研究资料和田间试验数据,建立该地区耕地土壤固碳潜力模型。预测该地区土壤固碳潜力(饱和碳密度)为4.95 kg m-2,其空间分异明显,整体表现为东部高西部低、北部高南部低;根据最新土壤调查数据所建立的模型进行估算,该区域潜在耕地土壤碳汇密度增加值为2.18kg m-2,可增加耕地土壤固碳量为57.52 Tg。     

区域土壤有机碳密度及碳储量计算方法探讨

土体中有机碳含量在纵向和横向上都具有空间相关性。本文利用曲周县四疃乡30个土壤剖面的有机碳含量数据,采用常见的纵向拟合方法建立了基于30个土壤剖面有机碳测定数据的对数函数拟合模型,计算得到研究区的土壤有机碳密度和碳储量分别为5.60kg C m-2和4.72×108kgC;又根据研究区土壤剖面中有机碳含量分布的不规则性特点,通过对土壤剖面层次的归一化处理,利用地统计横向插值方法,计算得到该区的土壤有机碳密度和碳储量分别为3.95kg Cm-2和3.33×108kgC。由于两种算法对数据的组织方式不同,得到的土壤有机碳密度和碳储量存在较大差异。两种方法适用于土壤有机碳在剖面中分布形式不同的土壤类型。     

不同布点密度条件下土壤有机碳的空间变异特性

选择福建省漳州市三个不同尺度的典型区,在格网法采样的基础上设计6种不同分类方法和4种格网密度,研究不同尺度下高效表征耕地土壤有机碳空间变异的样点布设方式。研究结果表明:市级尺度(漳州市)高效的样点布设方法为结合地貌类型和土壤类型信息的分类格网法,样点密度以接近6 km×6 km为最节省的采样方法。县级(龙海市)尺度按土壤类型与格网法相结合的方法是高效的布点方式,土壤类型若仅划分到土类,格网密度需接近1 km×1 km;若土壤类型划分到亚类或土属,格网密度可放宽到2 km×2 km。乡镇级(程溪镇)最适合的样点布设方法是未分类格网法。由于土壤类型信息是表征土壤有机碳空间变异最重要的影响因素,因此建议在县级以上尺度进行土壤有机碳空间变异研究时应考虑到土壤类型的影响。     

森林生态系统碳循环研究进展

针对森林生态系统碳循环在全球碳循环中的重要作用,综述了国内外森林生态系统碳循环的研究进展,包括森林生态系统植物和土壤碳固定、森林群落和土壤的碳释放、森林生态系统碳平衡和碳循环模型等方面,并指出今后的研究方向。     

How do environmental factors and different fertilizer strategies affect soil CO2 emission and carbon sequestration in the upland soils of southern China?

Upland soils have been identified as a major CO₂ source induced by human activities, such as fertilizer applications. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of soil CO₂ emission and carbon balance in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades. The measurements of soil surface CO₂ fluxes throughout the years of 2009 and 2010 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment (from 1990) in a double cropping system rotated with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in upland soil in southern China. Four treatments were chosen from the experiment for this study: no-fertilizer application (SR), nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium chemical fertilizers (NPK), NPK plus pig manure (NPKM) and pig manure alone (M). Results showed that the mean value of soil CO₂ fluxes from 08:00 to 10:00 am could represent its daily mean value in summer period (June–August) and that from 09:00 am to 12:00 pm for the rest season of a year. Soil temperature and moisture combined together could explain 70–83% of variations of CO₂ emission. Annual cumulative soil CO₂ fluxes in the treatments with manure applications (8.2 ± 0.8 and 11.0 ± 1.2 t C ha⁻¹ in 2009, and 7.9 ± 0.9 and 11.1 ± 1.2 t C ha⁻¹ in 2010 in NPKM and M, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the treatments with non-manure addition (2.5 ± 0.2 and 3.4 ± 0.2 t C ha⁻¹ in 2009, and 2.1 ± 0.2 and 3.7 ± 0.3 t C ha⁻¹ in 2010 in SR and NPK, respectively). However, the treatments with manure applications represented a carbon sink in the soil (carbon output/input ratio < 1.0), which demonstrated potential for carbon sequestration.     

Protection of soil carbon by microaggregates within earthworm casts

Earthworms are known to play a role in aggregate formation and soil organic matter (SOM) protection. However, it is still unclear at what scale and how quickly earthworms manage to protect SOM. We investigated the effects of Aporrectodea caliginosa on aggregation and aggregate-associated C pools using ¹³C-labeled sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) leaf residue. Two incubations were set up. The first incubation consisted of soil samples crushed <250 μm to break up all macroaggregates with three treatments: (i) control soil; (ii) soil+¹³C-labeled residue and (iii) soil+¹³C-labeled residue+earthworms. Earthworms were added after 8 d and 12 d (days) later, aggregate size distribution was measured together with total C and ¹³C in each aggregate fraction. A second incubation was made to assay protected versus unprotected total C and ¹³C from 21-d laboratory incubations of intact and crushed large (>2000 μm) and small (250-2000 μm) macroaggregates and microaggregates (53-250 μm). Eight different pools of aggregate-associated C were quantified: (1) and (2) unprotected C pools in large and small macroaggregates, (3) unprotected C pools in microaggregates, (4) and (5) protected C pools in large and small macroaggregates, (6) protected C pool in microaggregates, and (7) and (8) protected C pools in microaggregates within large and small macroaggregates. In the presence of earthworms, a higher proportion of large macroaggregates was newly formed and these aggregates contained more C and ¹³C compared to bulk soil. There were no significant differences between the samples with or without earthworms in the C pool-sizes protected by macroaggregates, microaggregates or microaggregates within small macroaggregates. However, in the presence of earthworms, the C protected by microaggregates within large macroaggregates was a significant pool and 22% of this C pool was newly added C. In conclusion, these results clearly indicate the direct involvement of earthworms in providing protection of soil C in microaggregates within large macroaggregates leading to a possible long-term stabilization of soil C.     

Old soil carbon is more temperature sensitive than the young in an agricultural field

Changes in the carbon stock of soil in response to climate change would significantly affect the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and consequently climate. The isotopes of carbon provide a means to study the temperature sensitivities of different soil carbon fractions. Where C3 vegetation has changed for C4, soil organic matter (SOM) from the different origins have different ¹³C/¹²C ratios. Relying on this feature, we took soil samples from a control field and a field where ordinary grain (C3) vegetation was replaced by maize (C4), 5 years ago. We measured the respiration rate and the ¹³C/¹²C ratio of the CO₂ produced by the samples at different temperatures. Based on these measurements, we quantified that Q₁₀ was 3.4-3.6 for the total CO₂ production while it was 2.4-2.9 at 20 °C for the maize-derived young carbon and 3.6 for the older C3-derived carbon. Our results suggest that climatic warming will accelerate especially the decomposition of the large pool of old soil carbon in these fields.     

Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe

In this review, technical and economically viable potentials for carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe by 2008-2012 are analysed against a business-as-usual scenario. We provide a quantitative estimation of the carbon absorption potential per hectare and the surface of agricultural land that is available and suitable for the implementation of those measures, their environmental effects as well as the effects on farm income. Realistically, agricultural soils in EU-15 can sequester up to 16-19 Mt C year⁻¹ during the first Kyoto commitment period (2008-2012), which is less than one fifth of the theoretical potential and equivalent to 2% of European anthropogenic emissions. We identified as most promising measures: the promotion of organic inputs on arable land instead of grassland, the introduction of perennials (grasses, trees) on arable set-aside land for conservation or biofuel purposes, to promote organic farming, to raise the water table in farmed peatland, and—with restrictions—zero tillage or conservation tillage. Many options have environmental benefits but some risk of increasing N₂O emissions. For most measures it is impossible to determine the overall impact on farm profitability. Efficient carbon sequestration in agricultural soils demands a permanent management change and implementation concepts adjusted to local soil, climate and management features in order to allow selection of areas with high carbon sequestering potential. Some of the present agricultural policy schemes have probably helped to maintain carbon stocks in agricultural soils.     

北京城市园林树木碳贮量与固碳量研究

为了解北京城市园林树木碳库的贮量及其固碳效果,在1995年和2000年北京城市园林绿化普查资料的基础上,结合遥感影像,对北京城市园林树木碳贮量进行计算。结果表明:2002年北京城市园林树木总碳贮量约为58.88万t,单位建成区面积碳贮量为7.70t/hm2;近年来北京园林树木碳贮量正逐年增加,2002年新增碳贮量达0.46万t。     

减量施氮与间作大豆对蔗田碳平衡特征的影响

为了研究氮肥投入及豆科作物间作对蔗田碳汇的影响,通过2年(2012—2013年)的大田试验,采用投入产出平衡法(即将作物生育期内的碳投入与碳产出进行量化分析),探讨2个蔗田施氮水平[300 kg·hm?2(减量施氮)和525 kg·hm?2(常规施氮)]和4种种植模式(甘蔗单作、大豆单作、甘蔗||大豆1行︰1行间作及甘蔗||大豆1行︰2行间作)下蔗田生态系统碳的输入和输出特征。结果表明,两种施氮处理甘蔗||大豆1︰2间作模式碳输入量均显著高于甘蔗单作和甘蔗||大豆1︰1间作模式。2012年减量施氮处理甘蔗||大豆1︰2间作模式碳输出量显著低于甘蔗单作和甘蔗||大豆1︰1间作模式,2013年差异不显著;甘蔗收获后,减量施氮处理甘蔗||大豆两种间作模式土壤碳截存量均显著高于甘蔗单作。甘蔗||大豆间作生态系统的碳收支与平衡分析表明,减量施氮处理甘蔗||大豆1︰2间作模式净碳固定量2012年为2 956.35 kg·hm?2,2013年为872.59 kg·hm?2。减量施氮处理甘蔗||大豆1︰2间作模式下农田固碳潜力大于其他处理,从农业可持续发展角度考虑,该模式具有一定的生态合理性。     

Carbon Sequestration in Kiwifruit Orchard Soils at Depth to Mitigate Carbon Emissions

Management practices designed to increase carbon sequestration via perennial tree crops are potential tools to mitigate the consequences of climate change. Changes in orchard management could enable growers to meet eco-verification market demands for products with a low carbon footprint and potentially exploit the emerging business opportunity in carbon storage, while enhancing the delivery of ecosystem services that depend on soil carbon stocks. However, there is no standard methodology to verify any potential claims of carbon storage by perennial vine crops. We developed a robust methodology to quantify carbon storage in kiwifruit orchards. Soil carbon stocks (SCS) were determined in six depth increments to 1 m deep in two adjacent kiwifruit blocks, which had been established 10 (“young”) and 25 (“old”) years earlier. We used a space-for-time analysis. Our key results were the young and old kiwifruit block stored about 139 and 145 t C/ha to 1 m depth. Between 80–90 percent of the SCS were stored in the top 0.5 m, and 89–95 percent in the top 0.7 m; there was no significant difference between the SCS in row and alley to a depth of 0.5 m; a CV of 5–15 percent indicates that 4–10 cores are needed for 80 percent confidence in the estimated SCS; we recommend separating each core into the depths 0–0.1, 0.1–0.3, 0.3–0.5, and 0.5–1 m to allow the assessment of SCS dynamics; we detected a weak spatial pattern of the SCS only for the old kiwifruit block with a range of about 3 m. A sampling bay along a vine row should have a maximum length of 3 m. We then assessed SCS in more than sixty kiwifruit orchards throughout New Zealand. They stored on average 174.9 ± 3 t C ha^?1 to 1 m depth. On average, 51 percent of the SCS down to 1 m depth were stored in the top 0.3 m, which is the standard depth according to the Kyoto protocol. About 72 percent of the SCS to 1 m depth were captured when increasing the sampling depth to 0.5 m. These results underscore the necessity to analyze SCS in an orchard to at least 0.5 m deep. Using the same methodology to 1 m deep, we determined SCS in two wine grape vineyards on shallow, stony alluvial soils. We found a difference between vineyard and adjacent pasture SCS of nearly 16 t/ha. As the vines are 25 years old, this equates to carbon sequestration rates of 640 kg ha^?1 yr^?1. Our results of the space-for-time analysis also showed that all sequestration had occurred below 0.5 m. Therefore, we decided to sample C to a greater depth. In a 30-year old kiwifruit orchard and an adjacent pasture, SCS was measured to 9 m deep. In the kiwifruit orchard, we found a sequestration rate of 6.3 tons of C per hectare per year greater than in the adjacent pasture that was the antecedent land use.     

我国农田生态系统碳蓄积及其变化特征研究

对我国近20年来农田生态系统C蓄积的时空变化特征进行估算分析结果表明,我国农田生态系统近20年来C蓄积总量持续增大,主要是由于单位面积C密度持续增大。农田C密度高值区主要分布在我国东部地区且多>3t/hm2,低值区主要分布在我国北方农牧交错带地区且普遍<1t/hm2。而科学管理作物残余物是增强农田生态系统C蓄积能力的关键。     

我国湿地碳循环的研究进展

湿地生态系统的碳循环正成为全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的一大热点,在稳定全球气候变化中占有重要地位,其重要性主要表现在湿地土壤是陆地重要的有机碳库,土壤碳密度高,能够相对长期地储存碳,是多种温室气体的源和汇。目前湿地碳循环的研究主要集中在碳循环的影响因素方面,对我国湿地土壤有机碳储存的变化及其空间分布规律的特点研究较少。本文通过文献综述,研究我国不同气候区湿地土壤有机碳的储存变化及空间分布规律,对于了解湿地土壤有机碳的储存特点及其与陆地生态系统碳循环的关系,评价和保护湿地生态系统都具有重要的科学意义。