南亚热带果园土壤二氧化碳释放变异性研究

Temporal variability in soil CO2 emission from an orchard was measured using a dynamic open-chamber system for measuring soil CO2 effiux in Heshan Guangdong Province, in the lower subtropical area of China. Intensive measurements were conducted for a period of 12 months. Soil CO2 emissions were also modeled by multiple regression analysis from daily air temperature, dry-bulb saturated vapor pressure, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Data was analyzed based on soil moisture levels and air temperature with annual data being grouped into either hot-humid season or relatively cool season based on the precipitation patterns. This was essential in order to acquire simplified exponential models for parameter estimation. Minimum and maximum daily mean soil CO2 effiux rates were observed in November and July, with respective rates of 1.98 ± 0.66 and 11.04 ± 0.96 μmol m^-2 s^-1 being recorded. Annual average soil CO2 emission （FCO2） was 5.92 μmol m^-2 s^-1. Including all the weather variables into the model helped to explain 73.9% of temporal variability in soil CO2 emission during the measurement period. Soil CO2 effiux increased with increasing soil temperature and soil moisture. Preliminary results showed that Q10, which is defined as the difference in respiration rates over a 10 ℃ interval, was partly explained by fine root biomass. Soil temperature and soil moisture were the dominant factors controlling soil CO2 effiux and were regarded as the driving variables for CO2 production in the soil. Including these two variables in regression models could provide a useful tool for predicting the variation of CO2 emission in the commercial forest Soils of South China .     

淹水条件下FACE处理的水稻以及小麦秸秆的分解及产物

Winter wheat and rice straw produced under ambient and elevated CO2 in a China rice-wheat rotation free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment was mixed with a paddy soil at a rate of 10 g kg-1 (air-dried), and the mixture was incubated under flooded conditions at 25 ℃ to examine the differences in decomposition as well as the products of crop residues produced under elevated CO2. Results showed that the C/N ratio and the amount of soluble fraction in the amended rice straw grown under elevated CO2 (FR) were 9.8% and 73.1% greater, and the cellulose and lignin were 16.0% and 9.9% lesser than those of the amended rice straw grown under ambient CO2 (AR), respectively. Compared with those of the AR treatment, the CO2-C and CH4-C emissions in the FR treatment for 25 d were increased by 7.9% and 25.0%, respectively; a higher ratio of CH4 to CO2 emissions induced by straw in the FR treatment was also observed. In contrast, in the treatments with winter wheat straw, the CO2-C and CH4-C productions, the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions, and the straw composition were not significantly affected by elevated CO2, except for an 8.0% decrease in total N and a 9.7% increase in C/N ratio in the wheat straw grown under elevated CO2. Correlation analysis showed that the net CO2-C and CH4-C emissions from straw and the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions were all exponentially related to the amount of soluble fraction in the amended straw (P < 0.05). These indicated that under flooded conditions, the turnover and CH4 emission from crop straw incorporated into soil were dependent on the effect of elevated CO2 on straw composition, and varied with crop species. Incorporation of rice straw grown under elevated CO2 would stimulate CH4 emission from flooded rice fields, whereas winter wheat straw grown under elevated CO2 had no effect on CH4 emission.     

高浓度CO2下长白松幼苗土壤和根系呼吸

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of higher CO2 concentrations （500 and 700 μmol mol^-1） in atmosphere on total soil respiration and the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration during seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris vat. sylvestriformis. During the four growing seasons （May-October） from 1999 to 2003, the seedlings were exposed to elevated concentrations of CO2 in open-top chambers. The total soil respiration and contribution of root respiration were measured using an LI-6400-09 soil CO2 flux chamber on June 15 and October 8, 2003. To separate root respiration from total soil respiration, three PVC cylinders were inserted approximately 30 cm deep into the soil in each chamber. There were marked diurnal changes in air and soil temperatures on June 15. Both the total soil respiration and the soil respiration without roots showed a strong diurnal pattern, increasing from before sunrise to about 14：00 in the afternoon and then decreasing before the next sunrise. No increase in the mean total soil respiration and mean soil respiration with roots severed was observed under the elevated CO2 treatments on June 15, 2003, as compared to the open field and control chamber with ambient CO2. However, on October 8, 2003, the total soil respiration and soil respiration with roots severed in the open field were lower than those in the control and elevated CO2 chambers. The mean contribution of root respiration measured on June 15, 2003, ranged from 8.3% to 30.5% and on October 8, 2003, from 20.6% to 48.6%.     

中国东北休闲期稻田温室气体排放

CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions from northeast Chinese rice fields were measured in the fallow season （November to March） to investigate the effects of freezing-thawing on the emissions. Both CH4 emission from and atmospheric CH4 oxidation by the soil occurred, but the flux was small. During the fallow season, rice fields acted as a minor source of atmospheric CH4, which accounted for about 1% of the CH4 emission during the rice growing period. The field was also a substantial source of atmospheric N20, which ranged between 40 to 77 mg m-2 and eu=counted for 40%-50% of the annual N20 emission. The largest N20 flux was observed in the thawing period during the fallow season. Laboratory incubation tests showed that the largest N20 flux came from the release of N20 trapped in frozen soil. Tillage and rice straw application （either mulched on the soil surface or incorporated in the soil） stimulated the CH4 and CO2 emissions during the fallow season, but only straw application stimulated N2O emission substantially.     

不同水稻、小麦品种对N2O排放的影响

Plant species of cropping systems may affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate dynamics of N2O emissions from rice-wheat fields from December 2006 to June 2007 and the relationship between soil and plant parameters with N2O emissions. The results indicated that N2O emissions from different wheat varieties ranged from 12 to 291 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1 and seasonal N2O emissions ranged from 312 to 385 mg N2O-N m-2. In the rice season, it was from 11 to 154 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1 with seasonal N2O emission of 190--216 mg N2O-N m-2. The seasonal integrated flux of N2O differed significantly among wheat and rice varieties. The wheat variety HUW 234 and rice variety Joymoti showed higher seasonal N2O emissions. In the wheat season, N2O emissions correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC), soil NO3--N, soil temperature, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Among the variables assessed, soil temperature followed by SOC and soil NO3--N were considered as the important variables influencing N2O emission. N2O emission in the rice season was significantly correlated with SOC, soil NO3--N, soil temperature, leaf area, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. The main driving forces influencing N2O emission in the rice season were soil NO3--N, leaf area, and SOC.     

长期使用含铜杀真菌剂对苹果园土壤中自由态铜离子、固相铜形态分级以及微生物活性的影响

Soil samples were collected from apple orchards 5,15,20,30,and 45 years old,and one adjacent forest soil was used as reference to investigate the free Cu2+ion activity in soil solution and the soil Cu fractionation in the solid phase following long-term application of copper fungicide,Bordeaux mixture,in apple orchards and to investigate the relationships among soil free Cu2+ions,Cu fractionation and soil microbial parameters.The total Cu concentration in the orchard soils varied from 21.8 to 141 mg kg-1,increasing with the orchard age,and the value for the reference soil was 12.5 mg kg-1.The free Cu2+ion concentrations in the soil solutions extracted by 0.01 mol L-1 KNO3 ranged from 3.13×10-8(reference)to 4.08×10-6 mol L-1(45 years-old orchard).The concentration of Cu complexed in the fulvic fraction increased with orchard age from 5.16 to 52.5 mg kg-1.This was also the case for other soil Cu fractions except the residual one.The residual soil Cu remained practically constant,ranging from 4.28 to 5.66 mg kg-1,suggesting that anthropogenic soil Cu mainly existed in the more labile active fractions.Regression analyses revealed that both the free Cu2+ions in the soil solution and the humic acid-complexed Cu fraction in the solid phase were strongly related with soil microbial parameters.     

酸雨对土壤有机碳氮潜在矿化的影响

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In this study, a pot experiment using forest soils planted with the seedlings of four woody species was performed with weekly treatments of pH 4.40, 4.00, 3.52, and 3.05 simulated acid rain （SAR） for 42 months compared to a control ofpH 5.00 lake water. The cumulative amounts of C and N mineralization in the five treated soils were determined after incubation at 25 ℃ for 65 d to examine the effects of SAR treatments. For all five treatments, cumulative CO2-C production ranged from 20.24 to 27.81 mg kg^-1 dry soil, net production of available N from 17.37 to 48.95 mg kg^-1 dry soil, and net production of NO3-N from 9.09 to 46.23 mg kg^-1 dry soil. SAR treatments generally enhanced the emission of CO2-C from the soils; however, SAR with pH 3.05 inhibited the emission. SAR treatments decreased the net production of available N and NO3-N. The cumulative CH4 and N2O productions from the soils increased with increasing amount of simulated acid rain. The cumulative CO2-C production and the net production of available N of the soil under Acmena acuminatissima were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than those under Schima superba and Cryptocarya concinna. The mineralization of soil organic C was related to the contents of soil organic C and N, but was not related to soil pH. However, the overall effect of acid rain on the storage of soil organic matter and the cycling of important nutrients depended on the amount of acid deposition and the types of forests.     

Temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition varies with biochar application and soil type

Biochar application has the potential to improve soil fertility and increase soil carbon stock, especially in tropical regions. Information on the temperature sensitivity of carbon dioxide(CO_2) evolution from biochar-amended soils at very high temperatures, as observed for tropical surface soils, is limited but urgently needed for the development of region-specific biochar management targeted to optimize biochar effects on soil functions. Here, we investigated the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration to the addition of different rates of Miscanthus biochar(0, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 Mg ha~(-1)) in two types of soils with contrasting textures. Biochar-amended soil treatments and their controls were incubated at constant temperatures of 20, 30, and 40℃. Overall, our results show that: i) considering data from all treatments and temperatures, the addition of biochar decreased soil CO_2 emissions when compared to untreated soils;ii) CO_2 emissions from biochar-amended soils had a higher temperature sensitivity than those from biochar-free soils; iii) the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in sandy soils was higher than that in clay soils; and iv) for clay soils, relative increases in soil CO_2 emissions from biochar-amended soils were higher when the temperature increased from 30 to 40℃, while for sandy soils, the highest temperature responses of soil respiration were observed when increasing the temperature from 20 to 30℃. Together, these findings suggest a significantly reduced potential to increase soil organic carbon stocks when Miscanthus biochar is applied to tropical soils at high surface temperatures, which could be counteracted by the soil-and weather-specific timing of biochar application.     

地中海地区保护性耕作对土壤碳素动力学特性的影响

Intensity of tillage practices can enhance organic matter decomposition, increasing CO2 emissions from soil to the atmosphere. Conservation tillage （CT） has been proposed as a means of counteracting potential damages to the environment. In this study the effects of two CT systems, reduced tillage in a long-term experiment （RTL） and no-tillage in a short-term experiment （NTs）, were compared to traditional tillage （TT） in the long （TTL） and short-term experiments （TTs）. CO2 fluxes, total soil organic carbon （SOC） and dehydrogenase activity （DHA） were evaluated at 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm depths throughout the three years studied （Oct. 2006 Jul. 2009）. Traditional tillage increased C02 emissions compared to CT. The CT treatments （RTL and NTs） accumulated more SOC in the surface layer （0 5 cm） than the TT treatments （TTL and TTs）. SOC accumulation was moderate but DHA consistently increased in CT in the surface soil, especially with a legume crop included in the crop rotation. Values of stratification ratio of all parameters studied were higher in the CT treatments （RTL and NTs）. The agricultural and environmental benefits derived from CT make this system recommendable for semi-arid Mediterranean rain-fed agriculture.     

施用聚合果属废弃物与生物炭后砂质石灰性土壤二氧化碳排放及生物化学性质的动态

Biochar is a carbon-rich product obtained by biomass pyrolysis and considered a mean of carbon sequestration. In this research, a sandy calcareous soil from the Farm of the College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, was amended with either woody waste of Conocarpus erectus L.(CW) or the biochar(BC) produced from CW at rates of 0(control), 10, 30 and 50 g kg-1. The effects of the amendments on soil p H, dissolved organic carbon(DOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC), CO2 emission and metabolic quotient(q CO2) of the sandy calcareous soil were studied in a 60-d incubation experiment. The results showed that the addition of CW led to a significant decrease in soil p H compared to the control and the addition of BC. The CO2-C emission rate was higher in the first few days of incubation than when the incubation time progressed. The cumulative CO2-C emission from the soil amended with CW, especially at higher rates, was higher(approximately 3- to 6-fold) than that from the control and the soil amended with BC. The BC-amended soil showed significant increases in CO2-C emission rate during the first days of incubation as compared to the non-amended soil, but the increase in cumulative CO2-C emission was not significant after 60 d of incubation. On the other hand, CW applications resulted in considerably higher cumulative CO2-C emission, MBC and DOC than the control and BC applications. With the exception of 0 day(after 1 h of incubation), both CW and BC applications led to lower values of q CO2 as compared to the control. The power function kinetic model satisfactorily described the cumulative CO2-C emission. Generally, the lowest values of CO2 emission were observed in the soil with BC, suggesting that the contribution of BC to CO2 emission was very small as compared to that of CW.     

减氮和施生物炭对华北夏玉米-冬小麦田土壤CO2和N2O 排放的影响

2013年6月-2014年6月,在河南省新乡夏玉米-冬小麦试验田设置四种处理即农民常规施肥（F处理,250kg·hm^-2）、减氮20%（LF处理,200kg·hm^-2）、减氮20%+黑炭（LFC）,以不施肥处理为对照（CK）,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对夏玉米-冬小麦生长季土壤CO_²和N_²O排放通量动态进行测定。结果表明：（1）夏玉米-冬小麦田的土壤CO₂排放通量为21.8～1022.7mg·m^-2·h^-1,土壤CO_²排放通量主要受土壤温度和水分的影响,在夏玉米季受土壤水分的影响更为显著,而在冬小麦季则为5cm土层处的温度对其影响更为突出。减施氮肥20%处理和减氮加生物黑炭共同作用使土壤CO_²累积排放量显著降低,小麦生长季的减排作用尤为显著。（2）施肥和灌溉是影响土壤N_²O排放的最主要因素,施肥期间N2O排放量分别占夏玉米季和冬小麦季累积排放量的73.9%～74.5%和40.5%～43.6%;施肥量主要影响排放峰的强度,灌溉主要影响排放峰出现时间的早晚且会影响不同措施的减排效果。在每季作物250kg·hm^-2施氮水平下减施氮肥20%使夏玉米季和冬小麦季的N₂O累积排放量分别降低15.7%～16.8%和18.1%～18.5%,是高产集约化农田减排N₂O的有效措施。在适宜施氮水平（200kg·hm^-2）下施用生物黑炭,短期内对土壤N₂O排放无显著影响。（3）夏玉米-冬小麦田农民常规施肥水平的N₂O排放系数为0.60%,减氮施肥的N₂O排放系数为0.56%。在华北平原高产集约化农田适当减氮施肥不仅能降低农田土壤温室气体排放,且对作物产量无影响,是适宜的温室气体减排措施。     

降雨对干旱半干旱区湿地和农田土壤CO_2短期释放的影响

本研究以巴音布鲁克湿地和农田灰漠土原状土为研究对象,进行原位模拟降雨试验,利用LI-8100土壤碳通量自动测量系统测定土壤的CO_2排放,研究了不同降雨量对土壤CO_2排放的影响。结果表明:降雨导致湿地土壤CO_2释放速率显著增加(P0.01),而农田土壤无显著差异。在其含水量无明显差异下,湿地不同降雨处理组的CO_2排放量均大于农田组,湿地土壤CO_2日累积排放量降水10 mm组降水20 mm组对照组,土壤有机碳高的湿地土壤随降雨量增加,土壤短期碳损失高,而对低有机碳土壤(西北干旱区贫瘠土壤)短期碳损失影响不显著。降雨后农田土壤降水10 mm组CO_2排放与地表温度和5 cm地温相关性极显著(P0.01),其他各处理均未呈现显著相关。说明在干旱半干旱区降雨量对土壤CO_2排放速率有着重要的影响。     

基于DNDC模型的川中丘陵区不同轮作制度下稻田CO_2排放研究

利用IKONOS高分辨率（1m）卫星遥感图,选定代表川中丘陵区特征的四川省金堂县为研究区域,选取冬水田-水稻田（PF）、油菜-水稻田（RR）和小麦-水稻田（RW）3种主要轮作制度下353块稻田为研究对象,于2005年5月-2006年5月对作物田间管理、作物产出、土壤理化性状及施肥情况,以及水质与气象等基础资料进行调查、测定和统计分析,利用DNDC模型模拟川中丘陵区不同轮作制度下稻田CO2排放情况。结果表明：PF、RR和RW 3种轮作制度下CO2年总排放量分别为：4102、7512和8111kg.hm-2,且RW和RR均显著高于PF,但3种轮作制度下单季作物的CO2排放量差异不大,RR处理的单季作物的CO2排放量最小,其年总作物产量居中,RW处理产量最高。PF水稻生长期和休闲期CO2排放通量分别为25.48和3.36kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期是休闲期的7.58倍;RR和RW在水稻生长期CO2排放通量平均为23.32和25.21kg.hm-2.d-1,低于PF水稻生长期CO2排放通量,但差异未达到显著水平,而RR和RW非水稻生长期的CO2排放通量分别为19.34和20.96kg.hm-2.d-1,分别为PF休闲期的5.76和6.24倍。根际呼吸是土壤呼吸的主要部分,整个生长期PF、RR、RW的根呼吸贡献率平均为59.14%～62.96%。     

生物炭对干旱区绿洲农田土壤呼吸的影响

为探究不同粒径秸秆生物炭添加对绿洲农田土壤CO2排放及Q10的影响,以新疆典型绿洲农田土壤灰漠土为供试材料,采用室内土柱培养的方法,研究添加＞5、1～5、0.25～1和＜0.25mm共4种粒径棉花秸秆生物炭和葡萄藤生物炭对农田土壤CO2释放的影响。结果表明：（1）试验周期内（0～85d）,添加生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率呈先增加后降低的趋势,前10d土壤呼吸增速较高;添加生物炭的土壤呼吸速率（1.27μmol·m-2·s-1）高于不添加生物炭的对照处理（1.01μmol·m-2·s-1）,棉花秸秆生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率（1.43μmol·m-2·s-1）高于添加葡萄藤生物炭处理（1.08μmol·m-2·s-1）。培养期内土壤CO2累积过程符合一级反应动力学方程,生物炭添加改变了土壤CO2潜在排放量、周转速率和半周转期。（2）添加棉花秸秆和葡萄藤两种生物炭处理与土壤CO2累积排放量（y）分别符合y=7.51x+88.53和y=2.68x+75.85的线性关系（x为生物炭粒径）。（3）添加生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率与空气温度和土壤温度显著相关,棉花秸秆生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率与温度的相关性高于葡萄藤生物炭处理,土壤温度敏感系数随粒径的减小而增加。综合土壤呼吸速率和温度敏感系数考虑,建议绿洲农田施用1～5mm中等粒径生物炭。     

沿海酸性硫酸盐土中气态N损失的短期研究

NO x and N 2 O emissions from coastal acid sulfate soils (CASS) cultivated for sugarcane production were investigated on the coastal lowlands of northern New South Wales,Australia.Two series of short-term measurements were made using chambers and micrometeorological techniques.Series 1 occurred during the wet season,the water-filled pore space (WFPS) was between 60%-80% and the site flooded during the measurements.Measurements were made directly after the harvest of soybean crop,which fixed an estimated 100 kg N ha-1,and the emission amounted to 3.2 kg NO x-N ha-1 (12 d) and 1.8 kg N 2 O-N ha-1 (5 d).Series 2 was made towards the end of the dry season when the WFPS was less than 60%.In Series 2,after an application of 50 kg N ha 1,emissions were markedly less,amounting to 0.9 kg N ha-1 over 10 d.During both series when the soil was moist,emissions of NO x were larger than those of N 2 O.The emission of NO x appeared to be haphazard,with little time dependence,but there was a clear diurnal cycle for N 2 O,emphasising the need for continuous measurement procedures for both gases.These results suggest that agricultural production on CASS could be important sources of greenhouse gases and nitrogen practices will need to be optimised to reduce the offsite effects of atmospheric warming,acidification or nitrification.Many questions still remain unanswered such as the emissions during the soybean bean filling stage and crop residue decomposition,the longer-term losses following the fertiliser application and emissions from CASS under different land uses.     

自由大气CO2浓度升高对稻田CH_4排放的影响研究

采用FACE田间试验,对高CO2浓度影响稻田CH4排放规律进行了观测分析,并利用δ13C技术初步分析了土壤CH4的排放来源。结果显示,植株和土壤的CH4排放速率在高CO2浓度处理大于对照18%以上,其增加幅度为土壤大于植物,CH4排放速率可能受田间水分条件影响较大。与对照比较,高CO2浓度条件下植物和土壤部分CH4累积排放总量增加,且变化幅度随生长期而降低,前期（54d）常规氮处理（NN）高于低氮处理（LN）,后期LN高于NN;但是行间裸土CH4累积排放总量在前期（54d）增加和之后降低的幅度均为NN高于LN。土壤排放CH4δ13C值从移栽到第102d,高CO2浓度处理LN和NN水平下土壤对照（CK）仅分别升高9.0%和8.3%,种水稻则降低8.8%和8.1%;但是在对照CO2浓度条件下土壤对照降低17.2%和112.5%（P=0.047）,种水稻降低40.3%和105.9%（P=0.023）,表明高CO2浓度下有更多C4来源的碳释放,对照CO2浓度条件下有更多C3来源的碳释放。水稻不同生长期与土壤对照比较,种水稻土壤排放CH4δ13C值降低的幅度总和在高CO2浓度条件LN和NN水平下分别为114.8%和72.7%,对照CO2浓度条件下分别为41.9%和72.8%,表明在种有植物的情况下更多当季的碳分解释放,LN水平下高CO2浓度促进来源于当季碳的CH4排放,NN水平下没有发现CO2浓度的影响,可能与作物生物量和它的间接产物（根系分泌物）的影响有关。     

绿肥压青粉垄保护性耕作对稻田土壤温室气体排放的影响

2016-2018年,在广西农业科学院试验田设置粉垄耕作与常规耕作2种耕作模式,并设不施肥、常规施用化肥、单倍绿肥压青+化肥和双倍绿肥压青+化肥4种施肥处理开展连续田间定位实验,2018年早稻插秧5d后开始采用分离式静态箱-气象色谱法连续对稻田温室气体排放通量进行测定,研究绿肥压青下不同耕作模式和施肥处理稻田主要温室气体排放特征及其定位累积效应,分析温室气体累积排放量和增温潜势,以期为粉垄保护性耕作方式和施肥管理模式提供参考依据。结果表明：粉垄耕作模式下常规施用化肥处理中CO2排放通量是常规耕作模式下的2.3倍,施用双倍绿肥处理稻田CH4排放峰值是化肥处理中的2.5～3.9倍。各处理中,粉垄耕作下单倍绿肥加化肥处理稻田CO2和N2O累积排放量均最少,分别为1469.29kg·hm-2和36.61g·hm-2。两种耕作模式下施用单倍绿肥加化肥CH4累积排放量均低于双倍绿肥加化肥的处理。可见,合理配施绿肥加化肥对粉垄耕作下水稻温室气体CO2和N2O减排有一定积极作用,稻田CH4排放量与绿肥压青量相关,温室气体的增温潜势也相应受到影响。在一定时间尺度上,绿肥压青下粉垄保护性耕作是一种减少和遏制农业温室气体排放的有效措施。     

Characterization of Cement Plant Emissions in Turkey

In cement plants in Turkey CO, NO₂, SO₂ and particulate emissions were measured using standard measurement techniques and equipment. Emission factors are calculated by dividing the emission rates by capacity of production at the time of measurements for each plant. The results of this study show that the dominant emissions from cement production in Turkey is CO followed by NO₂, dust and SO₂ in decreasing order. National averages for the emission factors are calculated and compared to international emission factors. On average the Turkish dust emission factor is higher than the German factor, however NO₂ and SO₂ emission factors are lower in Turkey.     

强酸性茶园土壤中添加不同肥料氮后N2O释放量变化

茶园由于长期偏施氮肥，造成土壤酸化现象严重和 N2O 大量排放。本文对强酸性茶园土壤进行不同氮肥处理试验，结果表明， 通过31 d的好气培养，各施肥处理均显著提高N2O排放， 其中施硝酸钾（KNO3）处理平均每天排放的N2O最高，总排放量为对照（CK）的17倍，其次是硝酸铵（NH4NO3）处理， 尿素［CO（NH2）2］和硫酸铵［（NH4）2SO4］处理虽然能增加N2O 排放，但远远小于硝酸钾处理。对各氮肥处理硝化势的测定表明，尿素、 硫酸铵和硝酸铵处理均明显增加土壤硝化活性，而硝酸钾处理硝化势与对照相比显著降低。强酸性茶园土壤中N2O排放的主要来源是反硝化作用。氧化亚氮还原酶（nosZ）的定量PCR 分析表明，硝酸钾处理的nosZ 基因拷贝数与对照相比显著降低（P0.05）。因此，强酸性土壤中N2O还原酶活性被NO3-抑制是导致高N2O排放的重要原因之一。