种植沉水植物对富营养化水体沉积物中磷形态的影响

研究太湖常见6种沉水植物在五里湖未扰动底泥上生长情况及其对沉积物磷化学形态的影响。通过综合分析沉积物中磷的化学形态,释放规律及其影响因素,结果表明,由于沉水植物生长过程使水体的pH、Eh以及藻类含量的变化,使铁磷、有机磷等主要化学形态磷的释放得到明显的控制,同时沉水植物的生长使沉积物中总磷水平也有明显的降低。所以恢复沉水植物是控制湖泊内源磷负荷的有效方式。     

环境因子及沉水植物对底泥磷释放的影响研究

通过环境因子（温度、pH、扰动、溶解氧等）及沉水植物对底泥磷释放影响的研究，分析了环境因子影响底泥磷释放的因素，及不同环境条件下沉水植物影响底泥磷释放的因素，得出了如下结论：溶解氧、pH、温度及扰动等对底泥磷向上覆水体释放都有一定影响，其中溶解氧和pH值影响较大；湖泊特别浅水型湖泊中，磷对水体富营养化起重要作用；沉水植物在控制湖泊底泥营养向水体扩散、风等外界因素扰动底泥起关键作用；浅水型湖泊中，湖泊底泥受扰动较大适合种植象狐尾藻类多分枝的沉水植物，这样有利于抑制底泥磷向水体的释放．     

太湖夏季蓝藻水华期间产毒蓝藻基因型组成和种群丰度研究

采用基于mcyA基因的PCR-DGGE和定量PCR分子技术,研究了太湖夏季蓝藻水华期间不同湖区水柱和表层底泥中产毒蓝藻基因型组成和种群丰度,同时利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定了水体中微囊藻毒素（Microcystin,MC）3种异构体（MC-LR、MC-YR、MC-RR）的浓度,为太湖蓝藻水华治理及其生态风险评估提供基础资料。结果表明,太湖产毒蓝藻有12种主要的基因型,不同湖区水体和底泥中基因型组成及其丰度存在差异,水体中基因型多样性高于底泥,所有样品中占优势的基因型是一致的,富营养化水平对产毒蓝藻群落结构有一定的影响。同时发现,水体中不同湖区产毒藻细胞种群丰度差异显著,富营养化水平高的湖区种群丰度也较高,底泥中产毒藻细胞种群丰度波动较小。水体中微囊藻毒素3种异构体中MC-LR浓度最高,其所占比例在湖区间有一定的差异,总微囊藻毒素浓度范围为0.54～1.08μg·L-1,部分湖区微囊藻毒素浓度超过WHO推荐的安全浓度阈值（〈1.0μg·L-1）,必须引起足够重视。     

重庆典型养殖鱼塘富营养化调查与评价

对重庆典型养殖鱼塘水质进行了监测,采用综合营养状态指数法对水体的富营养化状态进行了评价,结果表明:鱼塘水体中总氮远超过GB3838—2002标准,为劣Ⅴ类水质;总磷、叶绿素a已达中度富营养化标准;水体总体上富营养化严重。造成鱼塘污染与富营养化的原因主要来自投放的饵料、鱼类排泄物、底泥释放、上游来水以及加入的肥料、鱼药等。提出了污染防治与治理的一些对策。     

白洋淀沉积物-沉水植物-水系统氮、磷分布特征

通过2015年4月份和9月份对白洋淀西部纳污区、中部生活水产养殖区以及淀边缘区优势沉水植物及对应沉积物和水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量测定,分析白洋淀水体氮磷营养分布规律,明确不同沉水植物对自然水体氮磷富集能力,为应用沉水植物修复富营养化水体提供理论依据。结果表明:白洋淀水体TN和TP浓度分别为0.77~13.65mg/L和0.05~1.21mg/L。受唐河和府河输入影响,纳污区水中TN和TP浓度最高,为IV~劣V类水,生活水产养殖区和淀边缘区水体TN和TP浓度差异均不显著(p0.05),水体氮磷主要受入淀河流输入影响;沉积物TN和TP含量分别为(3.16±1.86)g/kg和(0.72±0.20)g/kg。沉积物TN和TP标准指数变化范围为3.42~9.09和0.93~1.44,综合污染指数为2.19~5.26,白洋淀沉积物营养盐处于严重污染水平且受氮素影响更为严重。其中生活水产养殖区沉积物TN和TP含量最高,纳污区和淀边缘区差异不显著(p0.05);沉水植物对水中TN的富集能力表现为菹草金鱼藻篦齿眼子菜,对水中TP的富集能力表现为金鱼藻菹草篦齿眼子菜;水和沉积物中TN和TP之间均存在显著正相关(p0.05)。沉水植物体内氮磷含量与水体TN和TP浓度存在显著正相关,而与沉积物TN和TP含量无显著相关(p0.05)。总之,3种沉水植物均具有很强的修复水体氮磷污染的能力,建议适时收割地上部以有效去除水体氮磷污染。     

种植沉水植物和疏浚底泥对氮磷营养水平的影响

通过对五里湖沉积物进行不同疏浚深度(30 cm和60 cm)沉水植物恢复实验研究,结果表明:对于未种植水草的疏浚沉积物来说,疏浚并不能很好地降低水体中氮磷水平,在一定时间内,氮磷水平有恢复增加的可能;种植菹草的疏浚沉积物,除在开始阶段氮磷水平有所增加外,随时间的延长,对上覆水中的氮磷有很好的控制。所以将底泥疏浚与沉水植物的恢复相结合起来,在控制湖泊内源污染方面将达到更好的效果。     

沉水植物对再生水景观水体水质变化的影响和净化效果

为揭示沉水植物对以再生水作为水源的景观水体富营养化变化趋势的影响和对水体水质的维持和改善作用,对西安市一个再生水景观水体开展了不同区域和不同季节的水质监测试验,并采用室外玻璃缸装置研究伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻对再生水中氮、磷等营养盐的去除效果。结果表明:有沉水植物生长的区域氨氮、总氮浓度明显低于主湖区,且水质能够维持在低富营养化状态。伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻对再生水水质具有良好的改善作用,且伊乐藻优于轮叶黑藻。伊乐藻对再生水中CODCr、氮、磷的去除率分别为38.55%～57.54%,43.13%～51.81%和61.76%～77.45%,可使水体中叶绿素a含量维持在20μg/L左右,对藻类具有较好的抑制作用,可作为西北地区再生水景观水体水质修复的先锋植物。     

蒲河重金属污染现状及模糊综合评价

通过监测蒲河水质的部分指标,包括底泥的pH、有机质含量、重金属（主要铜、锌、铅、铬、镉）等,使用OPTMA3000全谱等离子体直读光谱仪对重金属含量进行测定,并运用模糊综合评价方法对蒲河水体底泥进行了综合评价。结果发现:底泥中有机质含量比较低;蒲河水体底泥状况属于污染严重级别;Cr的污染明显超标;蒲河水体底泥受到了Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu这4种重金属的复合污染。     

太湖不同污染程度底泥对磷滞留能力的比较

磷（P）是湖泊富营养化的限制性营养元素,而沉积物是湖泊营养物质的重要蓄积库,沉积物对P的滞留能力是决定湖泊自净能力的重要因素。采用室内有机玻璃圆柱装置,研究了太湖两种污染程度不同的底泥对P的滞留能力。结果表明,污染程度较轻的黄泥在实验期间对P的最大滞留量为28.365μmol·m^-2,污染程度较重的黑泥最大滞留量仅为9.321μmol·m^-2,两种底泥对P的滞留具有极显著的差异（P〈0.01）。与实验初期相比,实验末期黄泥中总磷增加0.06%,而在黑泥中却减少0.02%,黄泥对P的滞留能力远远大于黑泥。     

伊乐藻和固定化细菌共同作用对富营养化水体中养分的影响

试验是在室外进行,采用适合冬季生长的沉水植物伊乐藻(Elodeamuttallii)和固定化微生物两者相结合来研究它们在冬春季节对富营养化水体中氮磷养分的影响变化。试验结果表明:采用两者的结合对维持和提高水质效果最为明显,其中对水体中几种形态的氮素都有不同程度的降低作用,这主要是由于除水生植物对水体中氮素的吸收外,还有通过固定化微生物的氨化作用、硝化和反硝化作用,促使氮素以气态的形式去除;在试验的后期,虽然水体中总磷TP和可溶性磷DP的含量在各处理中都表现出上升趋势,但是把伊乐藻(Elodeamuttallii)和氮循环菌相结合却能对水体的磷含量有明显的缓冲作用,这些结果综合表现为水体透明度的相对较高。     

Effect of submerged macrophytes on metal and metalloid concentrations in sediments and water of the Yunnan Plateau lakes in China

Purpose

Submerged macrophytes have an ability to absorb metals and metalloids either from the sediments via the roots, from the water by the leaves, or from both sources. The objectives of this study were (1) to test the hypothesis that metal and metalloid concentrations in water and sediments from sampling sites with submerged macrophytes are significantly lower than those from sampling sites without submerged macrophytes, (2) to explore the accumulation potential for metals and metalloids of different submerged macrophyte species, and (3) to discuss the relationships among submerged macrophytes, water, and sediments in the Yunnan Plateau lakes.

Materials and methods

Twenty Yunnan Plateau lakes with different trophic levels were selected. Concentrations of 16 metals and metalloids (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn) in submerged macrophytes, water, and sediments were determined by using ICP-AES. Relationships among metal and metalloid concentrations in water, sediments, and submerged macrophytes were carried out by Pearson correlation analysis. The enrichment factor was calculated as the ratio between the concentration of metals and metalloids in a sediment sample and the soil background value.

Results and discussion

No significant differences were found in metal and metalloid concentrations in water and sediments between sampling sites with submerged macrophytes and sampling sites without submerged macrophytes. Moreover, lake water and sediments were mainly contaminated by As, Cr, and Pb. Potamogeton distinctus is a hyperaccumulator of Fe according to the threshold value for Fe hyperaccumulation. Many significantly positive correlations were found among metals and metalloids in submerged macrophytes due to co-accumulation. We found significant correlation between Cr in submerged macrophytes and Cr in water, and strong positive correlations between As, Cd, and Cu in submerged macrophytes and As, Cd, and Cu in corresponding sediments in the Yunnan Plateau lakes.

Conclusions

Submerged macrophytes have no significant effects on metal and metalloid concentrations in sediments and water in all the 20 Yunnan Plateau lakes in the study. However, further studies are necessary to understand the interactions of metals and metalloids in submerged macrophytes, water, and sediments.

     

Effects of Hydrilla Verticillata on Phosphorus Retention and Release in Sediments

Submerged macrophytes are commonly used for the environmental engineering of the controlling of shallow lake eutrophication, and are also an effective and valid alternative for the remediation of eutrophic water bodies, not only under experimental conditions but also under natural conditions. Therefore, the effects of submerged macrophytes on the improvement of shallow lake water quality have been intensively investigated. But the mechanism was not well understood, especially the mechanism of the effects of submerged macrophytes on the exchange of nutrients at sediment–water interface in shallow lakes. This study selected a familiar submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata in China and evaluated the effects of H. verticillata on the phosphate retention and release at the lake sediment–water interface in a simulated condition. The effects of H. verticillata on the phosphate sorption isotherm, phosphorus (P) availability were investigated and the subsequent kinetics of P release was also measured by repeated extraction with CaCl₂ solution. Exchangeable Ca and ammonium oxalate-extractable Fe (Fe_ox) and Al (Al_ox) of the sediments were also determined. The results show that the contents of organic matter, cationic exchange capacity (CEC), Ca, Fe, Al, exchangeable Ca, Fe_ox and Al_ox of the sediments with H. verticillata were higher than those of the control sediments, and the contents of total phosphorus (TP), Olsen-P and reactive dissolve phosphorus (RDP) were lower. The sediments with H. verticillata had stronger P sorption ability and weaker ability of P release. H. verticillata did not significantly affect the trends of the sorption isotherms and kinetics of the released P on the sediments. H. verticillata can significantly increase the ability of P sorption, decrease in the ability of P desorption on sediments was one of the mechanism that maintained lower P levels of the overlying water through affecting the contents of organic matter, CEC, Ca, Fe, Al, exchangeable Ca, Fe_ox and Al_ox in sediments.     

漂浮植物对富营养化景观水体的净化效果研究

利用软隔离小区试验研究了凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)、黄花水龙(Jussiaen repens L.)、空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.)、水鳖(Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.)Backer.)和四角菱(Trapaquadrispinosa Roxb.)5种不同漂浮植物对富营养化景观水体的净化效果,研究结果表明,经过100天植物处理,5种飘浮植物对水体中总氮的去除率为黄花水龙(63)%>凤眼莲(57%)>水鳖(46%)>四角菱(42%)>空心莲子草(34%),对总磷的去除率为凤眼莲(52%)>黄花水龙(50%)>水鳖(45%)>四角菱(31%)>空心莲子草(22%),其中凤眼莲、黄花水龙处理围区的水质净化效果最好,水体中总氮和总磷的去除率也最高,这与植物自身吸收同化污染水体中氮素、磷素的能力大小及植物根系微生物的作用都有关。凤眼莲、黄花水龙在提高水体透明度方面表现最佳,试验围区在处理40天后水质透明度即可达到1 m以上,而空心莲子草、水鳖和四角菱的试验围区则需要处理60天以后透明度才能达到1 m以上。5种漂浮植物对富营养化景观水体都有较好的净化效果,且易于成活,容易管理,可在今后的水质净化中推广应用。     

水体氮浓度对狐尾藻和金鱼藻片段萌发及生长的影响

为了厘清水体氮浓度对沉水植物片段萌发及生长的影响,通过模拟控制试验,设计了水体总氮浓度分别为0 (CK)、 0.5 mg/L (N1)、 2 mg/L (N2)、 8 mg/L (N3)和12 mg/L (N4）共5个处理,研究了水体不同氮浓度条件下狐尾藻 (Myriophyllum spicatum) 和金鱼藻 (Ceratophyllum demersum)片段(3节)萌芽数、 萌发位置、 芽长和生物量的差异。结果表明, 水体氮浓度对不同沉水植物片段萌发的影响存在差异,较高的水体氮浓度不利于狐尾藻片断萌发,而对金鱼藻片段却有一定程度的促进;氮浓度处理促进了狐尾藻顶端优势,却抑制了金鱼藻的顶端优势。狐尾藻以0.5 mg/L处理的芽长较长,生物量以2 mg/L处理最大;而金鱼藻以8 mg/L处理芽长最长,生物量以2 mg/L处理最大。由此可见,不同沉水植物对水体氮适应性存在差异,水体氮浓度较低时,沉水植物断枝可以进行萌发和生长, 而当氮浓度超过2 mg/L时,对沉水植物断枝萌发及生长反而有抑制作用;金鱼藻片段比狐尾藻对水体氮浓度的耐受性强。     

沉水植物对不同层次沉积物及土壤中磷迁移的影响

利用相同区域湖泊沉积物及土壤培养黑藻,分析不同层次底质中各形态磷含量和间隙水中磷浓度的变化,揭示在沉水植物作用下淹水土壤和沉积物中不同层次磷的迁移规律。结果表明,本试验条件下,土壤各层次均比营养水平相当的沉积物中磷的迁移性大,黑藻能促进上层底质中无机磷向上覆水中迁移,通过根系作用促进根尖分布层底质中有机磷的迁移转化;黑藻对沉积物下层(根尖分布层)磷迁移转化的影响小于土壤,对上层底质中磷向上覆水中迁移的影响大于土壤;黑藻通过吸收作用及改变根区环境条件,影响底质间隙水中各形态磷的浓度,黑藻对沉积物间隙水中磷浓度的影响大于土壤。     

Wetland Simulation Model for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sediments Retention in Constructed Wetlands

Steamboat Creek, Washoe County, Nevada, is considered the most polluted tributary of the Truckee River, therefore the reduction of nutrients from the creek is an important factor in reducing eutrophication in the lower Truckee River. Restoration of the wetlands along the creek has been proposed as one method to improve water quality by reducing nutrient and sediments from non-point sources. This study was aimed to design a simulation model wetlands water quality model (WWQM) that evaluates nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediments retention from a constructed wetland system. WWQM is divided into four submodels: hydrological, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment. WWQM is virtual Visual Basic 6.0 program that calculates hydrologic parameters, nutrients, and sediments based on available data, simple assumptions, knowledge of the wetland system, and literature data. WWQM calibration and performance was evaluated using data sets obtained from the pilot-scale constructed wetland over a period of four and half years. The pilot-scale wetland was constructed to quantify the ability of the proposed wetland system for nutrient and sediment removal. WWQM simulates nutrient and sediments retention reasonably well and agrees with the observed values from the pilot-scale wetland system. The model predicts that wetlands along the creek will remove nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediments by 62, 38, and 84 %, respectively, which would help to reduce eutrophication in the lower Truckee River.     

厦门坂头水库扩容对土壤氮磷浸出的模拟试验研究

水库建成蓄水后,库底大多不铺设或不全部铺设防渗衬垫层,库底土壤中氮、磷的浸出对库水水质产生一定影响。在现场调查的基础上,使用蒸馏水和水库原水组成各个不同水土组合分别进行连续性实验,分析研究了土壤中氮、磷浸出对库水中总氮、总磷浓度的影响。结果表明:总氮、总磷的浓度均发生一定程度的变化,引起变化的主要是表层土中氮、磷的浸出。从整体看,土壤氮磷的浸出量占水库水体氮磷总量比例较低,对库水水质不会产生明显的不良影响。