不同时期施锌对旱稻籽粒锌积累的影响

为了探明不同时期施锌肥对旱稻籽粒锌积累的影响,在田间条件下对两个旱稻供试品种(巴西陆稻和旱稻502)进行不同时期施锌肥(100 kg/hm~2 ZnSO_4·7H_2O)处理(基施或花前7 d土壤追施),收获期对旱稻各器官锌含量进行测定和分析.结果表明,与对照(未施锌)和基施锌肥相比,花前7 d追施锌肥能显著增加地上部生物量和籽粒产量.施锌肥两处理均显著提高了旱稻地上部锌积累量.与基施锌肥相比,花前7 d施锌肥更能增加旱稻糙米中锌的含量,但在巴西陆稻上两种施锌方法对籽粒产量的增加均不显著.     

磷锌配施对花生不同生育期磷锌吸收与分配的影响

对植物体内磷–锌复杂的交互关系,采用田间试验,研究了磷锌配施对花生不同生育期磷锌吸收、积累、分配及花生产量的影响。结果表明:施磷和施锌均显著提高了花生地上部干重和产量。相同锌用量下,施磷提高了花生地上部、花生壳和花生仁的磷含量和积累量,但降低了其锌含量、磷锌收获指数和荚果磷利用率。其中,施磷对地上部锌含量的降低程度取决于生育期和锌施用水平。随施磷量的增加,在花生苗期、花针前期及不施锌肥时,花生地上部锌含量显著降低;而在花针后期、结荚期和成熟期及施锌肥时,花生地上部锌含量的降低程度逐渐减弱,表明磷-锌拮抗作用在花生生育前期强于生育后期,不施锌肥强于施锌肥。施磷对花生锌积累量的影响取决于锌供应水平和花生生长部位。不施锌肥时,仅适量供磷促进了地上部锌积累,而施锌肥时,适量供磷和高量供磷均促进了地上部锌积累;不同于地上部,高量供磷显著降低了花生壳和花生仁锌积累量。相同磷用量下,增施锌肥对整个生育期花生各部位磷含量和花生生育后期磷积累量无显著影响,显著增加了花生苗期和花针前期地上部及成熟期花生壳和花生仁的磷积累量、磷收获指数和荚果磷利用率。总之,花生体内磷–锌相互作用大小受其生育期、生长部位和锌供应水平的影响,且施磷对锌的影响较施锌对磷的影响大。     

旱稻苗期品种(系)间锌吸收与利用的差异研究

为了探讨旱稻品种(系)间苗期锌吸收与利用的差异,揭示旱稻前期锌反应和锌高效机理,在温室盆栽条件下,对12个旱稻品种(系)进行不同锌水平处理,出苗后35.d对植株锌含量进行了测定,分析了不同品种(系)间锌吸收和利用率。结果表明,品种(系)间对低锌的敏感性存在显著差异。在低锌条件下适当补施锌肥可显著提高旱稻植株的锌含量和植株体内的锌积累量1～2倍,并增加干物质生产量20%左右,其中云南旱稻、秦爱-3混、辽旱109和91B特9-7四个品种锌的相对生物量均大于100%,对低锌表现不敏感;而旱稻7号则对低锌较敏感,相对生物量仅为68%。     

我国主要麦区小麦籽粒锌含量对叶喷锌肥的响应

【目的】我国小麦籽粒锌含量普遍偏低,叶喷锌肥是提高小麦籽粒锌含量的重要措施,研究我国主要麦区小麦籽粒锌含量对叶喷锌肥的响应,对小麦科学施用锌肥、 调控小麦籽粒锌营养状况有重要意义。【方法】本研究在我国14个省(市)主要麦区布置了30个田间试验,在每个试验点设置不喷锌对照和叶面喷锌两个处理,以当地主栽小麦品种为供试作物,通过测定收获期小麦产量、 各器官锌含量,研究了叶喷锌肥提高小麦籽粒锌含量的效果、 区域差异及其与土壤主要理化性质、 小麦拔节前植株锌含量的关系。【结果】 30个试验点的结果显示,叶面喷锌对小麦籽粒产量、 生物量和收获指数均无明显影响,但籽粒锌含量显著提高,叶面喷锌的籽粒锌含量比对照平均提高5.2 mg/kg(17.5%), pH7.0的区域提高5.3 mg/kg(16.4%), pH 7.0的区域提高5.2 mg/kg(18.4%)。小麦地上部锌吸收与分配在两个区域间没有显著差异,叶面喷锌的小麦籽粒、 颖壳和茎叶平均锌吸收量分别为255.5、 26.0和117.5 g/hm2,比对照增加19.4%、 28.7% 和99.2%; 锌收获指数为64.1%,比对照降低12.2%。籽粒锌利用率和籽粒锌强化指数也不受区域的影响,平均值锌利用率为3.0%,锌强化指数为3.8 mg/kg。无论叶面喷锌与否,籽粒锌含量和土壤有效锌均呈显著正相关,土壤有效锌含量每升高1.0 mg/kg,籽粒锌含量平均提高约4.0 mg/kg; 籽粒锌含量和土壤pH呈显著负相关,土壤pH每升高1个单位,籽粒锌含量平均降低3.8 mg/kg; 籽粒锌含量与土壤有机质没有显著相关性。小麦籽粒锌含量与拔节前植株锌含量极显著正相关,拔节前植株锌含量每升高1.0 mg/kg,籽粒锌含量平均提高0.4 mg/kg。【结论】 除叶面喷施锌肥外,调节土壤酸碱性,提高土壤有效锌含量,促进小麦生长前期植株对锌的吸收对改善我国小麦锌营养均具有重要意义。     

局部施磷对玉米磷、锌拮抗作用的影响

以玉米为试验材料,采用分根装置(设置A、B根室),研究了不同锌水平下局部施磷或整体施磷对玉米生长以及锌、磷含量的影响。试验设置3个磷水平(0、100、200 mg/kg,分别记为P0、P100、P200),两个锌水平(0、5 mg/kg,分别记为Zn0、Zn5)。玉米生长40 d后收获,测定其地上部与地下部生物量、磷、锌元素含量。结果显示,无锌供应条件下,所有处理地上部和地下部的生物量随施磷水平的提高而显著增加,供锌处理后,生物量变化也有相同的趋势。局部施磷导致施磷一侧地下部生物量显著增加。玉米植株磷含量会随施磷水平的提高而增加,而锌含量呈相反的变化趋势。供锌条件下,供磷(P100、P200)一侧(B室)相对未供磷(P0)一侧(A室)锌含量分别显著降低了16.7%和16.1%;不供锌条件下,锌含量分别降低了13.1%和19.9%。玉米植株锌吸收量与根部生物量(B室)的比值随施磷水平的增加呈下降趋势,且相对于均匀施磷,局部施磷条件导致B室的这一比值显著降低。局部施磷方式加剧了磷对锌的拮抗作用,抑制了根对锌的吸收,同时磷水平的提高抑制锌由地下部向地上部转运;磷、锌拮抗作用的发生是玉米植株的整体反应,而非只发生在局部。     

氮锌配施对不同冬小麦品种产量及锌营养的影响

为比较石灰性土壤氮锌配施对不同小麦品种生长及锌营养的影响,选10种本地主要种植小麦品种,进行连续两年的田间试验,测定小麦产量及锌含量。结果表明,在石灰性土壤上单施锌肥和氮锌配施对小麦产量、籽粒锌含量的影响因品种而异。单施锌肥及氮锌配施处理可显著增加土壤有效锌含量,但单施锌肥处理仅增加"西杂1号"、"武农148"、"郑麦9023"籽粒锌含量;氮锌配施增加除"小偃22"外其余9种供试小麦品种籽粒锌含量,增幅为7.3%～54.7%。单施锌肥对小麦锌累积量增加的效果不明显;氮锌配施可显著增加小麦地上部锌累积量,两季分别增加6.5%、29.8%。单施氮肥可显著增加小麦锌吸收,但其主要累积在小麦茎叶部。在石灰性土壤上,单施锌肥虽显著增加了土壤有效锌含量,但对小麦产量及籽粒Zn含量增加有限,氮锌肥配施可取得较好效果。     

重金属富集植物黑麦草对Zn的响应

采用根袋土培试验研究了重金属Zn胁迫对黑麦草（Loliurn perenne L．）生长、抗氧化酶活性、游离脯氨酸含量、根系活力及锌积累的影响。结果表明，黑麦草对重金属锌有很强的抗性和耐性．即使在高锌下（16mmol Zn／kg）。黑麦草生长也未受到抑制。黑麦草地上部干重、根系千重在8mmol Zn／kg下达到最大值。分别较对照增加48．8％，52．2％;高锌处理（16mmol Zn／kg）的植株地上部千重也较对照增加11．2％。黑麦草POD活性随Zn胁迫增加，先下降，然后回升SOD活性则随锌胁迫增加而下降。随Zn胁迫增加，叶脯氨酸、根系活力先增加，然后下降。地上部、根系Zn含量随Zn胁迫增加而增加，最大值分别为746．5，521．0mg／kg DW（16mmol Zn／kg）。高锌处理下（≥4mmol／kg）Zn转运率（S／R）〉1．0。     

施锌对不同品种小麦锌吸收分配的影响

为明确土壤施锌对不同品种小麦的生长发育以及养分吸收的影响,选用河南省广泛种植的10个冬小麦品种,采用盆栽试验,设置0 mg?kg~(-1)(Zn0)、10 mg?kg~(-1)(Zn10)、20 mg?kg~(-1)(Zn20)、30 mg?kg~(-1)(Zn30)4个施锌水平,研究不同施锌量对冬小麦生长发育和锌吸收利用的影响。结果表明:在北方石灰性潮土增施锌肥能够显著提高小麦籽粒锌含量,但产量构成要素、干质量及锌效率等对施锌的响应因品种而异。施锌显著增加了供试小麦整株锌含量和累积量,且在Zn20水平下增幅最大,较Zn0处理分别提高了41.4%～85.1%和19.9%～110.1%。"郑麦379""百农207""郑麦0856""周麦22"的籽粒锌含量随锌浓度增加而增加,在Zn30达到最高,较Zn0提高了43.5%、65.1%、68.2%、55.8%;"郑麦366"和"周麦27"的籽粒锌含量在锌肥10～30 mg?kg~(-1)时无显著差异,较Zn0处理增加了40.6%～62.3%;而其他品种小麦的籽粒锌含量在Zn20处理最高,较Zn0处理增加55.7%～92.2%。施锌后不同小麦各部位的锌累积量分配比例有明显差异,籽粒、颖壳、茎秆、根部的锌累积量占比范围分别为17.4%～49.9%、6.3%～16.0%、21.5%～46.1%、12.9%～28.7%。研究表明,"郑麦379"和"矮抗58"可作为锌高效品种;土施锌肥10～20 mg?kg~(-1)可以有效提高籽粒锌含量,改善小麦锌营养品质。     

锌胁迫对重金属富集植物黑麦草养分吸收和锌积累的影响

采用土培根袋试验研究了锌胁迫对重金属富积累植物黑麦草4个品种生长，N、P、K养分及Zn吸收积累的影响。结果表明，Zn在一定范围内（0～520mg／kg）促进了黑麦草生长，RTI（根系耐性指数）≥1.0（0～520mg／kg Zn^2＋）。在Zn^2＋≤260mg／kg（根系）或Zn^2＋≤520mg／kg（地上部）时，黑麦草吸收N、P、K并未受到抑制。植株地上部和根系最大N、P、K含量大多出现在生物量最大或次高的260，520mg／kg Zn^2＋处理中。黑麦草植株Zn含量随Zn胁迫的增加而增加，以泰德植株Zn含量和对Zn的转运率最高（其植株Zn地上部最大含量为583.9mg／kg DW，加Zn处理的S／R〉1）。     

高产冬小麦的硼素吸收、积累和分配

2005～2006年冬小麦生长期间,通过大田取样研究了高产冬小麦（9000 kg/hm2左右）硼素吸收、积累和分配特点。结果表明,小麦地上部不同器官中硼的含量为1.15～9.56 mg/kg（干重）,表现为叶片穗部叶鞘茎秆子粒。叶片和叶鞘中硼的含量从越冬期到拔节期增加,拔节到开花期下降,开花期到成熟期有较大幅度的提高,并在成熟期与其他器官同时达到高峰。各生育时期不同器官硼的积累量均以叶片最高,孕穗期前叶片中硼的积累量逐渐增加,孕穗到成熟期逐渐降低。其他器官及全株硼的积累量基本上随生育进程逐渐增加,小麦植株硼的累吸收百分率,在越冬前、起身期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期和成熟期依次达到了全生育期的5%、10%、30%、40%、50%左右和100%,即全生育期硼的吸收强度以生育后期（开花至成熟）最高,生育中期（起身至开花）次之,生育前期（出苗至起身）最低。小麦地上部器官一生对硼的总积累量为59.72～78.83 g/hm2,从冬前到拔节期主要分布在叶片和叶鞘中,尤其是在叶片中的分配占绝对优势。孕穗期开始硼在叶片中的分配比例下降,但全生育期硼在叶片中的分配比例始终最高,这可能有利于保持生育中后期叶片的光合能力,为实现较高的子粒产量提供物质生产基础。     

分层供水和表层施锌对玉米植株生长和锌吸收的影响

进行分层水分隔离盆栽试验,模拟田间不同层次土壤中水分含量分布不均条件,研究表层土壤施锌情况下,玉米植株生长和锌吸收以及根系在表层和底层土壤中的分配。结果表明,施锌明显促进了玉米地上部生长。在土壤表层水分充足时,施锌对植株增长效果较明显,有利于玉米利用土壤水分。缺锌条件下,改善土壤水分并未显著提高玉米生物量。表层土壤干旱时,上下层土壤中根系干物重之比减小,底层土壤中根系分布相对增加,当表层土壤水分增加时,根系在表层土壤中干物重显著增加,分布相对增多。施锌并没有影响根系在不同层次土壤中的分配。表层土壤水分对苗期玉米植株锌吸收总量有显著影响,干旱条件下,玉米植株锌吸收总量下降;底层土壤水分供应状况对玉米锌浓度影响不大,但植株中锌向地上部运转增加。尽管施锌没有提高生长早期玉米根系生长和对底层土壤水分的利用,但本研究表明缺锌旱地土壤上如通过灌溉等措施增加了耕层土壤水分,应该注意施用锌肥,否则严重影响玉米生物量和玉米对土壤水分的利用效率。     

Effectiveness of Zinc and Gypsum Application Against Cadmium Toxicity and Accumulation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential and toxic element because it inhibits the growth and development of plants and is dangerous for end consumer. It enters in the human food chain through food crops. Application of plant nutrients such as zinc (Zn) and gypsum is a viable and cheap strategy to minimize its accumulation in edible plant portions. Therefore, this investigation was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Zn and gypsum against Cd accumulation in wheat. The results showed that Cd toxicity considerably decreased the plant growth, physiological activities, and yield attributes and increased the Cd accumulation in root, shoot, and grain, while application of Zn and gypsum remarkably increased the growth and yield and decreased the Cd accumulation in plant parts in Cd-contaminated soil. The results also depicted that application of Zn showed better results as compared to gypsum. In conclusion, we can say that application of Zn and gypsum remarkably ameliorated the Cd toxicity and decreased its accumulation in wheat, grown in Cd-contaminated soil.     

Effect of Lherzolite on Chemical Fractions of Cd and Zn and their Uptake by Plants in Contaminated Soil

Immobilizing materials such as lherzolite could reduce metal bioavailability but the effectiveness of lherzolite on the extractability and bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) is rarely investigated. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effect of 5% application of lherzolite to a contaminated soil on the chemical fractionation of Cd and Zn and their uptake by radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and Japanese mustard spinach (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis). Both plants were grown in a highly contaminated (with Cd and Zn) sandy loam soil. Plants were cultivated consecutively three times in the same pots. After the third cultivation, soil samples were collected and analyzed by sequential extraction procedure into five operationally defined fractions (F1—exchangeable, F2—carbonate-bound, F3—oxides-bound, F4—bound with organic matter, and F5—residual). Addition of lherzolite to soil decreased 50% of exchangeable (F1) Cd but it increased the carbonate (F2), oxide (F3), and organic (F4) fraction Cd. For Zn, application of lherzolite resulted into the reduction of both F1 (87%) and F2 (33%) fractions but it increased the F3, F4, and F5 fractions. The reduction in exchangeable fraction of Cd and Zn in the soil resulted in higher plant growth and lower concentrations of both Cd (64% to 92%) and Zn (78% to 99%) in plant tissues of both plant species grown. We may thus conclude that application of lherzolite resulted into lower availability of these metals in the soil leading to lower uptake of Cd and Zn by plant roots, lower toxicity, and ultimately higher plant growth.     

不同水分状况下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响

选择潮土(砂壤)和土(粘壤)两种质地不同的土壤,进行盆栽试验,研究不同土壤水分条件下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响。结果表明,施锌显著增加了玉米植株根、茎、叶以及整株干物质重;缺锌条件下玉米植株根冠比、根叶比和根茎比趋向增大。施锌显著提高了玉米植株各器官中锌的浓度和吸收量,并明显促进锌向地上部运移。干旱胁迫抑制了玉米植株生长,根冠比、根茎比、根叶比增大;随着土壤水分供应增加,植株生长加快,各器官生物量以茎和叶增加大于根。水分胁迫下,在潮土上玉米叶片中锌浓度上升;在土上叶片中锌浓度下降。但增施锌后,根和茎锌浓度增加幅度较大,叶片增加幅度较小;施锌和水分胁迫对根和茎锌浓度的交互作用极显著。水分胁迫下,玉米植株对锌的吸收总量减少。水分胁迫和锌肥施用对玉米叶片、茎锌吸收量的交互作用十分显著,但对根锌吸收量的交互影响不显著。     

Reproductive development and grain quality in maize in response to application of Zn alone or with B in soil low in available Zn and B

A pot culture experiment was conducted on a soil marginally deficient in diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable zinc under the glass house conditions of Lucknow University to observe the effect of zinc (Zn) alone and a combination of Zn with boron (B) on the growth and reproductive yield of maize. Studies conducted on plant height, dry matter and reproductive yield and tissue element concentration in leaves and grains at harvest showed significant increase over the control. Activities of enzymes, carbonic anhydrase and superoxide dismutase determined in comparable middle leaves increased with the application of both the nutrients. Pollen diameter, pollen-producing capacity of mature anthers, grain protein, starch and phytate content were also positively correlated with the addition of nutrients. The residual value of available Zn and B in soil left after the removal of crop was found good enough to sustain the next crop.     

Assessment of ZN Interaction with Nutrient Cations in Alkaline Soil and its Effect on Plant Growth

An experiment was conducted to assess the zinc (Zn) availability to wheat in alkaline soils during Rabi 2009–2010. Wheat seedlings in pots having 2 kg alkaline sandy soil per pot were treated with 5, 10 and 15 kg Zn ha^?1 as soil and with 0.5 and 1.0% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) as foliar application. Results showed that Zn increasing levels in soil helped in phosphorus uptake up to boot stage but its conversion to grain portion lacked in Zn treated plants. Potassium (K) uptake also increased up to 6.24% in boot stage with treatment of 10 kg Zn ha^?1 + 1.0% ZnSO₄ foliar spray. Zinc (Zn) concentration increased in plant tissues with the increasing level of Zn application but this disturbed the phosphorus (P)-Zn interaction and, thus, both of the nutrients were found in lesser quantities in grains compared to the control. Despite of the apparent sufficient Zn level in soil (1.95 mg kg^?1), improvement in growth and yield parameters with Zn application indicate that the soil was Zn deplete in terms of plant available Zn. The above findings suggest that the figure Zn sufficiency in alkaline soil (1.0 mg kg^?1) should be revised in accordance to the nature and type of soils. Furthermore, foliar application of Zn up to 1.0% progressively increased yield but not significantly; and it was recommended that higher concentrations might be used to confirm foliar application of Zn as a successful strategy for increasing plant zinc levels.     

Mn and Zn Micronutrients Concentrations in Acidic Soils and Source Identification Using Multivariate Statistical Methods

Available (extractable by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, DTPA) manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) micronutrient concentrations in acidic agricultural soils from western Greece and their relationships with physicochemical soil parameters were evaluated by sampling and analyzing 82 representative topsoil samples. Manganese concentration in the studied soil samples (on average 31.67 mg kg^?1) was of both sufficient and high levels, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food of the United Kingdom (MAFF classification, in 15.9% and 79.3% of the soil samples, respectively). In contrast, 39% of the soil samples were classified as very low and 58.5% as low in respect to the available Zn concentration (on average 1.36 mg kg^?1). Nevertheless, 9.8% of the studied soils contained less Zn than is commonly accepted as plant‐growth critical level. The dataset was treated using multivariate statistics to describe the relationships of the micronutrients in the studied soils and the factors that influence these relationships. Factor analysis identified soil acidity as the main factor affecting available Mn concentration and phosphate fertilizer application as the main contributor to plant‐available Zn concentration.     

碳酸钙和锌对五种基因型小麦生长、锌吸收及营养液中HCO3-含量和pH的影响

以霍格兰营养液为介质,在不同的Zn(0、0.016、0.082.mg/L)与CaCO3(0、10、306、0.mg/L)用量下,将5种基因型冬小麦进行营养液混合培养,探讨Zn与CaCO3用量对小麦幼苗生长、Zn吸收及营养液中HCO3-含量和pH的影响。结果表明,5种基因型冬小麦中,S02-8、远丰998为缺锌敏感型,西杂1号为缺锌非敏感型,适量供Zn比高量供Zn更有利于小麦生长。低量CaCO3可在一定程度上促进小麦幼苗生长,而高量CaCO3会抑制生长;缺锌敏感型的生长量显著低于非敏感型,且前者的根冠比小于后者。加入CaCO3后对各基因型小麦Zn吸收量无显著影响,但随着供Zn量的增加,根系与地上部吸Zn量也随之增加,且高量供Zn时Zn在根部大量累积;缺锌敏感型小麦比非敏感型更易于在根系中累积Zn,而Zn向地上部的转移率远比非敏感型低。与不添加CaCO3相比,加入一定量CaCO3后,营养液中HCO3-浓度与pH值均有较大幅度上升,并且二者均随着CaCO3加入量增加而升高。在每10.d更换一次营养液的培养过程中,营养液pH值在一日内的波动范围在0.2个pH值单位内,但pH值总体上随着培养天数推移而呈上升趋势,10.d内上升范围在0.79～2.37个pH值单位;每10.d为一阶段的培养结束后,不同CaCO3用量间的pH值差异与开始时相比均大大减小。此外,因高量CaCO3抑制小麦幼苗生长,加剧缺Zn症状,但又不降低Zn吸收量,据此推测,高量CaCO3可能通过产生较高浓度的HCO3-而降低植物体内所吸收的Zn的生理活性。     

Comparison of DTPA and resin extractable soil Zn to plant Zn uptake

Abstract

Extraction of soil zinc with routine chemical extractants does not always reflect differences in Zn availability as detected by plant uptake. This study was undertaken to explore and compare the use of an ion exchange resin and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) for extracting soil Zn as related to plant Zn uptake. Beans were grown in 1989 following differential cropping with corn and beans or fallow in 1988 on a Portneuf silt loam near Kimberly, Idaho. Two Zn fertilizer treatments were imposed across previous cropping treatments. A batch method for determining resin extractable soil Zn was established.

Both plant Zn concentration and Zn uptake by beans in 1989 were significantly higher in Zn fertilized than unfertilized treatments regardless of previous crop; and higher in plots previously cropped with corn than beans or fallow, regardless of Zn treatment. DTPA and resin extractable soil Zn were significantly higher in Zn fertilized plots compared to unfertilized plots but did not differ between previous cropping treatments. Resin and DTPA extractable soil Zn concentrations were positively correlated. Resin extracted soil Zn correlated better with plant Zn concentration and Zn uptake throughout the growing season than DTPA extracted soil Zn, particularly in plots that had been fallowed or previously cropped with corn. Resin may be extracting labile soil Zn not extracted with DTPA and, therefore, be better simulating plant uptake. Both extraction methods correlated better with Zn uptake when evaluated within cropping treatments, emphasizing the need to consider previous crop when calibrating soil tests.