贵州岩溶山区建设项目水土保持方案编制中存在的问题及对策探讨

本文在岩溶山区建设项目水土保持方案编制实践基础上,根据岩溶山区环境特点和工程建设水土保持方案编制要求,分析探讨水土保持方案编制中存在的问题,从土石方调配与利用、防治责任范围确定、水土流失防治措施布设等方面提出对策建议,为该地区建设项目水土保持方案编制提供参考。     

铁路建设中水土保持监理工作存在问题及措施——以改建铁路通辽北—霍林河段扩能改造工程为例

通过列举工程实例,分析了铁路建设中水土流失成因、监理实践过程中存在的问题,提出了合理化建议:合理处理现场监理工作中遇到的工程弃渣堆放、临时措施落实不到位等突出矛盾,督促施工单位做好水土保持工程的施工准备工作,合理布设水土保持措施,加强工程建设过程中弃土、弃渣的管理,及时进行有效拦挡、排水、集蓄和临时防护,就会大量避免人为引起的水土流失,保证进度,提高水土保持工程的施工质量。     

油气管线工程的水土流失特点与防治要点

"十一五"期间,我国油气输送工程将较"十五"有大幅度增长,增长率达376.2%。搞好油气管线工程建设的水土保持对落实科学发展观、建设和谐社会有重要意义。油气管线工程建设水土流失具有呈线状分布、集中于施工建设期和雨季等特点。油气管线工程建设水土保持要特别重视:加强对表层土壤的保护,水土保持措施的时效性,因地制宜布设水土保持措施等。     

新理念下生产建设项目水土保持措施布设要点探讨——以宁东能源化工基地化工类项目为例

鉴于宁东地区特殊的自然条件及化工行业的特点和化工类生产建设项目造成水土流失的特殊性,结合水土保持新理念提出了宁东地区化工类生产建设项目水土保持措施的布设思路：①注重保护土地资源、充分利用水资源;②施工期水土保持措施应以防止风蚀为主,兼顾水蚀;③措施的布设要注意工业园的形象,在争取达到防治效果的同时做到美观耐用,可重复利用;④各项目的施工要结合整个工业园区建设,充分利用园区现有设施,最大程度地减少弃土弃渣,实现资源、场地的综合、高效利用。详细阐述了水土保持工程措施、植物措施、临时防护措施的布设要点。     

广东省山区风电项目水土保持方案编制浅析

本文在总结广东省山区风电场工程水土保持方案编制经验的基础上,根据其水土流失的特点,阐述了广东省风电项目水土流失防治分区及水土保持措施布设等内容,可为广东省类似项目水土保持方案编制提供借鉴。     

结合工程实际合理进行弃渣场的布设

分析了户洋高速在户县境内山区段建设过程中遇到的弃渣问题产生的原因。针对类似工程项目,提出了水保方案编制中弃渣场的布设应注意的问题:一是方案编制前相关单位及人员要充分了解主体工程,合理预测弃渣量;二是要布设临时弃渣场,方便项目施工,有利于水土保持;三是要合理布设永久性弃渣场。     

建设项目水土保持方案中特殊用地面积的确定

在编制建设项目水土保持方案中合理确定工程占地面积是非常重要的。工程占地面积既是工程建设及管护、水土流失防治、水土保持措施布设的基础,也是工程投资、水土保持责任范围确定和费用估算的基础。但是在目前的水土保持方案编制中,对于一些特殊构建物如桥梁、隧道、海洋工程构建物、生态建设用地等的计算,还存在一定的分歧和值得商榷之处。从理论上的合理性、工程实践上的相符性、法律法规间的一致性入手,给出几类特殊构建物占地的计列方法,供同行和业界讨论,以期获得规范采用和法定认可,最终达到规范所述几类特殊构建物特殊用地面积的计列之目的。     

黑龙江山区风电场工程水土流失特点及防治措施

结合风电场工程水土保持方案编制和验收技术评估工作实践,对黑龙江省山区风电场水土流失特点、防治分区、措施布设进行了分析、探讨。风电场工程建设周期短、扰动强度差异显著、植被破坏点多面广、植被恢复难度大,具有点线面侵蚀并存、风蚀与水蚀共存的水土流失特点;运输道路区是产生水土流失的主要区域,是防治和监测的重点部位。将水土流失防治分区划分为风电机组区、运输道路区、输电线路区、升压站区、施工生产生活区,并有针对性地布设了水土保持措施。     

公路工程主体工程设计与水土保持方案相结合初探

随着水土保持法的颁布实施,基本上所有的项目在主体工程设计中均设计了一些满足水土保持要求、在很大程度上能有效控制项目建设水土流失现象发生的水土保持防护措施,但在编制水土保持方案时,编制人员很有必要重视与主体工程设计的技术交流,力争使水土保持方案中新增水土保持措施与主体工程设计的水土保持措施不重不漏、经济合理且可操作性强,从而使项目建设引起的人为水土流失降到最少、对环境的影响减到最弱。以新疆S215线三岔口—莎车段高速公路工程为例,详细介绍了公路工程主体工程设计与水土保持方案相结合布设防治措施,以达到最大限度地防治水土流失的目的。     

湖北省兴山县石漠化治理的实践与思考

2011—2013年兴山县全面启动了石漠化综合治理工程,先后对岩溶山区实施了封山育林、人工造林、草场建设、小型水利水保工程建设等,经过治理项目区生态环境得到了明显改善,有效遏制了石漠化快速发展的势头。总结了兴山县水土保持工作的主要做法,包括因地制宜、突出效益,创新机制、强化协调,合理安排、科学施工,严格把关、确保质量等。针对兴山县石漠化综合治理工程建设中存在的问题,建议采取加大石漠化治理资金投入力度、进一步强化部门协调、加强舆论宣传、加强项目建后管理等措施。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前，肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言，因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍，且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化，以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系，为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明，在20世纪60年代，肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍，且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前，肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%，但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比，中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入，大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年，中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明，种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性；农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大，如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比，畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说，农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响，这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.