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1.
随着社会经济的发展,延庆县的水环境急剧恶化。主要致因是河道防洪排涝标准降低,河道周边植被破坏严重,河道水体水质较差,水土流失严重,农村生活垃圾对农村水环境造成严重威胁。为此,提出了对水环境治理对策。主要做法是:进一步提高认识,狠抓工作落实;加强专业规划的编制工作;加强水环境保护制度建设;加大水环境治理投资力度;加强管理,落实管护责任;建立群众参与和监督机制。  相似文献   

2.
[目的] 诊断农村社区环境建设绩效水平及其制约因素,为提高农村社区环境建设绩效水平提供参考依据。[方法] 采用PSR模型、物元分析法和改进的熵值法诊断了江苏省农村社区环境建设绩效水平。[结果] 2006—2019年江苏省农村社区环境建设绩效水平不断提高,农村社区环境建设绩效水平等级经历了“较差—良好”的演变历程,但2019年“良好”等级关联度很弱;环境卫生投入占市政公用设施投入比例、节能环保公共财政支出、对生活污水进行处理的行政村比例、化肥施用强度、农药使用强度、农用塑料薄膜使用强度、单位GDP能耗等是农村社区环境建设绩效水平提升的关键制约因素。[结论] 为有效提高农村社区环境建设绩效水平,应进一步健全农村社区环境建设多元化投入机制,加强农村生活污水治理,有效改善农业生态环境,推进化肥农药减量增效,加强农用塑料薄膜污染治理,统筹推进高质量发展,合理提高能源资源利用效率,有效降低单位GDP能耗等。  相似文献   

3.
[目的]揭示牛栏河的生态现状,为今后生态治理和修复工程提供依据。[方法]通过对研究河段的水质状况、河岸带状况和污染来源等进行实地调查,并采用综合评价方法对调查数据进行评价。[结果]牛栏河整体近自然状况较好,研究河段8—10号河段均处于自然状态,3,5—7号河段均处于近自然状态,1,2,3号河段均处于退化自然状态;牛栏河总体水质较差,继续进行河流的生态修复与治理,有由下游到上游逐渐变好的趋势。[结论]研究河段的主要污染源为养殖粪便污染、生活垃圾污染以及生活污水污染,在今后牛栏河的治理中应着重考虑这些问题。  相似文献   

4.
农村生活污水治理的技术探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
农村生活污水往往不能纳入城市管网,且呈分散、难以收集、大多未经处理直接外排现状特点,农村生活污水治理工作已经成为现代新农村建设的"瓶颈",实施科学、合理、实用的农村生活污水收集和治理模式事关农村生活污水治理成效.文章在大量工程实践基础上,总结了农村生活污水特点,提出独特的雨污分流方法,比较了多种末端治污模式,特别推荐了...  相似文献   

5.
景观格局对阳澄湖小流域水质变化影响的空间尺度效应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
[目的] 研究阳澄湖小流域不同空间尺度上景观组成与结构变量对水质的影响,为该区域湿地水环境质量提升和景观格局优化提供科学依据。[方法] 以阳澄湖12个水质采样点为中心,利用GIS软件生成6种空间尺度的圆形缓冲区域,采用景观格局指数、冗余分析、Pearson相关分析等方法,识别景观格局对湿地水质影响最有效的缓冲区空间尺度,探讨其与水质的相互关系。[结果] ①总体上,乔木林地和湖泊的面积占比在空间尺度上逐渐减小,城镇住宅用地、水田和养殖塘的面积占比逐渐增加。②景观格局对湿地水质影响的空间尺度效应体现在不同圆形缓冲区内,在半径为800 m的圆形缓冲区内总解释变异值最大为68.2%。③景观组成变量仅有在半径为1 000 m的圆形缓冲区内PLANDFOR与水质参数具有相关性。④养殖塘在半径为200 m的圆形缓冲区内对水质影响较大;水田、乔木林地和湖泊在空间尺度较大的圆形缓冲区(半径大于500 m)是影响水质的主要景观类型。[结论] 景观格局与水质最相关的空间尺度为800 m的圆形缓冲区,不同尺度缓冲区内景观结构变量对水质的解释能力均比景观组成变量明显,湿季水质参数与景观格局指数的相关性大于干季。  相似文献   

6.
介绍了广东省农村生活垃圾产生、收运和处理现状,指出了广东省农村生活垃圾治理在管理体制、资金投入、设施建设和收运处理模式等方面存在的问题并分析了原因。在此基础上,结合广东省"户收集、村集中、镇转运、县处理"农村生活垃圾收运处理模式,提出适宜广东省农村生活垃圾收运处理工作的对策与建议。  相似文献   

7.
[目的]对贵州省施秉县的白云岩喀斯特遗产地的河流水质污染状况进行分析,以期掌握遗产地水质污染原因,更好地保护白云岩喀斯特遗产地的河流与环境。[方法]于2017年10月和2018年4月对遗产地境内黄洲河流域的8个代表性样点进行采样,对TP,TN,NH_3-N,COD_(Mn),DO,Chl-a等指标进行测定与分析,并运用单因素评价法、均值型指数综合评价法以及多元统计分析法分析评价。[结果]①遗产地缓冲区水质总体符合国家地表水Ⅲ类水标准,核心区水质部分不满足国家Ⅰ类水标准,主要污染物为总氮。②黄洲河流域春、秋季平水期水质状况相差不大,总体秋季较好,水体有较强的自净能力。③主要污染源为生活污水、固体垃圾以及农业面源污染。[结论]对施秉白云岩喀斯特遗产地进行环境保护和流域水质综合管理时应注意减少氮、磷肥料的长期大量使用,防止生活污水、生活垃圾的随意排放与丢弃。  相似文献   

8.
张翔  李愫 《水土保持通报》2022,42(4):153-160,171
[目的] 对2014—2020年北洛河干流4个监测断面的水质状况进行分析和评价,为进一步改善该流域水环境状况提供理论依据。[方法] 根据北洛河水量的年内分配规律,对丰水期、平水期和枯水期进行划分,采用主成分分析和综合水质标识指数法,对北洛河主要污染指标进行筛选和评价。[结果] COD,氨氮和氟化物是影响北洛河水体水质最显著的指标。从沿程分布上看,北洛河干流上中游水质最好,下游水质相对较差;从时空分布上看2018年之后北洛河干流水质改善明显,基本满足水功能区Ⅲ类水质要求。[结论] 北洛河上中游河段主要污染源来自于沿岸城镇生活污水和畜禽养殖废水排放;下游河段煤化工等企业工业废水和氮肥施用引起的农业面源污染是影响河道水质的主要因素。  相似文献   

9.
[目的]从产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕等5个维度构建乡村振兴绩效评估指标体系,为乡村振兴绩效评估提供科学参考。[方法]引入全排列多边形图示指标模型,对福建省2011—2020年的乡村振兴战略推进绩效水平进行综合评估。[结果]福建省“十二五”期间的产业兴旺指数总体优于“十三五”期间(p<0.05),与之相反,“十二五”期间的乡风文明指数总体小于“十三五”期间(p>0.05)。“十三五”期间的生态宜居、治理有效、生活富裕等指数均处于较高水平,其绩效水平均优于“十二五”期间(p<0.01)。2011—2020年福建省乡村振兴绩效综合评估指数分别为0.001~1.458,总体上呈“上升—下降—上升”的N形变化趋势。2011—2015年的乡村振兴绩效综合评估指数总体小于2016—2020年(p<0.05)。[结论]研究期内,福建省乡村振兴推进绩效水平优劣顺序为:2020,2019,2018,2015,2016,2017,2014,2013,2012,2011年。2018—2020年福建省乡村振兴绩效综合评估指数相对较高。在乡村振兴战略推动过程中,应结合...  相似文献   

10.
李胜 《水土保持通报》2015,35(2):246-250
[目的]从制度是博弈的规则角度分析影响跨行政区流域水污染治理绩效的症结,旨在为提高流域水环境质量提供规则建议。[方法]通过对《环境保护法》、《水法》、《水污染防治法》相关法律条款和水资源管理体制进行分析,以及对中国水环境质量状况进行调查。[结果]条块分割,多头管理,缺乏协调机制的流域管理体制及制度安排已难以适应污水排放量急剧增长和解决日渐频繁的跨区域性流域水污染事件的需要,而环境法制执行力的缺失进一步使嵌入经济和政治双重竞争博弈的地方政府容易采取保护污染企业和转嫁污染等恶性竞争手段,使流域陷入公地悲剧的非理性均衡。[结论]提高跨行政区流域水污染治理绩效需要进一步完善博弈规则设计,提高制度执行力以承诺行动的方式提高中央政策的可信性和有效性,建立"河长制",创新流域产权及完善异地开发补偿制度。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

16.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

17.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

18.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

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