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1.
2005-2018年黄河三角洲景观格局脆弱性的时空变化规律   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
[目的] 研究黄河三角洲景观最适宜分析粒度、尺度,并进行景观格局脆弱性演变规律分析,为土地资源的可持续利用和生态环境建设提供理论依据。[方法] 以2005,2012,2018年3个时期的Landsat遥感影像为数据源,运用景观格局指数法、变异系数法从景观水平和类型水平两个角度确定研究区最佳空间分析粒度;运用网格法和地统计方法,确定最佳空间分析尺度;在此基础上计算3个年份黄河三角洲景观格局脆弱度指数,并分析其时空演变及空间关联特征。[结果] ①2005—2012年和2012—2018年两个研究时段内,黄河三角洲建设用地(10.1%,10.0%)、未利用地(-7.7%,-9.4%)动态度较大;②黄河三角洲最适宜景观分析粒度为220 m;最适宜景观分析尺度为3 km×3 km;③景观格局脆弱性从沿海到内陆逐渐增加,高脆弱区主要分布在北部和东部沿海处,低脆弱区广泛分布于中部和西南部;④Moran’s I系数逐年升高,2005,2012,2018年分别为0.354,0.365,0.399,空间聚集效应日益明显。[结论] 研究时段内黄河三角洲景观格局脆弱性有逐渐恶化趋势,且空间上的差异较为显著。  相似文献   

2.
基于Apack的若尔盖高原湿地景观空间格局分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
以2000年的遥感影像为数据源,基于Apaek软件运用景观格局指数数量方法研究了若尔盖高原高寒湿地的景观空间分布格局特征及其空间异质性特征.结果表明:2000年若尔盖高原湿地率为9.7%,其中沼泽湿地景观是主要景观组分,占湿地景观面积的96.32%;若尔盖高原湿地的景观多样性指数和均匀度都很小,聚集度较高,景观破碎化水平低,几何形状复杂,自相似性差.在5县域中,若尔盖县湿地景观的面积和湿地率最大,阿坝县和碌曲县所占比例较小;红原县的斑块数最多,碌曲县最少,但平均斑块面积以若尔盖县最大,阿坝县最小.各县湿地景观组分的比例分配差异大,但均以沼泽湿地景观为主要景观类型,且湿地景观聚集度高,破碎化水平低,几何形状复杂.在区域尺度上若尔盖高原湿地以自然湿地景观为主,且具有高度的空照间异质性特征.  相似文献   

3.
[目的]对江西省万安县生态脆弱性近30a的脆弱性进行定量研究,为县级土地脆弱性定量评价提供借鉴方法,以此促进县级社会—经济—生态可持续发展。[方法]运用1987,1995和2015年3期遥感影像数据,在分析生态脆弱性概念与评价方法的基础上,依循"压力—状态—响应"评估框架,选取景观分维数、破碎度、优势度、景观适应度4个景观格局指数,以及人类活动干扰指数、植被覆盖度指数、地形指数、景观类型指数,从生态压力度、敏感度、恢复力3个方面出发运用熵权灰色关联法构建生态脆弱性评价模型,基于格网尺度对万安县生态脆弱性进行动态评价和分析。[结果]1987—2015年万安县生态脆弱性不断加剧,其中存在68.72%的样本区生态脆弱度指数增大。通过万安县生态脆弱性分布图和趋势图可知,全县生态脆弱度高值区域集中在中北部地区而低值区集中于南部和西北部。采用空间自相关分析法分析万安县土地生态脆弱性指数空间上的集聚特征和显著性,1987—2015年万安县土地生态脆弱性存在较高的空间自相关性,空间自相关性呈现上升趋势。运用地理探测器方法,表明万安县生态脆弱性主要驱动因素是乡镇人均纯收入、单位耕地面积化肥施用量和非农业人口比重。[结论]研究区生态环境严峻,亟需针对万安县资源、气候、地形、土壤等条件,合理规划用地,科学系统划分生态功能区。  相似文献   

4.
为了流域的生态保护修复和可持续发展,其景观格局脆弱性的研究变得尤为重要。以黄土丘陵沟壑区汾河流域为研究对象,通过构建景观格局脆弱度指数,利用质心及标准差椭圆、探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)的方法,对近25年来流域景观格局脆弱度时空演变及空间关联性进行了分析。结果表明:(1) 1990—2015年汾河流域景观格局脆弱度总体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势,脆弱度高的区域空间分布由相对集中变得较为分散;(2) 1990—2015年景观格局脆弱度质心不断向北移动,标准差椭圆呈"东北—西南"的空间分布格局,脆弱度空间分布越发分散;(3)研究区各时期景观格局脆弱度全局Moran′s I表现为一定程度的正相关,且相关程度先上升后下降;(4)研究区景观格局脆弱度局部空间自相关在3个时期发生了明显的变化,高低值区域呈现空间集聚,且分布范围由相对集中转变为较为分散。地形、河流等自然因素影响汾河流域景观格局脆弱性的空间分布;政策导向、社会经济活动等人为因素加速了景观格局脆弱性的变化。  相似文献   

5.
[目的]分析浙江省宁波市、台州市及温州市的海岸带土地利用景观格局及生态脆弱性演变特征,以促进海岸带地区可持续发展,为生态建设及修复提供理论支撑。[方法]基于甬台温海岸带1995—2015年三期土地利用数据,采用"压力度—敏感度—恢复力"评价模型对研究区进行景观类型脆弱度和生态脆弱度评测。[结果]①景观格局变化表现为:耕地面积减少最多,其次为滩涂和林地;建设用地面积增加最多;耕地、林地斑块数量增多,呈破碎化趋势。②生态脆弱度高区域集中在杭州湾南岸的余姚市、慈溪市和台州湾的路桥区,20 a来研究区高脆弱度区域增多,整体生态脆弱度增加。③区域生态脆弱度与扰动指数、破碎度呈显著正相关,和景观脆弱度指数则完全相关。[结论]甬台温海岸带景观类型变化明显,生态脆弱性增强。  相似文献   

6.
刘伟  向莹  李景吉  高榆  刘延国 《水土保持通报》2023,43(5):203-211,278
[目的]探究四川省泸沽湖湿地自然保护区2000—2020年陆地植被覆盖度的时空变化规律,为保护区的建设和治理提供参考。[方法]选用四川泸沽湖湿地自然保护区2000—2020年植被生长旺盛月份(6—9月)的MODIS数据为数据源,结合像元二分法、Theil-SenMedian趋势分析法等相关分析法探究植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其对气候的响应。[结果](1)在时间变化上,四川省泸沽湖湿地自然保护区陆地植被覆盖度呈略微上升趋势,整体以0.09/10 a速率波动上升。(2)保护区植被覆盖度在空间分布上呈现湖区及其周边区域低,南北高的特征,呈现整体上升,局部下降的特点。(3)保护区气候(6—9月)趋向“暖干化”发展,植被覆盖度与气温和降水量以正相关为主,且受气温影响大于降水,其影响因素具有空间差异性。[结论] 2000—2020年,泸沽湖湿地自然保护区植被覆盖良好,植被覆盖度总体呈略微上升趋势,其中,气温是影响植被覆盖度的主要气候因子,同时地形、人类活动对保护区植被覆盖度均有一定的影响。  相似文献   

7.
基于景观格局和土壤侵蚀敏感性的兰州市生态脆弱性评价   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
潘竟虎  任梓菡 《土壤》2012,44(6):1015-1020
以兰州市为研究对象,选取分离度、分维倒数、破碎度3个景观格局指标和土壤侵蚀敏感性指数,构建景观类型脆弱度和区域生态脆弱度模型,利用连续覆盖全市的格网进行空间系统采样,生成生态脆弱度空间分布图,将景观格局与生态系统敏感性相结合并利用GIS技术对兰州的生态环境进行综合定量的分析和评价.结果表明:研究区草地的景观类型脆弱度最大,耕地次之,水域最小;相关分析显示,景观类型脆弱度与破碎度和土壤侵蚀敏感性之间存在着显著的正相关关系,能较好反映区域生态环境问题;区域生态环境脆弱性分区的空间分布与客观实际吻合良好.研究结果可为区域生态环境的建设提供科学依据和有益的实践指导.  相似文献   

8.
[目的] 探究川藏铁路沿线2010—2020年生态脆弱性时空分布特征,厘清生态脆弱格局规律以及空间相关性,为沿线生态环境保护以及建后可持续发展工作提供科学依据。[方法] 以川藏线(雅安—新都桥段)为例,基于研究区实地特征和SRP模型选取与生态脆弱性密切相关的15个因子构建研究区生态脆弱性评价指标体系。综合运用空间主成分分析、空间自相关、热点分析、地理探测器等方法开展研究。[结果] ①时空分布上,研究区整体脆弱性由西向东呈递减分布,2010—2020年生态状况整体向好,重度与极度脆弱区范围较小,占总面积的3.95%,主要分布在康定市与天全县、泸定县的交界处,此处为高寒地带,冻融侵蚀最为严重; ②研究区生态脆弱性分布具有较强聚类特征,高低值集聚模式共存,西部为热点高度集聚区,东部为冷点高度集聚区; ③高程、年均气温、植被净初级生产力是导致研究区生态脆弱的主要因素。[结论] 川藏线(雅安—新都桥段)施工建设受降水和气温影响较大,地形复杂,要注意地质灾害防控并加强环境保护与生态维持。  相似文献   

9.
利用像元二分模型获取研究区植被覆盖度,并对其分级。针对不同等级植被覆盖度建立转移矩阵,研究其数量随时间的变化特征,并利用全局及局部莫兰指数对植被覆盖度的空间集聚状况进行分析,以期为该区植被恢复与保护工作提供依据。结果表明:(1)研究区平均植被覆盖度空间分布整体为中部低两侧高,北部高于南部,整体植被覆盖类型以低覆盖和中低覆盖为主;(2)1991—2010年,研究区裸地、高覆盖类型和中覆盖类型整体占比增加,中覆盖类型涨幅最大;低覆盖类型和中低覆盖类型整体占比减少,低覆盖类型减幅最大;(3)研究区植被覆盖度在1991—2000年退化趋势明显,2000—2010年植被状况转好,退化趋势得到遏制;(4)植被覆盖度的空间聚集情况随着时间的变化逐渐增强,且主要以高值簇和低值簇的形式分布,高值簇和低值簇的空间集聚区域随着时间的变化发生转移;(5)研究区应进一步加强对低植被覆盖区域的恢复力度。  相似文献   

10.
基于PSR模型的珠江三角洲生态环境脆弱性评价   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
[目的] 揭示珠江三角洲生态环境脆弱性的时空演变特点及其原因,为区域发展提供理论依据。[方法] 利用生态压力度—生态敏感度—生态恢复力(pressure-sensitivity-restoration,PSR)模型、量化分级法和层次分析法(AHP),构建生态环境脆弱性综合指数,分析珠江三角洲不同时期的生态环境脆弱性特征。在此基础上,借助地理探测器的因子探测工具分析变量因素对生态环境脆弱性时空分布差异的影响程度。[结果] ①2000—2020年珠江三角洲生态环境脆弱性指数的变化范围为1.206 5~4.594 8,呈现微度脆弱等级; ②空间分布上,珠江三角洲中部地区的脆弱等级较高,东西部脆弱等级较低。此外,随着高程的增加,生态环境脆弱性程度减轻,中度和重度脆弱区面积比例减小; ③林地表现为潜在和微度脆弱等级,草地表现为中度脆弱,耕地、水域和未利用地以轻度脆弱等级为主,建设用地主要分布于重度和中度脆弱区; ④珠江三角洲生态环境脆弱性空间分异的主要影响因子为人口密度、植被覆盖指数及生物丰富度指数。[结论] 受人口增长压力的影响,研究时段内珠江三角洲生态环境脆弱等级提升。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

16.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

17.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

18.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

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