Response of soil multifractal characteristics and erodibility to 15-year fertilization on cropland in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding the influence of long-term fertilization on the multifractal characteristics and erodibility of soil of cultivated land on the Loess Plateau of China could help prevent soil erosion and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. We collected 27 soil samples from 0 to20 cm layers of nine fertilizer treatments. Rényi spectrum (D_q) and singularity spectrum (?(α)) were applied to characterize soil particle-size distribution (PSD). The multifractal parameters of capacity dimension (D₀), entropy dimension (D₁), Hölder exponent of order zero (α₀), and erodibility K and anti-erodibility indices (aggregate state and degree) were used to determine the effect of fertilization on soil properties and erodibility. The multifractal models could characterize the PSDs in the various fertilizer treatments well. Treatments receiving manure had higher D₀, D₁, α₀, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, aggregate state and degree and lower erodibility. It was concluded that D₀, D₁, and α₀ could clearly discriminate among the various treatments, and the combined application of mineral fertilizers and organic manure greatly improved soil quality and structure of the cultivated land in the Loess Plateau. Furthermore, changes of multifractal parameters D₀, D₁, and α₀, especially D₁, was mainly due to the reduced soil erosion and the increase of SOC.     

不同坡度下紫色土地表微地形变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响

为了揭示川中丘陵区紫色土地表微地形变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,该文通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,从地表糙度角度出发,结合多重分形理论与方法,分析了不同坡度条件下紫色土地表微地形变化特征,探讨了地表微地形变化与土壤侵蚀间的关系。结果表明:1)雨强为1.5 mm/min,历时为40 min降雨条件下,10°、15°和20°坡面地表相对高程的变化量分别为-11.66、-3.52和-5.61 mm,仅20°坡面地表初始低洼部位被径流贯通形成细沟;各坡面地表糙度均有所减小,且表现为15°10°20°,其中10°和15°坡面不同坡位地表糙度均较雨前减小,20°坡面下坡地表糙度较雨前增大,不同坡度全坡面地表糙度均较雨前减小;2)地表微地形具有一定的多重分形特征,10°和15°坡面雨后多重分形参数广义分形维数跨度、奇异指数跨度和多重分形谱高差均较雨前增大,微地形空间分布差异增大,且地表变得圆润,20°坡面与之相反;3)随坡度增大,地表径流量呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,且地表糙度变幅越小的坡面,地表产流量越高,而侵蚀产沙量则随坡度的增大显著提高(P0.05)。研究成果为揭示水蚀过程中地表微地形变化的本质和作用机理提供了参考。     

基于多维分形的铜陵地区土壤中Pb元素空间分布

克里格插值法的平滑作用使其无法反应空间分布的奇异性。该文将多维分形地统计学方法应用于铜陵地区土壤中Pb元素的空间分布研究中。通过将克里格插值法与多维分形方法的结果进行对比发现,该地区土壤中Pb元素有较强的空间自相似性,多维分形方法合理地强化了局部区域的估值结果,可以较好的表达土壤元素空间分布的局部奇异性。多维分形方法可以广泛应用于土壤元素空间分布的研究,尤其是矿区土壤重金属元素空间分布的研究。     

机械压实对复垦土壤粒径分布多重分形特征的影响

在高潜水位矿区复垦施工现场,运用多重分形理论研究不同碾压次数下复垦土壤粒径分布特征,以阐明机械压实对复垦土壤粒径分布非均匀性和异质性的影响。结果表明:机械碾压在46.8%~99.9%程度上解释0~20和20~40 cm土层土壤粒径分布特征的变化,随着碾压次数增加,复垦土壤颗粒呈细粒化趋势,容量维D(0)随之减小,表征粒径分布范围减小;奇异谱对称性Δf随之增加,表征粒径分布不对称性增加;信息维D(1)、信息维/容量维D(1)/D(0)、关联维D(2)和奇异谱谱宽Δα随之波动变化,表征粒径分布集中程度、局部密集程度和均匀性波动变化。研究发现D(1)和D(1)/D(0),D(2)和Δα相关系数分别0.767(P0.01)和-0.488(P0.05),在表征复垦土壤粒径分布集中程度和均匀性上具有相似作用,多重分形参数可多角度描述机械碾压过程中土壤粒径分布的细微差别,其中D(0)、Δα和Δf能够灵敏反映复垦土壤紧实度变化,这为深入研究复垦土壤压实问题提供一种精确分析方法。     

Relationship between granitic soil particle-size distribution and shrinkage properties based on multifractal method

The mechanical properties of granitic residual soils vary with depth due to changes in soil type and heterogeneity caused by weathering. The purpose of this study was to relate the spatial variation of particle-size distribution (PSD) of granitic soils with soil shrinkage parameters using multifractal theory. The heterogeneity of PSD and pedogenic processes were depicted in detail by multifractal dimensions. The PSD generally increased with the increase of profile depth in accordance with the variation of single fractal dimension (D) ranging from 2.45 to 2.65. The shrinkage limit was greatly influenced by the multifractal dimension parameters, including information dimension (D₁) and capacity dimension (D₀) (Adjusted R²=0.998, P < 0.01), and the maximum linear extensibility (κ_v) was determined by spectral width (△α) and bulk density, with the latter explaining 89% of the total variance of κ_v (P < 0.01). Soil shrinkage characteristic curve was fitted by the modified logistic model (R² > 0.97, root sum of squares < 0.1), and the water variation corresponding to the maximum change rate of linear extensibility was determined by the silt content (R²=0.81, P < 0.01). Overall, the shrinkage of granitic soils was primarily influenced by PSD and soil compactness.     

依据传统土壤数据应用数字土壤制图法对香港山地地区土壤建立土纲信息

Based on legacy soil data from a soil survey conducted recently in the traditional manner in Hong Kong of China, a digital soil mapping method was applied to produce soil order information for mountain areas of Hong Kong. Two modeling methods (decision tree analysis and linear discriminant analysis) were used, and their applications were compared. Much more eflort was put on selecting soil covariates for modeling. First, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the variance of terrain attributes between soil orders. Then, a stepwise procedure was used to select soil covariates for linear discriminant analysis, and a backward removing procedure was developed to select soil covariates for tree modeling. At the same time, ANOVA results, as well as our knowledge and experience on soil mapping, were also taken into account for selecting soil covariates for tree modeling. Two linear discriminant models and four tree models were established finally, and their prediction performances were validated using a multiple jackknifing approach. Results showed that the discriminant model built on ANOVA results performed best, followed by the discriminant model built by stepwise, the tree model built by the backward removing procedure, the tree model built according to knowledge and experience on soil mapping, and the tree model built automatically. The results highlighted the importance of selecting soil covariates in modeling for soil mapping, and suggested the usefulness of methods used in this study for selecting soil covariates. The best discriminant model was finally selected to map soil orders for this area, and validation results showed that thus produced soil order map had a high accuracy.     

土壤水盐空间异质性及尺度效应的多重分形

为了揭示研究区域林地内土壤含水率和电导率的空间分布特征及尺度效应,利用多重分形方法,对杨凌一林地内不同采样时间和不同采样面积下土壤含水率和电导率的空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明：3种采样面积下土壤含水率和电导率的空间异质性都分别随平均含水率和电导率的增大而减弱。随采样面积的增大,平均含水率和电导率较高时,土壤含水率的空间异质性趋于增强,土壤电导率的尺度效应不明显;平均含水率和电导率较低时,土壤含水率和电导率的空间分布都存在明显的斑块结构。不同采样时间和不同采样面积下土壤含水率和电导率的多重分形谱的形态有所差异,表明引起他们空间异质性的信息有所不同。多重分形分析能揭示出较多的采样林地内土壤含水率和电导率分布的局部信息。     

土壤酶活性与土壤肥力的关系研究

通过长期定位试验地中土壤养分和酶活性的测定结果,将其进行了相关分析、通径分析和主成分分析。结果表明,土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性可以作为土壤肥力的指标,且酶活性大小受到土壤化学性质和其它酶活性影响。土壤主成分分析能较为客观地评价土壤肥力水平。     

Vertical porosity profile of a clay-rich marsh soil

The evolution of clay soil porosity is currently demonstrated via the shrinkage curves in a large water content domain spreading from a shrinkage limit to a liquidity limit. In fact, the parallel between in situ profiles and the shrinkage curves in such a large water content range is difficult to obtain because of the lack of earth pressure in the laboratory tests and in situ limited water contents. The vertical distribution of porosity throughout a clay-rich marsh soil profile was studied in a grassland field with samples taken from the soil surface characterized by water contents near their shrinkage limit down to 2.00 m deep saturated sediments over their liquidity limit. The depth of the plasticity limit isolates a soil in a solid state characterized by a vertical prism-like structure from a plastic to pseudo-liquid state in depth. The porosity was calculated from the measurements of the density of intact samples by double weighing and image analysis of 100 cm² polished sections. The initial structure of clay soil was maintained by impregnation based on water–acetone–resin exchange. An ultraviolet photo luminescent pigment added to the resin allowed the capture of images from which shrinkage cracks and microporosity of the clay matrix were easily separated. The distribution of porosity between the shrinkage crack mesoporosity and the clay matrix microporosity was evaluated after the mathematical decomposition of the grey level curves characteristic of each level. Vertical evolution of the porosity distribution from the soil surface in a solid state to the plastic and pseudo-liquid sediment in depth was presented on the shrinkage curve of the clay material. The measurements point out how the clay matrix microporosity and mesoporosity of shrinkage cracks are complementary and the role of the scale effect on the shrinkage curve. The analysis of images captured on an optical microscope under polarized and analyzed light and the SEM observation of freeze-dried samples demonstrated the isotropic arrangement of the clay particles in typical “honey-comb” architecture in the in situ plastic-to-liquid saturated domain. Eventually the distribution of porosity through the profile results from the evolution of the initial “honey-comb” microstructure of the sediment induced by the desiccation phenomenon. It is governed by the depth of plasticity limit of the clay material and by the depth of the water table.     

喀斯特小流域土壤饱和导水率垂直分布特征

土壤剖面饱和导水率(Saturated hydraulic conductivity,Ks)的垂直分布对土壤水文过程有极其重要的影响,但在地质背景特殊的喀斯特地区其研究还相对匮乏。通过测定典型喀斯特小流域内23个土壤剖面(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~50、50~70、70~100 cm)土壤Ks及土壤碎石含量(Rock fragment content,RC)、容重(Bulk density,BD)、毛管孔隙度(Capillary porosity,CP)、非毛管孔隙度(Non-capillary porosity,NCP)、土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)等土壤性质,并结合各样点的坡位(Slope position,SP)、坡度(Slope gradient,SG)、坡向(Slope aspect,SA)、裸岩率(Bare rock,BR)、土地利用类型(Land-use type,LU)等环境因素,应用偏相关分析和典范对应分析(CCA)的方法,研究了喀斯特小流域Ks的垂直分布特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明,Ks随土壤深度的增加而减小并可用对数函数模拟(R2=0.848)。20~100 cm各层Ks变幅较小且变异接近,因此在水文模型中可用20~30 cm土壤Ks代替深层。土壤性质中,RC与Ks的相关系数(0.484)最大。环境因素对Ks垂直分布的影响依次为SPSGSALUBR。由此可知,RC是影响Ks最重要的土壤性质,而SP则是影响Ks垂直分布最重要的环境因素。该结果有利于弄清喀斯特地区降雨入渗规律及其主要影响因素,为小流域植被恢复及水文模型的构建提供科学依据。     

Functional dependencies of soil CO2 emissions on soil biological properties in northern German agricultural soils derived from a glacial till

Agricultural soil CO₂ emissions and their controlling factors have recently received increased attention because of the high potential of carbon sequestration and their importance in soil fertility. Several parameters of soil structure, chemistry, and microbiology were monitored along with soil CO₂ emissions in research conducted in soils derived from a glacial till. The investigation was carried out during the 2012 growing season in Northern Germany. Higher potentials of soil CO₂ emissions were found in grassland (20.40 µg g^?1 dry weight h^?1) compared to arable land (5.59 µg g^?1 dry weight h^?1) within the incubating temperature from 5°C to 40°C and incubating moisture from 30% to 70% water holding capacity (WHC) of soils taken during the growing season. For agricultural soils regardless of pasture and arable management, we suggested nine key factors that influence changes in soil CO₂ emissions including soil temperature, metabolic quotient, bulk density, WHC, percentage of silt, bacterial biomass, pH, soil organic carbon, and hot water soluble carbon (glucose equivalent) based on principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Slightly different key factors were proposed concerning individual land use types, however, the most important factors for soil CO₂ emissions of agricultural soils in Northern Germany were proved to be metabolic quotient and soil temperature. Our results are valuable in providing key influencing factors for soil CO₂ emission changes in grassland and arable land with respect to soil respiration, physical status, nutrition supply, and microbe-related parameters.     

Response of soil structure and hydraulic conductivity to reduced tillage and animal manure in a temperate loamy soil

We studied the combined effects of reduced tillage and animal manure on soil structure and hydraulic conductivity (K) in the 2–10 and 12–20 cm layers in a loamy soil. The study was performed at the end of a 7‐yr field trial and included three tillage treatments (mouldboard ploughing until 25 cm depth: MP, shallow tillage until 12 cm depth: ST, no‐till: NT) and two fertilizer application treatments (mineral or poultry manure). Soil structure was assessed through bulk density (ρ_b), micromorphological and macropore‐space characteristics. K was measured in situ at ?0.6, ?0.2 and ?0.05 kPa. Untilled layers had a vermicular microstructure resulting from earthworm activity, whereas tilled layers displayed a mixture of crumb and channel microstructures. Untilled layers had the highest ρ_b and twice as much lower total macroporosity area (pores > 240 μm in equivalent diameter) than tilled layers, reflected by the smallest area of macropores 310–2000 μm in diameter and the smallest area of large complex macropores. K under untilled layers was 12–62% lower than that under tilled layers, but differences were statistically significant only at ?0.05 kPa in the 2–10 cm. No significant interaction between tillage and nutrient application treatments was detected for all properties. Compared with mineral fertilizer, poultry manure resulted in a similar ρ_b but 20% greater total macroporosity area and 30% higher K at ?0.2 kPa. Overall, the sensitivity of soil structure and K to poultry manure were relatively small compared with tillage. We suggest that cultivation practices other than animal manure application are needed to improve physical properties under reduced tillage.     

生物炭添加对盐渍土CT孔隙序列分形特征来源的影响

为了揭示生物炭改良土壤孔隙的复杂结构及其影响因素，以江苏滨海盐渍土为研究对象，采用添加生物炭改良盐渍土，设置0,2%,5%(占表层0—20 cm土重比)3个生物炭添加水平。每年10月在水稻收割后，采用塑料环刀取表层(0—20 cm)原状土，进行Micro-CT扫描获取土壤CT孔隙序列。基于多重分形去趋势波动分析理论，并结合数据重排，分析施加生物炭对CT孔隙序列多重分形特征及其来源的影响。结果表明，所有处理的CT孔隙序列的复杂度均随着年份增长；2%生物炭处理的CT孔隙序列的复杂程度较0和5%生物炭处理分别提高7.54%和5.28%;概率密度函数与长程相关性均影响CT孔隙序列的多重分形特征；孔隙和空间的长程相关性是主要影响因素；生物炭的添加促使孔隙分形特征更易受到土壤中生物微生物活动的影响。研究结果为定量化分析生物炭改良盐渍土孔隙结构提供了理论支持。     

Phospholipid fatty acid composition of a 2,4,6-trinitrotolune contaminated soil and an uncontaminated soil as affected by a humification remediation process

Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) was performed to investigate effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) contamination and soil remediation on microbial biomass and community structure. A TNT-contaminated and an uncontaminated soil from a former ammunition plant were analysed before and after a humification/remediation process. TNT contamination reduced microbial biomass but indicated only minor differences in PLFA composition between the contaminated and uncontaminated soils. The humification process increased microbial biomass and altered soil PLFA patterns to a larger degree than did TNT contamination.     

黑土、栗钙土和潮土胡敏酸分子结构的差异性分析

以北方典型的黑土、栗钙土和潮土提取的胡敏酸为研究对象,通过元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱仪及13C核磁共振仪对三者进行结构分析。不同胡敏酸的各种元素含量略有差别,各种官能团含量也不同。元素分析结果来看H/C原子比潮土最高,栗钙土次之,黑土最少;O/C的原子比三者没有明显的差别;C/N比呈现由高到低的次序分别为黑土、栗钙土、潮土。3种胡敏酸的红外光谱吸收峰相似,但吸收强度有差别,如3 352 cm-1和2 931 cm-1处潮土和栗钙土信号强度相当,黑土较低,而在2 580 cm-1处三者信号差异不明显,1 720,1 620,1 420,1 220 cm-1这4个吸收峰信号强弱均为黑土最强,栗钙土次之,潮土最弱。而从核磁共振图谱可以看出潮土结构中含有更多的多糖和蛋白质类结构单元;黑土有机质含量高,芳香化程度也较高。     

Integrated effects of cattle manure-derived biochar and soil moisture conditions on soil chemical characteristics and soybean yield

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of 0, 25, 50 and 100 ton ha^?1 of cattle manure-derived biochar (BC) and soil moisture conditions (SMC) of 100%, 70% and 55% of water-holding capacity (WHC) on soybean production. Most of the macro and micronutrient, soil chemical characteristics and yield production of soybean were significantly affected by BC. Under drought, BC was more effective than that of the non-stressed conditions. Interaction effect of SMC and BC on soil iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations was also significant indicating that different levels of water supply might show different impact under different levels of BC. Under drought, the higher BC applied, the higher grain yield obtained. Application of 0 to 75 ton BC ha^?1 under WHC caused a high grain yield but 100 ton BC ha^?1 significantly decreased it as compared with the other levels of BC. Positive impacts of BC may be more pronounced under drought. High level of BC in non-stressed conditions may reduce grain yield as occurred in this study. The statistical techniques indicated that higher content of macro and micronutrients negatively associated with yield production of soybean.     

纸坊沟流域土壤酶活性与土壤肥力关系研究

本文通过野外调查和室内分析相结合,运用相关分析和通径分析等方法,研究了纸坊沟流域空间尺度范围内不同土地利用方式土壤肥力与土壤酶活性的内在关系。结果表明:土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶之间均呈极显著正相关;有机质、全氮和碱解氮通过直接作用和彼此间接作用成为影响脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的主要因素,它们对4种酶的直接通径系数分别为0.148、0.415、0.345、-0.018;0.241、0.202、0.190、0.318和0.394、0.375、0.507、0.277;而pH对这4种酶活性的直接作用在很大程度上是通过其它因素的间接作用所抵消;4种土壤酶活性可以作为黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤肥力的评价指标。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区小流域泥沙粒径的分形分析

泥沙颗粒特征是表征泥沙表面形态、泥沙机械组成、排列模式及泥沙絮凝现象的主要物理属性之一。在水土流失严重的水蚀风蚀交错区,不同地表覆被类型的侵蚀产沙方式和粗泥沙的侵蚀产沙强度很不均衡,导致其泥沙粒径分布的差异很大。以黄土高原典型淤地坝为例,采用分形原理和多重分形理论研究淤地坝坝控小流域泥沙粒径的分形特征,结果表明:淤地坝坝内泥沙与坡面泥沙存在线性关系,相关系数高达0.93;泥沙粒径分形维数D在淤地坝坝内垂直方向上随泥沙颗粒的增大而减小;分形的5个特征参数D,D（0）,D（1）,D（2）,D（0）/D（1）均表明不同地表覆被类型下,草地的粒度分布较均匀,裸地次之,分布最狭窄的是砂岩,该结果可为小流域泥沙来源和水土保持治理措施提供重要依据。