不同覆盖作物模式对茶园土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为探讨覆盖作物对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,选择湖北省十堰市郧阳区谭家湾镇圩坪寺村茶园为研究对象,以自然留养杂草为对照(CK),设置黑麦草+白三叶2种作物混播(EZ)、黑麦草+白三叶+早熟禾+红三叶4种作物混播(SZ)、黑麦草+白三叶+早熟禾+红三叶+紫羊茅+毛苕子+波斯菊+百日草8种作物混播(BZ)三种覆盖作物模式,研究了不同覆盖作物模式对茶园0～15、15～30 cm两个土层土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明:SZ处理0～15 cm土层的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性均高于其他处理,15～30 cm土层土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性均高于其他处理,而蔗糖酶活性低于其他覆盖作物处理。与CK处理相比,覆盖作物增加了0～15 cm土层土壤微生物群落碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD),且覆盖作物可改善0～15 cm土层土壤微生物丰富度指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数,而对15～30 cm土层影响较小。研究表明,覆盖作物可提升茶园土壤微生物群落功能多样性,且4种作物混播处理0～15 cm土层效果最优。     

天津地区不同冬绿肥培肥土壤的效果

  【目的】  研究天津地区长期冬绿肥–春玉米轮作体系对土壤性质的影响,探讨该模式对土壤综合肥力的贡献。  【方法】  田间定位试验于2012—2019年在天津进行,供试作物为春玉米,冬绿肥处理包括冬绿肥二月兰(Orychophragmus violaceus L.)、毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa Roth L.)、黑麦(Secale cereale L.)、黑麦草(Lolium L.)、毛叶苕子二月兰混播、毛叶苕子黑麦混播及冬闲对照,共7个处理。测定土壤理化性质及酶活性,并通过主成分分析方法分析种植不同冬绿肥及其组合对土壤综合肥力的贡献。  【结果】  冬绿肥–春玉米轮作均显著增加了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾、微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量,同时增加了土壤饱和持水量,降低了土壤EC值。与冬闲–春玉米处理相比,冬绿肥–春玉米轮作土壤细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量分别提高26.67%～75.89%、61.9%～97.9%和51.4%～92.1%,土壤脲酶活性显著增加6.59%～20.47%。毛叶苕子黑麦混播、毛叶苕子、黑麦处理显著提高土壤磷酸酶活性,黑麦、黑麦草处理显著提高土壤蔗糖酶活性,毛叶苕子二月兰混播、毛叶苕子处理显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性,毛叶苕子、黑麦草、二月兰和黑麦处理显著提高土壤多酚氧化酶活性。主成分分析结果表明冬绿肥种植显著提高土壤综合肥力,特别是冬绿肥混播种植,提升效果从高到低排序为毛叶苕子二月兰混播>毛叶苕子黑麦混播>毛叶苕子>二月兰>黑麦草>黑麦。  【结论】  华北春玉米种植区,长期冬绿肥种植显著改善了土壤理化性质和生物学性质,提高了土壤综合肥力水平,冬绿肥混播处理对土壤综合肥力贡献高于冬绿肥单播处理。     

茶园套种牧草对作物产量及土壤基本肥力的影响

我国关于茶园生草和低层套(间)种研究起步很晚且报道甚少,有必要深入研究适宜我国茶园推广应用的低层茶草套(间)种模式。通过3年的田间小区试验,以不套种任何牧草处理为对照,研究了3种不同牧草[百喜草(Paspalum natatu)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)、平托花生(Arachis pintoi)]套种模式对茶青和鲜草产量及其茶园土壤基本肥力的影响。结果表明:3种不同牧草套种模式比对照提高茶青产量6.48%~20.26%,并收获鲜草产量1 352~4 023 kg·hm?2·a?1;3年来逐年减少茶园表土流失厚度幅度分别为25.0%~30.6%、33.3%~38.9%和53.3%~60.0%,并提高茶园土壤pH 9.64%~11.76%、有机质8.23%~76.13%、全氮13.59%~245.63%、全磷3.41%~210.51%、全钾1.37%~9.65%、碱解氮69.63%~109.33%和速效磷11.40%~34.20%;其中,茶园套种白三叶和套种平托花生处理对提高茶叶产量和茶园土壤基本肥力的效果相对更佳,值得在生产上进一步推广应用。     

轮作绿肥对盐碱地土壤性质、后作青贮玉米产量及品质的影响

为明确种植和翻压绿肥改良和培肥盐碱地的效果,采用田间试验研究了种植和翻压毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa Roth.)、田菁(Sesbania cannabina Poir.)、草木樨(Melilotus officinalis L.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)6种绿肥对中度苏打盐碱地土壤理化性质、返还土壤的N、P_2O_5和K_2O数量、后作青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)鲜草产量及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:与对照(不种植绿肥)相比,绿肥生长后期可显著提高土壤含水量1.0%~6.2%,使pH降低0.03~0.43,EC降低0.12~1.50 mS×cm~(-1);翻压绿肥可返还土壤N 15.6~195.4 kg×hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 5.3~58.8 kg×hm~(-2)和K_2O 34.5~127.9 kg×hm~(-2),使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾分别提高0.42~1.86 g×kg~(-1)、0.05~0.34 g×kg~(-1)、0.5~32.3 mg×kg~(-1)、0.42~4.65 mg×kg~(-1)和3.8~26.1 mg×kg~(-1);与对照相比,青贮玉米的鲜草产量和蛋白质含量分别增加1 294~19 391 kg×hm~(-2)和0.4~23.9 mg×g~(-1)。总体而言,种植和翻压豆科绿肥在保蓄土壤水分,降低土壤pH和EC,提升土壤有机质含量和N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分数量(特别是N素数量),提高青贮玉米鲜草产量与蛋白质等方面的效果均显著优于禾本科绿肥,其中以适应性强、生长快、生物量大的毛叶苕子处理的改良、培肥土壤,生产优质牧草的效果最好;其次是草木樨处理。种植和翻压豆科绿肥可有效改良中度苏打盐碱地,显著提高土壤肥力,提供无机养分替代部分化肥,提高优质牧草的生产,是适合大同盆地中度苏打盐碱地经济、有效和环保的改良模式,对稳定耕地面积、保证粮食安全具有重要意义。     

用~(15)N同位素稀释法研究牧草的氮素营养

利用同位素示踪技术研究不同施肥处理对黑麦草单播及黑麦草与白三叶混播条件下不同时期牧草茎叶N %与对白三叶的共生固氮的影响。结果表明 :( 1 )混播或单播黑麦草的N %在施肥后 67d达到最高值 ,其后随时间的推移逐渐降低 ;( 2 )混播白三叶的N %在施肥后 67d达到最高 ,随后稍有降低 ,其后又有所增加 ,这与白三叶固氮活性逐步提高有关 ;( 3 )施N水平较低时 ( 1 64kg硫铵 /hm2 ) ,不同时期刈割的混播黑麦草的N %均高于单播黑麦草的N % ,显然是由于白三叶共生固氮所产生的N素为黑麦草提供了新的氮源 ;( 4 )混播白三叶中N素的主要来源是共生固氮 ,混播黑麦草和单播黑麦草中N素的主要来源是土壤 ;( 5)施N处理对黑麦草和白三叶N %的影响差异显著。     

黄土高原沟壑区种植植物和施肥对土壤矿质氮的影响

[目的]筛选能快速提升黄土高原沟壑区矿山废弃地土壤肥力的适宜恢复植物种类和种植模式,为该区实现资源的优化配置和促进农业的可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]选取白三叶、草木樨、紫穗槐、柠条、黑麦草5种植物试材,在中国科学院长武农业生态试验站的模拟弃土场上做长期连续定位监测试验,监测不同速效氮处理下各植物小区0—10cm,10—20cm土层的养分含量变化。设3种施肥处理:A:设施有机肥(羊粪),施肥量为30 000kg/hm~2;B:施秸秆,施肥量为9 000kg/hm~2;C:不施肥,作为对照。[结果]与对照相比,单播模式土壤平均硝态氮含量为9.05mg/kg,比对照提高0.44mg/kg;混播模式土壤平均硝态氮含量为9.02mg/kg,比对照提高0.41mg/kg。单播模式土壤铵态氮平均含量为4.49mg/kg,比对照减少了2.06mg/kg;混播模式土壤铵态氮平均含量为7.06 mg/kg,比对照增加了0.51 mg/kg。[结论]不施肥和施秸秆条件下,单播模式对土壤改良效果优于混播模式;而在施有机肥条件下,混播模式对土壤改良效果优于单播模式。     

稻秸覆盖对有机茶园土壤生态环境影响的研究

对多年稻秸覆盖下有机茶园土壤生态环境的研究表明,稻秸覆盖能改善土壤养分状况,稻秸覆盖处理0～40cm土层中,有机质、全N、全P和速效性N、P、K的平均含量均比对照相应土层高,分别是对照处理的2.00倍、1.87倍、1.66倍、1.91倍、1.91倍、2.56倍;稻秸覆盖能增加土壤微生物主要类群数量,0～40cm土层中,覆盖处理的真菌和细菌分别是对照的3.54倍和4.46倍;稻秸覆盖能增加干季土壤含水量,稻秸覆盖处理的0～10cm、10～20cm和0～30cm各土层的土壤含水量分别比对照相应土层提高了26.24%、13.92%和12.38%;稻秸覆盖能改善土壤动物总数状况,稻秸覆盖处理的0～40cm土层中,土壤动物个体总数是对照处理的1.87倍。因此,稻秸覆盖值得在有机茶园中大力推广。     

长期秸秆还田和施肥对黑土肥力及玉米产量的影响

基于长期定位试验(17年):不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥+秸秆(NPKS)处理,研究了长期秸秆还田对黑土肥力和玉米产量的影响和贡献。结果表明:与2003年初始土壤属性相比,CK处理0~40 cm土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著下降(P<0.05)。NPKS处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量则分别显著增加了6.6%~16.4%、4.6%~17.3%、8.0%~15.0%和59.4%~61.5%(P<0.05)。与CK处理相比,NPKS处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤容重分别下降了14.8%和4.50%,0~20 cm土层的通气孔隙度增加了43.7%。NPK和NPKS处理的平均产量较CK处理分别增加了54.9%和65.2%,NPKS处理的平均产量比NPK产量增加6.6%(P<0.05)。0~20 cm土层,土壤有机质和全氮含量对玉米产量的贡献度>30%,而20~40 cm土层土壤碱解氮的贡献度最高达到35.7%。土壤物理属性在0~20 cm土层,土壤毛管孔隙和土壤容重对玉米产量贡献最高;20~40 cm土层,容重对玉米产量的贡献度最高达到56.9%。因此长期秸秆还田能够显著提高40 cm以上土层土壤的肥力,改善土壤容重和孔隙度,从而间接影响玉米的产量。     

稻壳深施改良苏打碱土理化性质长期效应

盐渍土是中国重要耕地土壤,由于土壤中盐基离子含量高,影响植物生育,为此改良盐渍土意义重大。该研究以黑龙江省苏打碱土为供试土壤,采用土层置换犁将稻壳埋于20~30cm土层中,以单独的机械耕作不埋稻壳为对照,田间作业8 a后再次调查土壤理化性质,研究结果:土壤有机碳、速效氮、磷、钾含量与对照比有增加趋势,各层土壤pH值降低0.37~0.41,Na~+降低40.68~212.35 mg/kg;土壤固相率约40%,与对照比下降了3.68%~8.86%,土壤总孔隙度增加到57.38%~60.58%之间,有效孔隙比例大,占总孔隙的22.7%~26.8%,对照有效孔隙占总孔隙的19.0%~23.7%;土壤通气、透水性分别是对照的10~121 5倍和118~173 5倍,0~30 cm土层水库容量高于对照18.58 mm;速效水库容高于对照10.71 mm;稻壳深施持续后效长,改善苏打碱土比单一机械耕作有效,是适合盐渍土改良的一项技术,而且可以通过机械手段得以实现。     

混播草带控制水源区坡地土壤氮、磷流失效应

坡地土壤氮、磷流失是湖库型饮用水源区污染的主要来源。本文以云南最大的城市集中式饮用水源地为研究区域,在昆明云龙水库库区周边的坡耕地红壤上开展了混播草带防治土壤氮、磷流失效应的研究。研究结果表明:选择适宜草种进行混播,所形成的草带控制水土及氮、磷流失效果优于自然植被;对地表径流量、土壤侵蚀量的控制效果均为:混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿>混播黑麦草+白三叶>自然植被>无草带种植;草带对土壤侵蚀量的控制效果要好于地表径流量。其中处理混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿、混播黑麦草+白三叶径流量分别比无草带种植降低35.19%、46.26%;侵蚀量比无草带种植降低73.51%、78.13%;坡耕地地表径流中氮素流失形态主要以泥沙中氮流失为主,占到80%～85%左右,磷素流失以颗粒态磷流失为主,占到90%～95%左右;对地表径流中的氮、磷流失量控制效果均为:混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿>混播黑麦草+白三叶>自然植被>无草带种植,对总氮流失量的控制效果要好于总磷流失量;混播黑麦草+白三叶处理中径流中总氮、总磷流失量分别降低59.96%、48.57%;混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿处理径流中总氮、总磷流失量分别降低63.31%、56.91%;自然植被处理中径流总氮、总磷流失量分别降低29.46%、26.03%。     

Strategies for high nitrogen production and fertilizer value of plant-based fertilizers

Background

Organic vegetable production has a demand for alternative fertilizers to replace fertilizers from sources that are not organic, that is, typically animal-based ones from conventional farming.

Aims

The aim of this study was to develop production strategies of plant-based fertilizers to maximize cumulative nitrogen (N) production (equal to N yield by green manure crops), while maintaining a low carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, and to test the fertilizer value in organic vegetable production.

Methods

The plant-based fertilizers consisted of the perennial green manure crops—alfalfa, white clover, red clover, and a mixture of red clover and ryegrass—and the annual green-manure crops—broad bean, lupine, and pea. The crops were cut several times at different developmental stages. The harvested crops were used fresh or pelleted as fertilizers for field-grown white cabbage and leek. The fertilizer value was tested with respect to biomass, N offtake, N recovery, and soil mineral N (N_min). Poultry manure and an unfertilized treatment were used as controls.

Results

The cumulative N production of the perennial green manure crops ranged from 300 to 640 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 when cut two to five times. The highest productions occurred at early and intermediate developmental stages, when cut three to four times. Annual green manure crops produced 110–320 kg N ha^–1 year^–1, since repeated cutting was restricted. The C:N ratio of the green manure crops was 8.5–20.5, and increased with developmental stage. The fertilizer value of green manure, as measured in white cabbage and leek, was comparable to animal-based manure on the condition that the C:N ratio was low (<18). N recovery was 20%–49% for green manure and 29%–42% for poultry manure. A positive correlation was detected between soil N_min and vegetable N offtake shortly after incorporating the green manure crops, indicating synchrony between N release and crop demand.

Conclusions

Plant-based fertilizers represent highly productive and efficient fertilizers that can substitute conventional animal-based fertilizers in organic vegetable production.     

Sensitivity of Cirsium arvense to simulated tillage and competition

Abstract

Single and combined effects were studied of root length, burial depth, cutting and competition from a seasonal green manure crop on the growth and development of C. arvense from roots found in the upper soil layer. The experiment was performed under field conditions and partly repeated in a green house. The green manure consisted of a mixture of phacelia, common vetch, red clover and Italian ryegrass. Root fragments of 5 and 10 cm length were buried at 5 and 15 cm soil depth, simulating soil tillage. Use of green manure alone reduced growth of C. arvense more than any other single factor (81–99%), while root length and burial depth were more variable in their effect (0–96% reduction). Combined treatments involving both green manure, deep root burial (15 cm) and short root length (5 cm) reduced growth of C. arvense consistently by 95–100%. At the minimum regenerative capacity of C. arvense the number of leaves was 3–7 in plots with no green manure, at which time cutting had the greatest effect on regrowth the following year. The level for minimum regenerative capacity was not possible to decide for C. arvense growing in competition with green manure. Combined multiple treatments in spring, including use of green manure and mechanical operations in the upper soil layers, appear to be a potential means of reducing C. arvense infestations.     

EFFECTS OF GREEN MANURE CONTINUOUS APPLICATION ON SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS AND ENZYME ACTIVITY

A three-year field experiment was carried out to study the effects of green manure application on the soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and soil enzyme activities in order to provide a theoretical basis on low-carbon agriculture, environment-friendly agriculture and promote the sustainable development of tobacco production. Six treatments were set and were: check (CK) (contrast, no application of green manure), T1 (application of ryegrass only 1 year), T2 (application of ryegrass 2 years), T3 (application of oats 2 years), T4 (application of ryegrass 3 years), and T5 (application of oats 3 years), which was based on continuous planting oats and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) in our experiment. The results showed that soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and the activity of soil urease, acid phosphatase (ACP), sucrase, and catalase increased with each year and with the application of green manure. Compared with the control, after the application of green manure the content of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen increased 1.94%–93.07% and 2.30%–145.07%, respectively, and the activity of soil urease, ACP, sucrase, and catalase increased 1.45%–56.52%, 2.34%–33.17%, 0.96%–172.66%, and 3.33%–85.71%, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that soil microbial biomass carbon and soil enzymes activity had certain relevance that showed the dynamic process of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity were coordinate with the decomposition process of green manure and the absorption of mine nutritional to tobacco plant. The results demonstrate that continuous application of green manure could increase soil biological fertility level.     

Catch crop strategy and nitrate leaching following grazed grass-clover

Cultivation of grassland presents a high risk of nitrate leaching. This study aimed to determine if leaching could be reduced by growing spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as a green crop for silage with undersown Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) compared with barley grown to maturity with or without an undersown conventional catch crop of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). All treatments received 0, 60 or 120 kg of ammonium‐N ha^?1 in cattle slurry. In spring 2003, two grass‐clover fields (3 and 5 years old, respectively, with different management histories) were ploughed. The effects of the treatments on yield and nitrate leaching were determined in the first year, while the residual effects of the treatments were determined in the second year in a crop of spring barley/perennial ryegrass. Nitrate leaching was estimated in selected treatments using soil water samples from ceramic cups. The experiment showed that compared with treatments without catch crop, green barley/Italian ryegrass reduced leaching by 163–320 kg N ha^?1, corresponding to 95–99%, and the perennial ryegrass reduced leaching to between 34 and 86 kg N ha^?1, corresponding to a reduction of 80 and 66%. Also, in the second growing season, leaching following catch crops was reduced compared with the bare soil treatment. It was concluded that the green barley/Italian ryegrass offers advantages not only for the environment but also for farmers, for whom it provides a fodder high in roughage and avoids the difficulties with clover fatigue increasingly experienced by Danish farmers.     

梨园秸秆还田腐解特征及对土壤性状的影响研究

为探究梨园秸秆还田腐解特征及对土壤理化性状和生物性状的影响,在梨园布置覆膜对照(CK)、秸秆覆盖(S)、秸秆覆盖+腐解菌肥(S-BM)、双倍秸秆覆盖+腐解菌肥(2S-BM)田间试验。结果表明:秸秆覆盖150天后,S-BM处理的腐解率为62.4%,S和2S-BM处理的腐解率均为50%,氮、钾释放率以S-BM处理最高;秸秆覆盖提高了土壤最低温,降低了土壤最高温,减小了土壤温度振幅;2S-BM处理显著降低了土壤体积质量,提高了土壤水溶性有机碳含量;秸秆覆盖显著增加了0~5 cm土层有机碳含量,2S-BM处理对0~15 cm土层速效养分含量的提升效果显著,S和S-BM处理显著提高了0~5 cm土层速效钾含量;2S-BM处理的土壤细菌、真菌数量以及微生物生物量碳、氮含量在梨树生育后期明显提高;2S-BM、S-BM和S处理分别能增产86.9%、17.8%和28.7%。秸秆覆盖对土壤的改善是由上到下的,当梨园秸秆还田量为45 000 kg/hm2时,土壤的改良效果非常明显。     

Carbon and nitrogen mineralisation from green manures as alternative nitrogen sources in Mediterranean farming

The soil incorporation of green manures is a practice that can be used in sustainable agriculture and in organic farming, where nitrogen (N) sources are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum Savi), yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) as potential alternative N sources. A total of nine treatments were considered in this study: control, aerial of balansa clover, roots of balansa clover, aerial of yellow lupine, roots of yellow lupine, aerial of ryegrass, roots of ryegrass, mixture aerial + roots of yellow lupine and mixture aerial + roots of ryegrass. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted under controlled conditions during 196 days and carbon and N mineralisation were followed. Results showed that green manures are appropriate N sources for Mediterranean farming. No significant differences in terms of N mineralisation were observed between aerial or roots biomass of the green manures. Besides, 37–55% of total N applied was mineralised in treatments amended with balansa clover or yellow lupine, whereas 13–21% of total N applied was mineralised in ryegrass. It can be concluded that the most efficient green manure for supplying mineral N to the succeeding crop was yellow lupine.     

覆盖与间作对亚热带丘陵幼龄茶园土壤环境和生产的影响

以常规管理茶园(清耕茶园)为对照，通过连续4a大田对比试验，研究了稻草覆盖与间作白三叶草对亚热带丘陵幼龄茶园土壤环境及茶叶品质、产量的影响。研究结果表明：两种生物措施均降低了土壤容重，增加了土壤有机质含量，影响了土壤养分的供应状况，提高了土壤关键层次(0～20 cm)和关键时期(4～6月)的水分含量，获得了不同观察时刻、不同深度土壤温度的多种调控效果，延缓和缩短了高温和干旱时间，促进了茶树生长，改善了茶叶品质，显著增加了茶叶产量，其名优绿茶酚氨比分别下降了0.68%和28.14%，产量提高了26.19%和32.65%，间作白三叶草的效果更好。     

生草对渭北旱地苹果园土壤有机碳组分及微生物的影响

在渭北旱地苹果园行间播种毛苕子（Vicia villosa）、白三叶（Trifolium repens）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）和早熟禾（Poa pratensis）,以清耕为对照,对0100 cm土层的土壤有机碳各组分及微生物群落功能多样性进行研究。结果表明,行间生草可显著增加040 cm土层土壤的总有机碳（TOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、轻质有机碳（LFOC）、易氧化有机碳（ROC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和微生物量碳（MBC）,豆科牧草毛苕子和白三叶的各有机碳含量总体上高于禾本科牧草黑麦草和早熟禾。其中在020 cm土层中,豆科牧草的TOC含量平均每年增加约1.2 g/kg,禾本科牧草每年增加约0.9 g/kg。生草处理的微生物群落碳源利用率（AWCD）、微生物群落Shannon 指数（H）和微生物群落丰富度指数（S）均高于清耕处理,其中豆科牧草的微生物活性更高。因此,生草可以提高土壤有机碳各组分的含量、土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落的丰富度和功能多样性,豆科牧草毛苕子和白三叶提高效应更加明显。