陕西省水蚀土壤因子指标插值方法比较研究

基于地统计学原理和半变异理论,采用地理信息系统技术定量研究了陕西省水蚀土壤因子指标的空间变异特征.分析比较了反距离权重法、样条函数法与普通克吕格法对陕西省土壤因子指标空间插值的精度.结果表明,研究区土壤抗冲系数具有中等强度的空间相关性,块金系数为32.29%,而稳渗速率、崩解速率、抗剪强度均表现为强烈的空间相关性,块金系数分别为13.19%,11.61%和12.98%.综合考虑平均相对误差、均方差及插值效果,认为普通克吕格法最好,更能反映土壤参数的空间特征并符合区域水土流失模型对数据的要求.对于普通克吕格法,稳渗速率的Lag步长为30 000 m,半方差理论模型为指数模型;抗冲系数、崩解速率、抗剪强度的Lag步长为55 000,半方差理论模型均为高斯模型.在空间分布上,各指标随土壤类型由北到南呈现明显的地带性规律.     

不同尺度下低山茶园土壤钾素含量空间变异特征

运用地统计学方法,研究了蒙顶山茶园土壤钾素在不同尺度下的空间变异特征。结果表明:两个尺度下蒙顶山土壤全钾和速效钾含量均具有中等空间相关性。(1)小尺度下土壤全钾和速效钾的C0/(C0+C)值分别为43.3%和27.2%,二者的变异方向略有不同,但均表现出在顺坡方向变异明显,在横坡方向变异较弱,土壤全钾和速效钾均呈片状分布,且均有东北区高于西南区的趋势;(2)微尺度下土壤全钾和速效钾也具有中等空间相关性,C0/(C0+C)值分别为47.9%和59.8%,表明在微域范围内随机性因子对其空间变异的影响大于小尺度。土壤全钾在东偏南和垂直方向变异最明显,速效钾除在东北方向以及接近坡面水平方向有一定的变异外,在其它方向的变异都不明显,全钾和速效钾均在斜坡方向出现规律性的带状分布。     

海州露天矿排土场边坡土壤抗冲性空间变异性特征

为了深入研究坡面侵蚀过程机理,加快矿山废弃地土地复垦进程,以辽宁省阜新市海州露天矿排土场为研究对象,针对多年来土地复垦的治理成效,运用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,基于GIS技术研究排土场边坡土壤抗冲性的空间变异性特征.结果表明:①土壤抗冲指数的理论模型为高斯模型;②在坡面尺度范围内,土壤抗冲指数具有中等程度空间变...     

甘肃省武威地区灌漠土微量元素的空间变异特征

用经典统计学与地统计学方法相结合,研究了甘肃省武威灌漠土耕层土样中B、Cu、Fe、Mn及Zn等5种微量元素有效含量的空间变异特征。结果表明:①99.17%土样缺乏有效Zn,93.33%的土样缺乏有效Fe。描述性统计所得变异系数在13.32%(有效Mn)~42.54%(有效B)之间。②球状模型和指数模型为土壤微量元素的最佳拟合模型,各元素的块金值、最大相关距及块金值与基台值之比C0/(C0+C)分别在0.001~0.429、192m~477m及0.126%~26.459%(有效B)之间。土壤微量元素含量的分形维数在1.804~1.947之间,土壤B的分形维数最低。③表征土壤微量元素空间变异的参数如变异系数、C0/(C0+C)及分形维数D之间均有一定的相关关系。④Kriging插值结果显示人为因素等表生作用对土壤有效B含量的空间分布影响较大,土壤Cu、Mn、Zn及Fe含量的空间分布则主要由成土母质与地形所决定。     

基于GIS与地统计学土壤养分空间变异特征研究——以辽宁省凌源市6乡镇为例

以辽宁省凌源市西南部6乡镇为研究对象,利用GPS定位采集了1 042个土壤表层样.采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,研究了土壤养分的空间变异特征.结果表明,土壤养分的变异系数为29.45%～67.25%,变异强度是有效磷>碱解氮>有机质>速效钾.有机质、碱解氮和速效钾的C0/(C0+C)比值均在49.7%～49.90%之间,都具有中等的相关性,而有效磷的C0/(C0+C)的比值为100%,空间的相关性较弱.分维数D大小顺序为:有效磷>碱解氮>速效钾>有机质.Kriging插值分析表明,研究区土壤养分的空间分布格局主要受土地利用类型影响较大.     

吉林省德惠市土壤速效钾的空间分异及不同插值方法的比较

基于地统计学和地理信息系统,采用区变量的半变异理论定量研究了土壤速效钾的空间变异特征,分析比较了不同空间插值方法的插值精度,并利用最优Kriging法插值生成了研究区土壤速效钾的分布格局图。结果表明:研究区土壤速效钾具有中等强度的空间自相关,步长为108.5km;块金效应显著,C0/sill值为0.43。所有插值方法中,球面多项式插值的RMSE最大,平常克吕格的指数模型插值精度最高。IDW虽然也常常被用来进行土壤属性特征的插值分析,但它只与距离有关,对于区域性的较大差异或存在多因子影响时,Kriging方法有其明显的优势;土壤速效钾的分布以中部饮马河为线,东西差异较大,总体自东北向西南呈有规律地逐渐增大的趋势。     

吉林省玉米种植区土壤养分空间变异特征研究

本文以吉林省中部玉米种植区9县市为研究区域,采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的研究方法,探讨研究区域表层土壤（020cm）有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和pH值的空间变异特征。结果表明:各养分的变异系数在10%～100%之间,属中等变异;有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的块金值（C0）与基台值（C0+C）比值介于25%～75%之间,表现出中等强度的空间自相关,而全氮和pH值表现强烈的空间自相关;根据决定系数（R2）和残差平方和（RSS）进行模型选择,几种养分均用指数模型拟合的效果较好;依据GIS所做的养分空间变异图可以很好地反应该地区的土壤养分空间分布状况,可以为该地区土壤养分的综合评价和施肥管理决策提供依据。     

排土场边坡根系分布及其对土壤抗冲性的影响

以海州露天矿排土场边坡为研究对象,采用改进的原状土水槽冲刷法,研究了排土场边坡根系分布及其对土壤抗冲性的影响。结果表明:排土场边坡根密度平均每为8.46个100 cm-2,根系长度随根系径级的增大而不断减小,根系生物量随根系径级总体上呈下降趋势,土壤中根系以根径0.5 mm须根为主;土壤抗冲指数与时间之间存在极显著的指数回归关系;土壤抗冲指数大部分位于0.06~0.12 min g-1之间,这部分所占坡面总面积的83.02%,沿坡长方向土壤抗冲指数表现出先减小后增大的趋势,并在3个坡位之间存在极显著差异;根系对土壤抗冲性能强化值范围在0.01~0.05 min g-1之间,强化百分率为16.67%~83.33%,表明在相同径流冲刷强度与相同冲刷时间条件下,根系对于增强土壤抗冲性能的效果明显。     

岩溶高原地区小流域土壤厚度的空间变异特征

土壤厚度是制约石漠化地区生态修复的重要因子。在贵州省金沙县乌箐河小流域,通过实地调查土壤厚度,结合地统计学和经典统计学方法,研究岩溶高原地区小流域中3种典型土地利用类型下土壤厚度的空间变异及其分布格局。结果表明：研究区土壤厚度总体呈中等强度空间变异,个别样地属强度变异,具有良好的半方差结构,其变异趋势大致为随着坡位的降低而逐渐减小,而土壤厚度随坡位的降低逐渐变厚。坡耕地土壤厚度空间相关性相对较好,存在一定的连续性;荒山和意大利杨树林地土壤厚度的空间变异程度均较大,斑块状分布明显。除个别样地可以用高斯模型和球状模型拟合外,其余样地均可用指数模型拟合,且拟合效果较好（R^2≈0．8）。研究结果加深了对岩溶高原地区土壤厚度的认识,为石漠化综合治理工程的合理布局和土地资源的有效开发利用提供重要依据。     

典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分空间变异性研究

采用线形取样,利用地统计学方法研究了典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分的空间变异特征.结果表明:有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾具有相似的空间变异结构,其变程变化在212～251 m之间,与坡面不同土地利用方式的空间范围相当.全磷和全钾的变异尺度较小,为141.2 m和120.6m.受部分耕地施用磷肥影响,速效磷的变异尺度最小,仅为85.1 m.除pH值外,土壤各养分均表现为强烈的空间相关性.有机碳、全氮、碱解氮等养分的空间分布表现出随着海拔高度增加而增大的特征,人类的耕作管理和峰丛洼地特殊的水文地质过程是影响土壤养分空间变异的主要因素.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.