煤矿区表层土壤中饱和烃污染物的组成与分布

应用GC-MS技术检测石龙区表层土壤中饱和烃馏分,共鉴别正构烷烃、甾类、萜类等系列的85种代表性化合物,分析了饱和烃在不同功能区域含量及分布特征,并结合分子有机地球化学参数对其污染来源作了初步探讨.结果表明,受煤矿开采活动影响的区域土壤中饱和烃含量远高于无矿区域,以矸石山周围和炼焦区最为严重;正构烷烃的高碳数部分较少、低碳数部分较多、主峰碳为C16或C18、姥植比和藿/莫比值大、地质构型甾烷和C29ααα20R-甾烷的含量较高,这些特征与煤岩中状况接近,表明石龙区表层土壤并非现代沉积物或是天然状态下的表层土壤.煤矿区煤及矸石等堆放、储藏、运输、加工过程中大量煤岩屑或煤灰长期沉降积累可能是矿区土壤有机质主要输入源.     

成都市春季土壤和扬尘中饱和烃的污染特征与来源分析

用GC-MS分析了成都市不同方位区域内具有代表性的土壤和扬尘样品中饱和烃的组成与分布特征。研究表明,在土壤和扬尘中均检测出了丰富的正构烷烃和甾、萜烷化合物等饱和烃。正构烷烃在土壤和扬尘中差别明显,其浓度分别为7.54~40.37μg g-1和26.61~71.52μg g-1,峰形分别主要呈前峰型和后峰型。成都市土壤中正构烷烃含量的趋势是东>北>中>西>南,扬尘为南>西>东>中>北。在土壤和扬尘中均检测出包括C27~C29规则甾烷、重排甾烷和孕甾烷等甾烷系列化合物和萜类化合物,主要来源于化石燃料和生物质不完全燃烧的产物等。     

豫中烤烟种植区烟叶石油醚提取物含量与土壤养分的空间变异性分析

在地统计和GIS的支持下,以半方差函数为工具,研究了豫中烤烟种植区石油醚提取物含量和土壤养分的空间变异性特征,并进行相关分析.运用普通克立格法进行最优无偏线性插值,制作了研究区内石油醚提取物含量和不同土壤养分的空间分布图.结果表明,豫中烤烟种植区石油醚提取物含量符合高斯模型,空间变异性受结构性因素影响较大;土壤属性中,土壤全磷、有效氮、速效钾、氯含量为中等程度的空间变异性,其余的都为弱空间变异性;分维数最高的是土壤有效氮和阳离子交换量,最低的是有机质、pH和硅;相关性分析表明,烟叶石油醚提取物含量与土壤pH、铝、钙、铁、镁含量均呈极显著的负相关,与土壤有效氮、速效磷、全钾、硅及全磷含量之间呈极显著的正相关.豫中烤烟种植区烟叶石油醚提取物含量和土壤养分的等值线图可更准确和直观地了解研究区的土壤养分与烟叶品质的相关关系,从而为精确施肥提供依据.     

苎麻根际土壤水浸提液化感潜力评价

【目的】通过苎麻根际土壤水浸提液有机化合物的分离鉴定及生物学实验,探讨了苎麻败蔸与化感作用的关系。【方法】运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术 (GC-MS),对苎麻根际土壤的不同极性有机溶剂萃取液进行了物质成分分析;采用室内生物测定方法,研究了不同浓度苎麻根际土壤水浸提液对萝卜、油菜、拟南芥 3 种植物的化感效应;并应用实时定量 PCR 技术 (QPCR),测定了不同浓度根际土壤水浸液处理后拟南芥其抗逆基因 RD29A (AT5G52310) 和 RD29B (AT5G52300) 及生长素合成相关基因 YUC1 (AT4G32540) 的相对表达水平。【结果】四种不同极性有机溶剂萃取液经 GC-MS 检测共鉴定出 51 种有机化学物质,包括烃类及其衍生物、甾类化合物、苯甲酸及其衍生物、酚类、萜类、含氮类等已被报道具有化感活性的化合物。不同浓度苎麻根际土壤水浸液对 3 种不同植物的下胚轴长及根长的化感效应具有差异性,随着浸提液浓度增加,对油菜及拟南芥抑制作用越显著,但对萝卜的影响不显著。QPCR 检测结果表明,拟南芥的 RD29A、RD29B、YUC1 这 3 种基因的表达量随水浸提液浓度增加均降低。【结论】苎麻根际土壤中含有抑制自身生长的潜在化感物质豆甾-4-烯-3,6-二酮,2,5-二叔丁基苯酚,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯,6,6-二甲基-1,3-庚二烯-5-醇,羊毛甾-8,24-二烯-3,22-二醇。高浓度苎麻根际土壤水浸提液对供试三种植物下胚轴长及根长具有抑制效果,因此,连作导致的化感物质累积可能是连作导致苎麻败蔸的原因之一。     

辣椒内生放线菌Lj20活性代谢物抑菌作用的研究

通过萃取、层析等方法对辣椒内生放线菌Lj20菌株的发酵液进行了初步分离,并测定了其抑菌活性.Lj20菌株粗提物的抗茵谱测定试验表明:用石油醚萃取后的粗提液对番茄灰霉病的抑制率最高,达78.71%,故选择石油醚为Lj20菌株发酵液的最佳萃取剂;Lj20菌株粗提物对多种病原真菌都有抑菌活性,其中对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50为0.97m9·L-1,且高于速克灵和百菌清的抑制作用.盆栽试验结果表明,Lj20菌株粗提物保护作用优于治疗作用,叶面喷施保护作用明显优于拌土保护作用;100mg·L-1的Lj20粗提液叶面喷施24h后的保护效果最好,防效为97.32%;500mg·L-1的Lj20粗提液在多种作物上施用后都未见药害产生.通过硅胶柱层析和硅胶薄层层析得到了7种活性组分,其中3号组分的抑制率最高,为88.12%.     

超声萃取–高效液相色谱测定土壤/沉积物中1-羟基芘

本文对超声萃取土壤/沉积物中1-羟基芘(1-hydroxypyrene)的提取条件进行了优化研究,建立了一种超声萃取–高效液相色谱–荧光检测1-羟基芘的方法。结果表明:甲醇和二氯甲烷的混合溶剂为最佳萃取溶剂;甲醇与二氯甲烷的体积比是影响萃取效率的主要因素。通过正交试验进一步确定了最佳提取条件为:甲醇/二氯甲烷体积比35∶65、土液比2 g∶10 ml、提取时间20 min、提取次数3次。在最佳提取条件下,5种不同类型的土壤/沉积物中1-羟基芘的加标回收率数值变化范围很大(6.6%~83.3%),并且这种变化与样品的pH密切相关,而与样品总有机碳含量无关。     

硫硼营养对烟叶石油醚提取物合成的影响

硫素和硼素营养对烟叶石油醚提取物的合成起着重要作用。通过田间试验研究硫素、硼素营养对与烟叶石油醚提取物合成有关的6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、异柠檬酸裂解酶、磷脂酸磷酸酯酶活性的影响及提高石油醚提取物含量的实际效果。试验结果表明,适量的硫、硼营养配合施用对于提高烟叶中石油醚提取物含量有一定的促进作用,当硫素和硼素分别为75、3 kg/hm2时,烤烟不同生育期石油醚提取物含量最高,烘烤后烟叶中部叶石油醚提取物含量为7.84%;6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、异柠檬酸裂解酶、磷脂酸磷酸酯酶的活性最强。     

茶园土壤中有机氯杀虫剂的残留状况研究

2004年5月和6月采集了安徽、江苏、湖南、湖北省5个茶园的38个土壤表层样品,利用ASE萃取技术,使用GC/MS方法测定了样品中的六氯苯、氯丹、总滴滴涕(DDE、DDD和DDT)、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯和灭蚁灵等八种有机氯杀虫剂。5个茶园的六氯苯、总滴滴涕的检出率都为97.4%,是茶园土壤中普遍存在的两类持久性有机污染物(POPs)。艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯等未检出。总有机氯杀虫剂含量平均为17.4!g kg-1,总滴滴涕占总有机氯杀虫剂含量的97.9%,是茶园土壤中有机氯杀虫剂残留的主要成分。六氯苯的残留量很低,没有对茶园土壤质量造成危害。     

超声波辅助液-液萃取结合GC检测单萜化合物工艺优化

为优化超声波辅助液-液萃取(LLE)结合气相色谱(GC)检测酿酒酵母菌株合成单萜化合物的工艺条件,本试验以模拟葡萄汁为原料,研究超声功率、超声时间、NaCl添加量和萃取剂体积对萃取效果的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面试验优化超声辅助萃取模拟葡萄酒中单萜化合物的萃取工艺。结果表明,模拟葡萄汁单萜类化合物最佳萃取工艺参数为,超声功率405 W、超声时间15 min、NaCl添加量4.9 g、萃取剂体积15.5 mL,在此萃取条件下结合GC可从模拟葡萄汁发酵酒样中检测出芳樟醇、α-萜品醇、香茅醇、香叶醇4种单萜物质,总含量高达46.29 μg·L^-1,进一步证实了酿酒酵母可以从头合成单萜化合物。本研究结果为深入探究酿酒酵母菌株单萜化合物合成代谢机制提供了理论依据。     

不同氮磷钾配施对烤烟石油醚提取物和中性致香物质的影响

田间试验以烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)品种中烟100为材料,研究了N、P、K肥配施对烤烟石油醚提取物和致香物质含量的影响.结果表明:不施肥处理烟叶石油醚提取物含量和致香物质总量及不同种类致香物质含量都较低:N、P、K任意两种肥料配施均可以不同程度提高烤烟石油醚提取物和不同种类致香物质的含量;NPK的配施,随着施肥量的增加,烤烟石油醚提取物含量也随着增加,而致香物质含量呈现先增后减的抛物线现象.因此,N、P、K的合理配施是提高烤烟石油醚提取物和致香物质的重要措施.由田间试验结果获取的推荐施肥方案为N:P_2O_5:K_2O=1:2:3,其用量分别为75 kg/hm~2、150kg/hm~2和225kg/hm~2.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.