近50年长三角地区季节的气候变化特征

根据长三角地区31个站点1961-2010年逐日气温资料,按照国家标准进行季节划分,在研究四季长度和起始时间变化特征的基础上,利用Mann-Kendall检验、等值线等方法对季节的时间变化趋势和空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明,时间变化上,长三角地区夏季长度有极显著的增加趋势(P0.01),春、夏两季的起始日期有显著的提前趋势(P0.01和P0.05)。空间分布上,春、秋季节长度由内陆向沿海增加,夏季长度由北向南递增,冬季长度由北向南递减。四季长度变化趋势的空间结构为:春、夏季以延长为主,秋、冬季主要表现为缩短,其中夏季长度的延长最为显著(P0.01)。四季起始时间空间分布为:春、夏季南部入季早,秋、冬季北部入季早;起始时间变化趋势的空间结构为:春、夏季为一致的提早趋势;秋、冬季以延后为主。     

GIS支持的起伏地形下重庆市水汽压的空间分布

利用起伏地形下水汽压空间分布式模型，通过插值计算重庆市100m高度和实际地形下月平均和年平均水汽压的空间分布。结果表明：重庆市水汽压的季节变化很明显；而且随着海拔高度的增加，水汽压逐渐减小；各月水汽压的最小值出现在东北山区。     

石灰岩山地两种模式人工林小气候比较

为了探讨侧柏女贞混交林（CN）和侧柏纯林（CB）对林内小气候影响的差异,以便为分析不同模式林分生态效应提供依据,在春季、夏季、秋季和冬季对两种林分林内空气温湿度、土壤温度和土壤水分含量进行了观测,同时测定空地（CK）小气候指标作为对照。结果表明:夏季中午前后CN,CB和CK间气温差距最大,四季气温值均是CN最小、CK最大,春季和夏季CN与CB气温差异未达到显著水平,秋季和冬季气温值无差异;不同样地空气相对湿度基本为CN > CB > CK,且夏天空气相对湿度最高、春天最低,不同季节CN和CB空气相对湿度差异不显著;各样地地表温度均高于地下5 cm温度,在温度较高的午后CN地表温度与地下5 cm温度的差值比CB,CK小,夏季各样地地表与地下5 cm土温差值最大、冬季最小;土壤含水量变化与空气相对湿度变化规律相似,表现为混交林土壤水分含量高于纯林。在炎热的夏季,混交林改善小气候的能力优于纯林,主要表现在降低并稳定气温和地温,增加空气湿度和土壤含水量。     

近50年福建省日照时数的变化特征及其影响因素

采用气候倾向率方法,对福建省64个站1961-2008年逐月日照时数以及对日照有影响的总云量、低云量、水汽压和相对湿度等资料进行了统计分析。结果表明：近50a福建省的年日照时数呈现出显著的减少趋势,平均减速为71.7h/10a,闽南地区减速最大。四季日照时数也表现出明显的减少趋势,减速为13.8～26.5h/10a,以夏季减速最大,秋季减速最小;最近30a夏季日照时数的减幅更大,春、秋季则呈增加趋势。从年代际变化看,20世纪60-70年代四季日照充足,均为正距平;80年代夏季偏多,其它三季为负距平;90年代春季正常,其它季节偏少。年日照时数异常偏多出现在1963、1971年,但从未出现过异常偏少年。年、季日照时数减少与低云量增加关系密切,而冬季日照时数的减少还与水汽压的增加有关。     

过去(1958-2007)和未来(2011-2060)50年淮河流域气候变化趋势分析

根据淮河流域1958-2007年观测资料和ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式对该流域2011-2060年气候变化的预估结果,分析淮河流域1958-2007年平均气温、极端高(低)温、农业界限温度和年降水量变化,并对2011-2060年气温和降水量变化趋势进行预估。结果表明:(1)淮河流域年平均气温,20世纪90年代以前以降温为主,90年代中后期增温显著;季节变化上,春秋两季气温呈波动增加趋势,冬季增温速率较高,夏季则呈下降趋势,极端气温事件出现次数和温度变化幅度均减小。淮河流域热量资源的时间变化以增温趋势为主,各界限温度初日提前,终日推迟,持续日数和累积温度增加。从区域分布上,流域东部增温趋势强于西部。1958-2007年年降水量和极端降水等无突变性的增加或减少趋势;季节变化上,流域夏季降水量变幅较大。(2)3种排放情景下淮河流域年平均气温升高趋势一致,且SRES-A1B情景升温幅度大于其它两种情景且约在2040年突变增温,3种情景下季节平均气温均为冬季升高最快;未来年降水量有微弱增加,但M-K检测均无显著变化趋势,未来50a淮河流域季节降水仍以春、夏季降水为主,约占全年降水量的70%。     

西双版纳热带季雨林林冠层CO_2浓度特征及其影响因素

根据2015年西双版纳热带季节雨林群落冠层植物表面温度以及林冠上、林冠下的气温资料,对热带季节雨林林冠层CO_2浓度特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)近地层地温呈现正弦变化趋势;深层地温相对稳定,随深度增加地温日变幅减小;地温峰值出现时刻随深度增加而呈现滞后现象;地温季节差异明显,平均地温在雨季较高,雾凉季较低,干热季居中。(2)西双版纳热带季节雨林CO_2浓度表现出明显的日变化、季节变化和林冠上下差异。在日尺度上,林冠上方的CO_2浓度时间变化曲线为"单峰型",林内近地层CO_2浓度时间变化曲线为"双峰型";在季节尺度上,林冠上方和林内近地层CO_2浓度均呈现雨季低、干季高的特点,并且林冠上方CO_2浓度低于林内近地层CO_2浓度。(3)热带季节雨林土壤呼吸存在明显的日变化规律,随时间变化表现为单峰型,且峰值出现的时间在14:00左右,对于季节变化规律,在7—8月份达到峰值,8月份以后,土壤呼吸急剧下降,在12月份最低。(4)不同季节热带季节雨林土壤呼吸、CO_2浓度均与林冠温度的指数关系达到了极显著水平(p0.01),且指数模型的决定系数最大,故指数模型的拟合效果最好。(5)林冠上方CO_2浓度与光合有效辐射之间皆表现出正相关,随着光合有效辐射的增强,CO_2浓度相应地升高;林内近地层CO_2浓度与光合有效辐射之间的正相关关系较林冠上方强,地温与林冠上方CO_2浓度和林内近地层CO_2浓度均没有显著的相关性(p0.05)。林内近地层CO_2浓度与土壤温度以及土壤呼吸的相关系数为正,土壤呼吸可以认为是影响和控制近地层CO_2浓度的主要因子。     

果园百喜草覆盖与敷盖对小气候的影响

实测分析了果园覆盖与敷盖百喜草的光照、风速、温度、相对湿度时空变化规律。冬季中午1200时桃园比桔园光照强2倍左右,1400时风速大3～4倍,夏季地面最高温度行间裸地比行间百喜草高20.0℃,株间裸地比敷草高10.0℃;冬季桔园覆盖百喜草比裸地高2.4℃,比桃园高1.1℃,夏季降温效应、冬季保温效应非常明显。桔园透光率随高度的变化呈指数关系,株间风速与株高的关系近似于二次曲线,裸地气温随高度升高而降低,百喜草和敷盖地则相反,相对湿度早晚小,中午大,夏季大于冬季;不同处理的相对湿度随高度的分布其增大、减小相间出现。     

陕西省可利用降水资源的气候变化特征及敏感性分析

利用陕西省74站1960-2007年月降水和月气温资料,采用高桥浩一郎公式对陕西近50年可利用降水资源的气候变化特征进行分析,并讨论了水资源对气候变化的敏感性.结果表明,陕西可利用降水资源南多北少,且季节分布不均,主要集中在夏秋季;近50年来可利用降水资源趋于减少,有明显的年代际变化特征,20世纪60年代和80年代明显偏多,90年代显著偏少,进入21世纪有所增加.敏感性分析表明,可利用降水资源对气候变化的敏感性冬季最强,夏季最弱;陕北最强,陕南最弱;对降水的敏感性大于气温;降水不变,对气温的敏感性随气温增加而减小;气温不变,对降水的敏感性随降水增加而更显著;降水增加,对气温的响应更敏感;气温增加,对降水的响应减弱.     

环青海湖地区草地近地层气象要素变化特征

利用青海湖北岸海北牧业气象试验站2006年5月-12月观测的天然草地近地面层气象要素梯度资料，分析了该地区近地层温度、湿度和风速的日变化规律及其廓线特征。结果表明：青海湖北岸草地近地层0．3—10．0m高度范围内温度、相对湿度和风速都呈现出明显的以24h为周期的日变化规律；各层温度最高和最低时的位相随高度增加而滞后，相对湿度和风速最大与最小时的位相随高度增加而提前；14时温度随高度的增加而降低，20时的温度随高度增加先增后降，温度廓线在4．0m高度存在一拐点，随后逐渐进入逆温状态，至8时逆温程度达到最大；不论白天还是夜间，相对湿度随高度的增加而减小；风速随高度的增加而增大。     

半干旱采煤塌陷区植被土壤碳循环及源、汇功能转换特征

以大柳塔矿区采煤塌陷前后不同草地为研究对象,以区域实测数据为基础,分析了0—80cm土层土壤有机碳储量变化以及春季、夏季、冬季3个季节不同植被部位以及土壤碳循环差异及碳源/汇功能转换特征。结果表明:(1)对照区和沉陷区不同季节土壤碳储量都具有明显的垂直分布特征,采煤沉陷造成春季草地生态系统土壤碳储量显著下降(P=0.001),随季节变化呈现出冬季夏季春季的趋势;(2)采煤沉陷造成草地生态系统春季地上立枯和枯落物碳储量显著上升(P=0.000,P=0.004),冬季枯落物和根系碳储量下降(P=0.016,P=0.015),沉陷区不同植被部位碳储量随季节变化均呈现出春季夏季冬季的趋势;(3)相较对照区,沉陷区植被碳储量随季节变化均表现为碳源过程,土壤碳储量随季节变化由碳源—碳汇过程转变为碳汇过程;(4)相关分析显示,对照区地上新鲜植被碳储量和立枯碳储量呈现出显著的负相关性(P0.05),而沉陷区地上新鲜植被碳储量和立枯碳储量呈现出极显著的正相关性(P0.01)。     

海岸基干林带木麻黄蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的动态变化特征

采用Li-6400便携式光合系统,观测福建东山岛海岸基干林带木麻黄的蒸腾作用和水分利用效率在不同时间尺度上的动态变化。结果表明：1）基干林带木麻黄的蒸腾速率日动态为单峰曲线,湿季峰值出现在12：00,干季峰值出现在14：00,日均值湿季（1.33 mmol/（m2·s））〉干季（1.022 mmol/（m2·s））,湿季蒸腾速率的日变化与气温和光合有效辐射呈显著正相关,干季与气温和气孔导度呈显著正相关;2）蒸腾速率的季节动态为单峰曲线,6月最高,1月最低,不同季节蒸腾速率的平均值为夏季（1.74 mmol/（m2·s））〉春季（1.28 mmol/（m2·s））〉秋季（1.24mmol/（m2·s））〉冬季（1.06 mmol/（m2·s））,蒸腾速率的季节变化与气温、光合有效辐射和叶面水气压亏缺呈显著正相关;3）水分利用效率日动态为单峰曲线,湿季日变化较小,干季日变化较大,干季上午的水分利用效率高于湿季,水分利用效率的季节变化为双峰曲线,峰值分别为9月和1月。可见,在水分条件较好时,木麻黄具有较高的蒸腾作用和水分利用效率,在水分条件较差时,木麻黄可通过降低蒸腾作用,提高水分利用效率来维持生长,对水分变化具有较强的适应性。     

紫色土坡耕地农田生态系统蒸散发与水分利用效率及其影响因素

蒸散发与水分利用效率是农田生态系统碳水循环的重要衡量指标。本研究利用涡度相关技术对紫色土坡耕地生态系统进行连续观测,获取2014—2018年碳水通量数据,分析紫色土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下的雨养坡耕地农田生态系统蒸散发和水分利用效率变化特征及其对主要环境因子的响应规律。结果表明:紫色土坡耕地农田生态系统蒸散发日变化规律呈单峰型趋势,最大值均在14:00前后出现;一年中8月日蒸散发最高,1月最低;夏季日变化幅度最大,春季次之,冬季和秋季变化较为平缓。叶面积指数、温度为影响紫色土坡耕地蒸散发的最主要因子,其次为饱和水汽压差。水分利用效率在9:00—17:00期间基本呈先下降后回升的变化规律,冬季水分利用效率为全年最高;叶面积指数、CO2通量为影响水分利用效率的主要因子,其次为温度,相对湿度、饱和水汽压差等水分条件也显著影响了水分利用效率。年际差异分析结果表明,紫色土坡耕地夏季玉米生长盛期的水分利用效率对降雨响应更为敏感,同时冬季土壤水分为冬季蒸散发和水分利用效率的关键影响因子。未来仍需对紫色土坡耕地农田生态系统生长盛期蒸散发与水分利用效率动态进行深入研究,从而为探明当地主要作物应对春夏季季节性干旱威胁的系统性策略提供科学依据。     

Comparing micrometeorology of rain forests in Biosphere-2 and Amazon basin

Micrometeorological variables measured in the BIOSPHERE-2 Center (B2C) enclosed rain forest biome for 1 year were compared with similar measurements made in the Amazon rain forest. In the B2C rain forest, the overlying glass and supporting structure significantly reduces (by approximately a factor of two) the incoming solar radiation. Monthly mean values of above-canopy and within-canopy air temperature, vapor pressure, and vapor pressure deficit are reasonably similar to those of the Amazon rain forest, but there are marked differences in the above-canopy values of these variables in the Arizona summer. Monthly mean diurnal trends also show significant differences. Measurements of vertical air temperature gradient clearly showed two very distinct environments in the 27.4 m high rain forest dome during daylight hours. There is a comparatively cool and fairly well-mixed environment (which is reasonably similar to that found in a natural rain forest) below about 10 m and a hot, thermally stable environment above about 15 m. The nature of the atmospheric turbulence within the B2C rain forest also is significantly different from that normally found in natural rain forests. There is little turbulent mixing above the forest canopy in this enclosed environment. These findings are important for guiding the operation and use of this experimental rain forest facility in future research and for understanding how the rain forest biome functions in an enclosed environment.     

杉木幼树树干液流影响因子及其对杉木林蒸腾量的贡献

2012年9月至2013年8月,利用包裹式树干液流仪、插针式树干液流仪和小气象站对南京市东善桥林场的杉木幼树树干液流速率、杉木树干液流速率及环境因子进行了连续观测,研究了杉木幼树树干液流影响因子及其对杉木林蒸腾的贡献。结果表明:(1)杉木幼树液流速率的日变化具有季节差异性,均表现为单峰曲线并且日间液流速率大于夜间;(2)春、夏、秋、冬季液流速率峰值分别为:79.97,105.22,70.30,33.19g/h;(3)太阳辐射是影响杉木幼树树干液流速率的主导因子,其次是饱和水汽压差,日液流量与太阳辐射、空气温度、饱和水汽压差、各层次土壤温度呈极显著的正相关关系;(4)分别建立了液流速率、日液流量与环境因子的模型,可以较好地解释液流速率与日液流量的变化;(5)杉木幼树全年液流量对杉木林蒸腾量的贡献率为6.12%,夏季的贡献率最大。     

长三角区麻栎树干液流的季节变化特征

2012-05-2013-04,利用树干液流仪和小气象站对南京东善桥林场的麻栎（Quercus acutissima）树干液流速率及环境因子进行连续观测,研究分析麻栎树干液流的季节变化特征.结果表明：1）春、夏、秋季晴天与阴天的液流速率日变化表现出明显的昼夜变化规律,白天液流速率高于晚上,晴天液流速率高于阴天,而冬季则波动较大;2）春季液流速率平均峰值约为5.69 kg/h,夏、秋、冬季的平均峰值分别约为春季的1.58、1.08、0.012倍;3）春、夏、秋季液流速率峰值与太阳辐射峰值主要存在滞后效应,约1 ～2h,与空气温度、饱和水汽压差、土壤温度的峰值主要存在置前效应,约1 h;4）春、夏、秋季液流速率及日液流量与环境因子的相关系数较高,而冬季的相关系数则较低;5）春、夏、秋季液流速率及其日液流量与环境因子的回归模型决定系数均在0.8左右,而冬季的决定系数较低.     

Persistent effects of fire-induced vegetation change on energy partitioning and evapotranspiration in ponderosa pine forests

We compared energy fluxes between a site converted from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest to sparse grassland by a severe wildfire 10 years ago and a nearby, unburned forest. We used eddy covariance and associated instruments to measure total radiation, net radiation, albedo, and fluxes of energy into latent heat, sensible heat, and the soil. Total radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature were similar for each site. Compared to the unburned site, net radiation efficiency (net radiation/total radiation) was 30% lower and albedo 30% higher at the burned site. The magnitude of sensible and latent heats varied seasonally at both sites. Sensible heat was the major component of the energy balance in cold or dry seasons, whereas latent heat was the major component in the warm and wet season. Soil heat flux was the smallest in magnitude of the measured energy fluxes. Compared with the unburned forest, the burn-created grassland generally had lower sensible and latent heats, but greater soil heat flux for both soil cooling in winter and warming in summer. The grassland had similar maximum air temperature as the forest, and warmer surface soil temperature during the summer. Thus, the lower albedo and greater sensible heat of the forest did not produce a warmer site compared with the grassland, apparently because of the cooling effect of greater latent heat in the forest. Our results suggest only small changes in site air temperature, but larger changes in site surface soil temperature by shifts from forest to grassland caused by severe fire in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests.     

Diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder in comparison with white clover in silvopastoral agroforestry systems

 Simultaneous measurements were made to assess the diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growing together in a silvopastoral agroforestry system using the acetylene reduction assay. Diurnal measurements were made in the summer and autumn at 3-h intervals whereas seasonal nitrogenase activity was assessed based on observations made at midday in July, September and January to represent the summer, autumn and winter seasons, respectively. No obvious diurnal patterns of nitrogenase activity were found in either red alder or white clover in summer and no significant variations in nitrogenase activity were observed between day and night. However, in autumn, pronounced diurnal patterns were observed in both species. Significantly higher rates of nitrogenase activity per unit dry weigh (dwt) of nodules were detected at 1500 hours in red alder, whereas, in white clover, significantly higher rates were obtained at 2100 hours. There was no significant correlation between diurnal nitrogenase activity and air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and soil temperature at 10 cm depth in either red alder or white clover. Seasonal rates of nitrogenase activity showed significantly higher activity in summer, which subsequently decreased in autumn, to reach very low levels in the winter. The rates of nitrogenase activity of white clover were consistently higher than those of red alder both diurnally and seasonally. In the three seasons sampled, the average nitrogenase activity for white clover was 66.42 μmol C₂H₄ g dwt^–1 h^–1, which was 3.5 times higher than the 18.67 μmol C₂H₄ g dwt^–1 h^–1 obtained for red alder. Received: 11 November 1997     

Formation and Deposition of Ozone in a Red Pine Forest

Concentrations of ozone and nitrogen oxides, together with air temperature and solar radiation intensity, were measured at several heights on a tower standing through the canopy of a red pine forest in summer and in autumn. In the summer observation, the diurnal variation patterns of ozone concentration both above and below the canopy were all similar and parallel to the solar radiation intensity. Using the data collected immediately above the canopy, deviation from the Leighton relationship and variations of concentration sums [O₃] + [NO] and [NO₂] + [NO] were examined, and as a result, it was supposedthat ozone was photochemically formed there in the daytime, probably because hydrocarbons emitted from pine trees broke the photostationary state among ozone and nitrogen oxides. The vertical temperature profile exhibited an inversion at the leaf-layer, which must have hindered vertical mixing of the air and made the trunk space more or less isolated from the upper atmosphere. These observations led to an idea that the similarity of the ozone variation pattern at every height was caused by the photochemical formation that proceeded simultaneously above and below the canopy rather than by vertical transport. Such situations of ozone formation were supported by observation of two maximums in the ozone vertical profile, one immediately above the canopy and another in the trunk space. Another feature of the ozone profile was a deep minimum in the leaf layer, which indicated ozone deposition onto leaf surfaces. This study thus revealed concurrence of ozone formation and deposition, and left two potentially important implications worthy of further investigation: (1) a forest is not always a sink but can be a source of ozone in sunlit conditions, and (2) deposition of ozone to trees can take place not only from outside but also from inside of a forest. In the autumn observation, however, the ozone formation was barely recognizable above the canopy and no longer found in the trunk space; in addition, the ozone concentration minimum in the leaf layer disappeared, suggesting that the deposition or removal was dependent on temperature.