生物质颗粒燃料成型的黏弹性本构模型

为研究生物质颗粒成型燃料压缩成型机理,该文用玉米秸秆、花生壳、小麦秸秆、大豆秸秆、棉花秸秆、木屑等6种生物质原料,采用生物质颗粒燃料成型机进行压缩成型,研究生物质颗粒燃料压缩成型过程,采用黏弹性理论,建立生物质颗粒成型燃料的本构模型,从力学角度提出生物质颗粒成型燃料的压缩成型机理,并研究对比不同种类生物质原料压缩的最大应力与能耗.结果表明,6种生物质原料中棉杆和木屑的最大应力较高,其余4种原料略低;木屑的压缩能耗最高,其次为棉秆、花生壳和豆秸,小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆较小.该研究结论为解决生物质颗粒成型燃料成型加工能耗高,关键部件受力磨损导致寿命低等问题提供一定参考.     

水稻秸秆与木屑混合原料热压成型试验

为提高水稻秸秆原料成型燃料的质量,提出通过添加木质素含量较高的木屑原料即形成混合原料并通过试验的方法进行研究。首先进行对比试验,以成型燃料的物理性能为指标,在相同实验条件下对木屑、水稻秸秆和水稻秸秆与木屑1∶1混合的原料进行热压成型试验。对比试验的结果表明小压力下1∶1混合原料成型燃料的综合物理性能优于水稻秸秆成型燃料,证明混合原料可提高单一水稻秸秆原理成型燃料的质量。但由于木屑原料本身的结构特性使得1∶1混合原料成型燃料的抗渗水性较弱。因此为进一步提高混合原料成型燃料质量,我们利用正交试验方法研究对于混合原料成型燃料各物性指标而言最显著影响因素及最佳参数组合并通过试验加以论证。试验结果表明:针对不同性能指标,各工艺参数的影响力不一致,对于松弛密度、抗碎强度及抗压强度而言,压力对其影响较大;而对于抗渗水性而言,原料混合比影响较大。对于松弛密度,最佳成型参数(混合比、温度、压力)组合为0.5∶1,70℃、31.11 MPa,抗碎强度的成型参数最优组合为2∶1,110℃、31.11 MPa,抗渗水性和抗压强度的最佳成型参数组合为1.5∶1,90℃、31.11 MPa。     

生物质颗粒燃料微观成型机理

为研究生物质颗粒燃料的微观成型机理,以玉米秸秆、木屑为原料利用环模式成型机压缩成生物质颗粒燃料,并对原料、粉碎原料及生物质颗粒燃料进行显微形貌观察,对比不同原料、不同阶段物料的微观形态和散粒体压缩过程的结合形式。结果表明：环模式成型机为间断性压缩,生物质颗粒燃料微观成型机理为分层压缩,层与层间距为25～40?μm;从横截面看分3层：中心层散粒体“平铺”,过渡层扭曲变形,表层“直立”。相同挤压力下秸秆颗粒燃料比木屑颗粒燃料的密度小。为生物质颗粒燃料的成型机具提供重要的设计理论依据。     

基于响应面法的玉米秸秆成型工艺优化

为了研究玉米秸秆成型过程中各参数之间的交互作用,获得最佳的工艺参数,该文采用5因素的响应面试验设计研究了原料水分(8%~24%)、温度(50~150℃)、压缩速度(10~50 mm/min)、压力(51.0~127.4 MPa)、保压时间(10~50 s)5个成型参数对玉米秸秆成型颗粒的松弛密度、Meyer强度以及压缩比能耗3个成型技术指标的影响,建立了响应面模型,结合成型燃料标准,获得了最佳的工艺参数,并对优化后的试验参数进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:在选取试验参数范围内,温度、原料水分、压力均会对技术指标产生较大影响;而压缩速度和保压时间所产生的影响相对较小。最优化的工艺参数(压力、温度、水分)为:4 k N(51.0 MPa)、110.8℃、17%,在该参数组合下的验证试验结果为:松弛密度为1031 kg/m~3,Meyer强度为27.1 N/m~2,比能耗为10.03 k J/kg。该研究可为秸秆生物质成型燃料制备产业提供参考。     

含水率和压缩频率对秸秆开式压缩能耗的影响

为了减少生物质秸秆压缩能耗,优化压缩工艺,以小麦秸秆（品种：农大211）,玉米秸秆（品种：农大108）为研究对象,模拟生物质秸秆压缩成型实际工况,利用INSTRON 3367材料试验机和自制压缩筒组件进行了“开式”压缩试验,研究了含水率分别为15%、35%和55%的小麦秸秆以及25%、45%和65%的玉米秸秆在3个不同压缩频率0.5、0.75和1次/min下的成型压缩比能耗。结果表明：小麦秸秆在含水率55%和压缩频率0.5次/min时压缩比能耗最小;玉米秸秆在含水率65%和压缩频率为0.5次/min时压缩比能耗最小。统计结果表明,秸秆压缩比能耗随着含水率的增高和压缩频率的降低而减少;含水率和压缩频率对压缩比能耗影响均显著。     

玉米秸秆育苗种坨成型工艺试验研究

秸秆育苗种坨是以玉米秸秆作为主要成分,添加牛粪、无机络合物、聚丙烯酸钠、硫酸亚铁等辅料研磨后作为育苗基质,将种子和基质一次性压制成型,也可将种子种植于种坨种植孔内,在满足种子发芽生长的温度和湿度条件下,育苗后直接移栽的新型块状育苗技术。种坨育苗不仅能够定养定肥、省去配肥加药环节,而且具有直接移栽不伤根、无需缓苗、省去装钵取苗环节等优势,具有良好的经济效益、生态效益。该研究在物料特性分析基础上,分别以物料含水率、压缩比以及压缩速度为试验因素,以抗破坏强度、吸水率、膨胀率为试验指标进行试验研究,分析各因素对育苗种坨成型质量及性能的影响规律。试验结果表明,含水率较优范围18%~22%;压缩比较优范围2.75~3.50;压缩速度较优范围90~130 mm/min。进行三元二次正交旋转组合试验设计,建立含水率、压缩比、压缩速度与吸水率、抗破坏强度、膨胀率等参数之间的数学模型,得到各指标优化参数组合为:含水率为22%,压缩比为2.9,压缩速度为90 mm/min,此时育苗种坨抗破坏强度较强,吸水性能好,膨胀率低。验证试验结果表明:种坨成型质量及性能良好,满足育苗要求,为秸秆育苗种坨成型工艺、成型机械的设计与优化提供了理论依据。     

生物质炭与氮肥配施对春小麦产量及其C︰N︰P的影响

碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态计量化学为研究作物-土壤生态系统物质循环及其能量流动提供了崭新视角,研究生物质炭配施不同用量氮肥下小麦C、N、P计量特征,可为探明区域养分限制性以及进行合理施肥等提供理论依据。本文通过田间定位试验,测定施50 kg(N)·hm~(-2)氮肥、100 kg(N)·hm~(-2)氮肥、施生物质炭、生物质炭与50 kg(N)·hm~(-2)氮肥配施、生物质炭与100 kg(N)·hm~(-2)氮肥配施等处理下小麦产量、CNP含量及其生态化学计量等指标。结果表明:相比空白对照(不施氮肥和生物质炭)处理,其他不同处理均显著提高了小麦秸秆和籽粒产量,除了单施生物质炭处理,其他处理均不同程度提高了小麦地上部各器官N含量,生物质炭配施不同用量氮肥显著提高了茎秆和籽粒C和P含量。计量比结果表明,相比对照处理,生物质炭和50 kg(N)·hm~(-2)氮肥配施显著降低了叶片C∶N和C∶P,生物质炭和100 kg(N)·hm~(-2)氮肥配施处理则显著降低了茎秆C∶N、C∶P、N∶P以及籽粒C∶N、C∶P。研究区小麦叶片N∶P大多为18~23,因此小麦可能受到P元素的限制。生物质炭配施氮肥显著提高了作物产量,增加了小麦CNP养分含量,降低了植物C∶N、C∶P、N∶P。总体而言,生物质炭配施100 kg(N)·hm~(-2)氮肥施肥措施的综合表现最优。     

秸秆类生物质成型热黏塑性本构模型构建

针对生物质颗粒生产能耗高、效率低的现状,该文从生物质组成角度,特别是木质素特性出发探讨其成型机理。秸秆成型过程由于内摩擦力的作用产生大量热量,温度的上升会造成木质素的软化,木质素的这一变化为纤维颗粒的团聚提供了黏结力。温度和木质素特性对生物质塑性成型性能产生巨大影响,是热黏塑变形过程。为研究生物质内部特性对塑性成型过程的影响,运用内时理论,以玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和水稻秸秆为研究对象,构建了秸秆类生物质压缩成型内时本构方程。借助黏土流动理论,推导定义生物质黏塑性强化函数和核函数,运用数值分析和试验得出本构方程的系数。与试验数据相比较,基于内时理论的热黏塑性本构模型较好的模拟了生物质塑性流变过程。结果显示,向秸秆中添加20%的木质素,可有效提高其塑性流动性能,降低其在相同应变下的应力以及生产能耗;当成型温度在100~115℃之间,应变率在1×102~1×103 s-1之间,对于木质素质量分数分别为29%的玉米秸秆、33.5%的小麦秸秆和34.3%的水稻秸秆的固化成型性能最好。     

玉米秸秆粉料单模孔致密成型过程离散元模拟

为模拟粉碎后的玉米秸秆在单向受压状态下的力学行为,参照实际单模孔致密成型实验,建立了基于软球模型的秸秆粉料颗粒体系三维离散元模型,其约束边界条件与成型实验几何边界形态及尺寸一致。进行模拟分析时,颗粒接触模型的力学特性参数,如颗粒间法向刚度系数kn,切向刚度系数ks及摩擦系数μ,利用离散元模拟程序调试得出参数取值范围。将模拟得到的结果与实验测试数据进行比对与假设检验验证,结果显示数据一致性较好。得出离散元模拟时颗粒间力学特性参数最佳取值范围,分别为法向刚度系数(1.2~1.8)×104 N/m,切向刚度系数(0.8~1.3)×104 N/m,摩擦系数0.10~0.12。通过分析不同压缩位移、不同孔径以及不同锥角下的压缩与应力松弛曲线,建议成型模具孔径Φd=8 mm,锥角θ=45°,且应尽量增大压缩位移以防止秸秆成型块发生松散。离散单元法为研究玉米秸秆粉料致密过程力学行为提供了一种有效的分析手段。     

农业有机废弃物压制绿化基质砖成型机理与试验

为了解决农业有机废弃物污染,促进其综合开发和高值化利用,以发酵腐熟后的水稻秸秆和牲畜粪便为主要原料,利用特制的压缩成型模具和试验机,以基质原料含水率、压缩应力、压缩时间、牛粪质量分数为试验因素,对绿化基质砖压缩成型机理和工艺参数进行了试验研究。通过有限元分析、孔隙通道模型构建等方法,分析了压缩成型过程中力的变化、位移变化和微观结构变化;在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面分析了不同成型条件对绿化基质砖成型质量的影响,获得绿化基质砖成型最优工艺参数：基质原料含水率75.7%,压缩应力0.29 MPa,压缩时间2.5 min,且牛粪质量分数为30%时能够充分获得营养,绿化基质砖成型效果好。该研究为绿化基质砖的生产和农业有机废弃物综合利用及城市绿化产品升级提供了依据。     

秸秆灰混凝土力学性能试验及强度预测

为了优化混凝性能,减少水泥产业耗能,尝试采用以部分秸秆灰替代水泥制备混凝土。该文通过试验对油菜秸秆灰混凝土拉压性能进行了研究,得到秸秆灰质量分数和水胶比对秸秆灰混凝土拉压性能的影响规律,如当秸秆灰质量分数增大时,混凝土拉压性能呈下降趋势;当水胶比过大时,混凝土力学性能急剧下降。同时提出秸秆灰混凝土抗拉性能与抗压性能间的线性函数关系以及混凝土轴心抗压强度计算公式,并与其他混凝土抗压强度公式进行比对验证。采用小波神经网络的预测方法,引入随机函数,对试验数据抽样进行训练,而后预测数据并与试验数据进行比对,计算误差,并将预测数据用于该文提出的拉压公式进行验证,结果表明验证较好。最后试验结果表明:当秸秆灰替代掺量为10%时,秸秆灰混凝土劈裂抗拉强度下降了25%,抗压强度仅下降了8%;当替代掺量为20%时,抗压强度下降了31%。     

Microbial C and N dynamics during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations of ryegrass

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine C and N dynamics during the decomposition of ryegrass straw under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A K_C of 0.61 was developed for the chloroform-fumigation extraction method to estimate microbial biomass C. These estimates showed that the C and N requirement of the thermophilic biomass was approximately 50% of the mesophilic biomass. There was no relationship between chloroform-fumigation microbial biomass estimates and plating of microorganisms from straw on specific media. Mineralized C was measured as 185 and 210 g kg^-1 straw in the 25°C and 50°C treatments, respectively. The efficiency of microbial substrate use, on a total straw basis, was 34 and 28% in the 25°C and 50°C incubations, respectively. The level of soluble C declined more slowly than total C mineralization at both temperatures, indicating that a portion of the labile C was not readily biodegradable. The addition of N decreased the rate of C mineralization at both temperatures. The reduced N requirement of the thermophiles explains why rapid degradation of the high C:N residue occurred without additional N or the need for the addition of a low C:N ratio substrate. Additional inoculum did not affect the decomposition process. We conclude that the promotion of thermophilic biomass activities, through composting for example, may prove useful in upgrading agricultural wastes for introduction into sustainable cropping systems.     

Discrepancy in Fertilizer Nitrogen Equivalency Estimates of Dry Sewage Sludge Application in Soil

Fertilizer nitrogen (N) equivalency estimates of sewage sludge are essential to assess benefits from its use in agricultural fields and minimize agronomic failure and environmental risks. Using an outdoor pot experiment, where sludge was applied to the upper layer of the soil in pots, this study aimed to estimate the rate of dried sewage sludge application needed to replace a given amount of inorganic fertilizer and to investigate eventual variations of this estimate depending on whether N replacement value referred to grain yield of barley, biomass production, or overall plant N uptake. Equivalencies were obtained from the response curves of these crop characteristics in relation to the rate of sludge application. It was shown that the patterns of carbon (C) and N allocation to grain and straw were different between the inorganic fertilizer and the sewage sludge treatment, presumably due to the timing of mineral N provision. When the same grain yield was obtained at these two treatments, straw yield and grain N content were greater at the sludge fertilized crop. It was concluded that fertilizer N equivalency value of sewage sludge should inevitably refer to a single crop yield component determined by a producer.     

废液添加量对麦草废渣颗粒燃料成型及性能的影响

为了提高麦草制浆过程废弃物的资源化利用价值,采用液压压缩成型方法将备料工段麦草废渣和生物机械制浆废液混合处理后放入模具在室温、成型压力为10 MPa和保压时间3 min条件下制备成直径为13 mm的麦草废渣颗粒燃料,并在密封袋中进行平衡。探究了废液添加量（麦草废渣和废液混配质量比）分别在1:1、1:5、1:10、1:15和1:20时对麦草废渣颗粒燃料的密度、抗跌碎性、横向抗压强度、径向抗压强度和抗渗水性的影响,以此来表示废液添加量对麦草废渣颗粒燃料的成型效果的影响。同时通过对其灰分、实际燃烧时间和燃烧热值测定,分析研究其燃烧性能,最后综合考虑成型效果及燃烧性能,优化出麦草废渣颗粒燃料在混合制备过程的中试验参数。结果表明：当麦草废渣和废液混配质量比为1:10时,制备的麦草废渣颗粒燃料的物理化学性能较优,其松弛密度高达1.21 g/cm3,抗跌碎值达到98.88%,横向抗压强度为69.71 MPa,径向抗压强度为1.23 MPa,抗渗水能力为10 min,灰分为21.83%,燃烧火焰在点火后110 s后熄灭,热值为14 689 J/g。研究可为生物质颗粒燃料的制备提供数据参考。     

Using the continuous-quality theory to predict microbial biomass and soil organic carbon following organic amendments

Soil microbial biomass and microbial quotient (the ratio of soil microbial biomass to soil organic carbon) are considered to be useful as rapidly responding indicators of perturbations of soil properties. In this paper we will use a well‐tested model (the continuous‐quality theory) to analyse these variables in a Swedish 35‐year‐old field experiment with a black fallow, crop with no N addition, crop with calcium nitrate addition, and six treatments with organic amendments: straw, green manure, peat, farmyard manure, sawdust and sewage sludge. The model predicts correctly that the amount of microbial biomass increases for all the treatments with organic amendments compared with the black fallow treatment. The microbial biomass quotient increases also for all the amended treatments, except peat and sewage sludge, and decreases for the other treatments. The microbial biomass and microbial quotient increase with both the amounts of organic matter added (crop residues and amendments) and the quality of the added matter. However, to fully explain the observations it is also necessary to have an increasing microbial mortality with substrate quality. Moreover, short‐term observations can be misleading with respect to both the magnitude and direction of long‐term changes in biomass and related variables. Special attention must be paid to such amendments as sewage sludge, where contaminants such as heavy metals may determine process rates. We find no relation between microbial biomass or microbial quotient and yields.     

Use of Power Plant Ash to Remove and Solidify Heavy Metals from a Metal-finishing Wastewater

This laboratory-scale study investigated initially the potential of heavy metal removal from a metal-finishing wastewater using fly and bottom ash from a power plant as coagulants. It was found that the maximum heavy metal content in the ash–sludge mix was obtained at a fly ash-to-bottom ash ratio of 1.5:1 and a stirring time of 3 h, which resulted in heavy metal removal (i.e., Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in excess of 99%, with effluent concentrations below the corresponding regulatory standards of Thailand. Furthermore, the feasibility of using fly ash as an admixture to stabilize and solidify the ash–sludge mix generated previously was explored. Results indicated that the stabilization/solidification process can achieve a high level of heavy metal removal efficiency from the ash–sludge mix. The optimum ratio regarding chromium leaching was found to be 1:0.75:0.75 (cement:fly ash:ash–sludge). In addition, the compressive strength and the chromium leaching concentration of the solidified sludge were within acceptable levels for secure landfill disposal and/or use as a construction material.     

含稻秸蔬菜育苗基质块成型工艺参数优化

为了确定黄瓜育苗块成型的最优工艺参数,以育苗基质和水稻秸秆的混合物为原料,育苗块的抗破坏强度和尺寸稳定性为成型质量检测指标,采用四元二次回归通用旋转组合试验设计结合响应面法,探讨了原料含水率、压力、秸秆长度和秸秆含量对育苗块成型的影响,建立了黄瓜育苗块成型特性参数与各因素之间的回归模型.综合分析表明,各因素对育苗块抗破坏强度的影响主次顺序为:压力＞秸秆长度＞含水率=秸秆含量,在交互作用中,含水率与秸秆含量、压力与秸秆长度、秸秆长度与秸秆含量对育苗块抗破坏强度的影响显著(P＜0.05);各因素对育苗块尺寸稳定性的影响主次顺序为:秸秆含量＞含水率＞压力＞秸秆长度,含水率与秸秆长度的交互作用对育苗块尺寸稳定性的影响较显著(P＜0.05).利用Design-Expert8.0.6软件得出理论最优工艺参数,并考虑试验的可操作性,对理论最优工艺参数进行调整及试验验证,得到最优工艺参数:含水率为21％,压力为4.5 kN,秸秆长度为10mm,秸秆质量分数为12％,该组合条件下的育苗块抗破坏强度为23.03 N,尺寸稳定性为82.83％.分析表明,优化后育苗块的理化特性符合黄瓜育苗的农艺要求.该研究可为黄瓜育苗块成型机工艺参数优化提供理论和实践依据.     

Response of soil microbial biomass to straw incorporation

The response of the soil microbial biomass to cereal straw incorporation was assessed for three sites in Eastern Scotland. Increases in the C:N ratio of the biomass, due to straw inputs, were greater for soil with a history of straw incorporation than soil with no previous incorporation history. The biomass C:N ratio response to straw inputs was associated with increases in the fungal component of soil microbial respiration, fungal plate count (total and cellulolytic) and FDA-active lengths of fungal hyphae.     

Phosphorus bioavailability in ash from straw and sewage sludge processed by low‐temperature biomass gasification

Reuse of phosphorus (P) from waste streams used for bioenergy conversion is desirable to reduce dependence on nonrenewable P resources. Two different ash materials from low‐temperature biomass gasification of wheat straw and sewage sludge, respectively, were investigated with regard to their P bioavailability. A set of pot experiments with spring barley was carried out to compare the ash P fertiliser value with mineral P fertiliser and the sewage sludge feedstock. An indirect radioactive labelling approach with ³³P was used to determine the amount of P taken up from the fertiliser materials. Depending on the application rate, straw gasification ash produced a fertiliser response comparable to mineral P. However, P uptake from the ash was generally less than uptake from equivalent amounts of mineral P, and the calculated relative effectiveness was 44% after 6 weeks of plant growth. In contrast, the P fertiliser value of Fe‐rich sewage sludge after low‐temperature gasification was practically zero. These results suggest that ash from low‐temperature gasification could be developed into alternative P fertilisers; however, as the P bioavailability depends greatly on the feedstock used, a greater emphasis on feedstock composition is required.