茶花粉酶法破壁工艺提高提取物抗氧化活性及多酚含量

为了建立蜂花粉抗氧化活性物质的提取工艺并探索其抗氧化活性与多酚含量的关系,该文研究了破壁用酶、提取溶剂、超声波处理对茶花粉提取液多酚含量及其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,茶花粉经纤维素酶破壁后其上清液具有较高的还原力和DPPH自由基清除能力;与温水和酸处理相比,纤维素酶破壁沉淀物经乙醇提取后,溶液多酚含量较高、抗氧化活性较强;茶花粉不同提取方式多酚含量与2种抗氧化活性指标具有一定的相关性（r=0.8685及r=0.7600）（p＞0.05）;与乙醇提取和水提取相比,纤维素酶破壁处理结合乙醇提取将茶花粉的多酚含量、还原力及DPPH自由基清除能力分别提高1.82倍、2.17倍、1.4倍和1.56倍、1.38倍、11倍,且二者对混合物还原力、DPPH自由基清除能力及多酚含量的贡献比例分别为1.6：1、3：1、1.08：1。该研究结果可为花粉资源的开发利用提供参考。     

油菜花粉谷蛋白酶解物的制备

以陈放1年的油菜蜂花粉为原料,对破壁脱脂后的花粉中各组分蛋白含量进行了研究,其中谷蛋白的含量约占总蛋白含量的55.7%,清蛋白为39.O%,球蛋白和醇蛋白只有3.2%和2.1%.以谷蛋白为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面分析法对油菜花粉谷蛋白最佳酶解条件进行了研究.结果表明,Alcalase碱性蛋白酶水解油菜花粉谷蛋白的最佳水解条件为底物浓度6%,pH值9.0,水解温度60℃,酶底比1460U/g,水解时间2h,谷蛋白酶法改性后抗羟基自由基的活性能达到70.0%.     

油菜花粉谷蛋白酶解物的制备(英)

以陈放1年的油菜蜂花粉为原料,对破壁脱脂后的花粉中各组分蛋白含量进行了研究,其中谷蛋白的含量约占总蛋白含量的55.7％,清蛋白为39.0％,球蛋白和醇蛋白只有3.2％和2.1％。以谷蛋白为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面分析法对油菜花粉谷蛋白最佳酶解条件进行了研究。结果表明,Alcalase碱性蛋白酶水解油菜花粉谷蛋白的最佳水解条件为底物浓度6%,pH值9.0,水解温度60℃,酶底比1460 U/g,水解时间2 h,谷蛋白酶法改性后抗羟基自由基的活性能达到70.0%。     

不同提取方式对萱草花中酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

为了研究超声、酶解-超声以及发酵-超声3种不同提取方式对萱草花中酚类物质的含量、组成形态及抗氧化活性的影响，以明黄、桔黄、桔红、朱红、大红5种颜色的萱草花为原料，检测不同萱草花中总黄酮和总多酚含量以及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl，DPPH）和2,2''-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（2,2''-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid，ABTS+）自由基清除率；利用高效液相色谱对游离态、共轭态和结合态3种形态酚类化合物进行测定，并研究其与抗氧化活性的关系。结果表明，不同颜色的萱草花中总黄酮和总多酚含量各不相同，其含量从高到低排列为："红鹦鹉"、"63#"、"健壮力兰"、"玫瑰犀牛"、"太阳舞"。不同品种和不同提取方式的萱草花抗氧化性均存在显著（P<0.05）差异，发酵-超声提取方式下"红鹦鹉"、"63#"、"健壮力兰"、"玫瑰犀牛"、"太阳舞"对DPPH自由基清除率的维生素C当量分别为44.32、40.63、38.24、37.64、35.60 mg/g，以对ABTS+自由基清除率的维生素C当量分别为39.74、36.24、30.88、28.38、24.88 mg/g；"红鹦鹉"对DPPH清除率的维生素C当量由超声时的38.24 mg/g升高到酶解-超声后的41.49 mg/g和发酵-超声后的 44.32 mg/g；对ABTS+自由基清除率的维生素C当量由超声时的31.82 mg/g上升到发酵-超声后的39.74 mg/g和酶解-超声时的35.12 mg/g；可知发酵-超声提取下萱草花的抗氧化性优于酶解-超声和超声。在萱草花酚类物质的3种形态中，游离态含量最高，占总含量的75%以上；经酶解和发酵后显著（P<0.05）提高了"红鹦鹉"中大部分游离态酚类化合物的含量，新检出了对香豆酸，发酵后游离态槲皮素含量是超声提取时的3倍；游离酚的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率的维生素C当量分别从超声时的40.53和35.57 mg/g升高到了发酵-超声时的48.20和47.40 mg/g。游离态中的绿原酸、芦丁、咖啡酸和槲皮素与抗氧化活性相关性高，对抗氧化活性贡献大。研究为萱草花在食品和化妆品的开发利用提供了一定的理论基础。     

欧李多酚提取纯化及抗氧化性研究

欧李富含钙素和多酚类物质，具有提高人体免疫力等保健功能，近年来在中国得到了大力发展。该研究欧李多酚提取、纯化及其抗氧化功能，为欧李开发利用提供理论依据。该研究采用单因素及响应面优化试验研究了欧李多酚超声辅助酶解提取工艺，采用大孔树脂纯化多酚粗提物，利用高效液相色谱法测定酚类物质的种类，利用分光光度法测定欧李多酚类物质总还原力和对自由基.OH、DPPH·、ABTS·的清除作用。试验得出欧李多酚提取最优工艺参数为：超声波功率105 W、酶解温度50 ℃、酶解时间80 min、液料比30∶1(mL/g），多酚提取量为42.63 mg/g。经大孔树脂纯化后纯化物中欧李总多酚含量为73.42 mg/g，从欧李果实中检测出6种多酚类物质，其含量顺序为绿原酸>没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯>咖啡因>对羟基苯甲酸>原儿茶酸>没食子酸。欧李多酚的总还原力与维生素C相当，对.OH、DPPH.、ABTS.等自由基清除作用显著。     

DBP和Cd复合污染对油菜的毒性作用研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度的DBP(0,5,10,20,30,50,100mg/kg)和Cd(5mg/kg)复合污染对油菜抗氧化酶系统(SOD、CAT、POD)活性、MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,随着DBP浓度的升高,油菜抗氧化酶系统活性、游离脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势;当DBP浓度为5,10mg/kg时,SOD和CAT活性比对照组显著提高,在一定程度上减轻了油菜受到的毒害作用;当DBP浓度为50,100mg/kg时,SOD和POD活性、游离脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白含量与对照组比均显著降低,说明高浓度的DBP可能进一步加剧了油菜受到的毒害作用;随着DBP浓度的升高,油菜MDA含量也逐渐升高,并与对照组比差异显著,说明其细胞膜脂质过氧化作用逐渐加重。     

不同石榴品种果实酚类物质及抗氧化活性研究

为探明石榴不同栽培地区和不同品种间酚类物质含量分布特征,筛选抗氧化能力强的功能型优良品种,以山东、云南、新疆和四川地区8个主栽石榴品种的成熟期果实为试材,利用常规品质分析方法和高效液相色谱技术,对其果实品质、酚类物质和抗氧化能力进行分析。结果表明,石榴品种间果实各品质指标存在显著差异,其中,喀什甜单果质量、可溶性糖和维生素C含量最高,甜绿籽固酸比最高,泰山红可溶性固形物含量最高,红玛瑙可滴定酸含量最高。不同石榴品种果皮中酚类物质含量与抗氧化能力均最高;果汁次之,种子最低。喀什甜果皮和红玛瑙种子中酚类物质含量和DPPH自由基清除率均最高;果汁中花青苷含量和DPPH自由基清除率分别在千籽红和大青皮甜中最高,安石榴苷、没食子酸、鞣花酸、总黄酮和总酚含量在红玛瑙中最高;果皮中安石榴苷含量(平均为135.00 mg·g-1)占总酚的48.94%,是石榴果实中最主要的酚类物质。果实品质指标间、果实品质与酚类物质间存在一定的相关性,安石榴苷、没食子酸、鞣花酸、花青苷、总黄酮和总酚间互为正相关,各指标与DPPH自由基清除率均正相关。红玛瑙、喀什红和千籽红果实的综合品质佳,富含酚类物质,是值得推广和开发利用的优良品种。研究结果为石榴加工产品的研发和新品种选育提供了理论依据。     

侧孢霉利用玉米秸秆固体发酵产生木质纤维素酶的研究

以农作物秸秆为主要原料 ,采用微生物固体发酵方式对侧孢霉 (Sporotrichumsp) .产生木质纤维素酶进行了探讨。研究发现侧孢霉可降解作物秸秆的木质纤维 ,降解作用强 ,同时提高了发酵底物的蛋白含量。玉米秸秆、稻草、麦草及甜菜渣是发酵木质纤维素酶和单细胞蛋白的最适合发酵底物。在以玉米秸秆为原料的发酵过程中 ,发酵到第 4天菌体生长量达到最高值 ,比发酵初期的菌体生长量增加了 8倍 ;发酵第 6天培养物的粗蛋白含量由起初的 1 0 %提高到 1 7 5% ,对底物纤维降解率达到1 3 6%。侧孢霉在发酵过程中产生大量的木质纤维素酶 ,其中羧甲基纤维素酶 (CM Case)、β 葡聚糖苷酶 ( β Gase)、滤纸酶 (FPase)、木质素过氧化物酶 (LiP)和赖锰木质素过氧化物酶 (MnP)在本实验中进行了检测。结果表明 ,最大酶活性的产生时间是在发酵的第 4到第 6天之间 ,其酶活性分别为 :羧甲基纤维素酶 2 40 3 1U/ g ,β 葡聚糖苷酶 86 7U/ g ,滤纸酶 1 3 4 8U/ g ,木质素过氧化物酶 1 4 4U/ g ,赖锰木质素过氧化物酶 1 7 67U/ g。     

山核桃仁多酚组分分析及抗氧化研究

以山核桃仁多酚为原料,通过酸水解分析仁多酚内可能含有的有机酸成分,结果表明,仁多酚干物质经脱糖苷之后,可以形成自由的酚酸,检测到没食子酸及绿原酸含量分别为18.2mg·g-1及246.7mg/g干物质;同时山核桃仁多酚干物质进行体外抗氧化分析表明,仁多酚具有较高的抗氧化活性,对DPPH自由基和·OH自由基清除率较高,其抗氧化能力一定范围内与VC及BHA相当.     

高产中性纤维素酶的巨大芽胞杆菌基因工程菌发酵工艺条件优化

为了加快纤维素酶工业化应用的步伐,解决纤维素酶发酵工业产量低、生产成本高等问题,本研究采用正交设计法对高产中性纤维素酶的巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)基因工程菌的培养基和发酵条件进行优化.结果表明,最佳发酵培养基成分为:麦麸2.5%、玉米浆1.5%、磷酸二氢钾0.75%、硫酸镁0.04%、氯化钠0.25%;最佳发酵条件为:温度37℃,pH 7.0,罐压0.03～0.05 Mpa,转速600 r/min,装液量3 L,接种量10%,培养4 h后以0.25 g/L/h的流速流加木糖10 h,发酵16 h后,以恒溶氧方式流加补料8 h,共补加料320mL,发酵过程控制溶氧浓度≥30%.该工程菌在此最佳发酵条件下培养,纤维素酶活力可达3846.48 U/mL,是优化前摇瓶发酵的4.3倍.本研究可为工业化生产纤维素酶提供依据.     

Analysis of phenolic compounds in white rice, brown rice, and germinated brown rice

Two hydroxycinnamate sucrose esters, 6'-O-(E)-feruloylsucrose and 6'-O-(E)-sinapoylsucrose, were isolated from methanol extracts of rice bran. Soluble and insoluble phenolic compounds as well as 6'-O-(E)-feruloylsucrose and 6'-O-(E)-sinapoylsucrose from white rice, brown rice, and germinated brown rice were analyzed using HPLC. The results demonstrated that the content of insoluble phenolic compounds was significantly higher than that of soluble phenolics in rice, whereas almost all compounds identified in germinated brown rice and brown rice were more abundant than those in white rice. 6'-O-(E)-Feruloylsucrose (1.09 mg/100 g of flour) and 6'-O-(E)-sinapoylsucrose (0.41 mg/100 g of flour) were found to be the major soluble phenolic compounds in brown rice. During germination, an approximately 70% decrease was observed in the content of the two hydroxycinnamate sucrose esters, whereas free phenolic acid content increased significantly; the ferulic acid content of brown rice (0.32 mg/100 g of flour) increased to 0.48 mg/100 g of flour and became the most abundant phenolic compound in germinated brown rice. The content of sinapinic acid increased to 0.21 mg/100 g of flour, which is nearly 10 times as much as that in brown rice (0.02 mg/100 g of flour). In addition, the total content of insoluble phenolic compounds increased from 18.47 mg/100 g of flour in brown rice to 24.78 mg/100 g of flour in germinated brown rice. These data suggest that appropriate germination of brown rice may be a method to improve health-related benefits.     

非热处理对蜂花粉杀菌效果及品质的影响

为探究更有利于保留蜂花粉原有营养和风味的杀菌方法,本研究分别用辐照、超高压和高压静电场3种非热杀菌技术处理蜂花粉,并测定营养及风味的指标。结果表明,7 kGy辐照、500 MPa超高压、30 kV高场强处理对蜂花粉中的微生物均有抑制作用,且辐照对细菌的抑制效果较好,超高压和高压静电场对真菌的抑制效果较好。经500 MPa超高压处理后,蜂花粉脂类含量增加了23.3%,酚酸等活性成分含量增加,且其抗氧化活性降低程度最小,颜色和风味最接近未处理蜂花粉;30 kV高场强处理后,蜂花粉抗氧化活性显著下降、颜色偏深偏暗;7 kGy辐照处理后产生了明显的辐照味。综上,蜂花粉经超高压灭菌能达到较好的杀菌效果,而且能最大限度保持蜂花粉原有品质。本研究为非热杀菌技术在蜂花粉加工产业中的应用提供了理论依据。     

Age-induced diminution of free radical scavenging capacity in bee pollens and the contribution of constituent flavonoids

Bee-collected pollen ("bee pollen") is promoted as a health food with a wide range of nutritional and therapeutic properties. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the contribution made through the free radical scavenging capability of bee-collected floval pollens by their flavonoid/phenolics constituents, and to determine whether this capability is affected by aging. The free radical scavenging effectiveness of a bee pollen (EC(50)) as measured by the DPPH method is shown to be determined by the nature and levels of the constituent floral pollens, which can be assayed via their phenolics profiles by HPLC. Each pure floral pollen has been found to possess a consistent EC(50) value, irrespective of its geographic origin or date of collection, and the EC(50) value is determined to a large extent (ca. 50%) by the nature and the levels of the pollen's flavonoids and phenolic acids. Non-phenolic antioxidants, possibly proteins, account for the balance of the activity. Pollen aging over 3 years is demonstrated to reduce the free radical scavenging activity by up to 50% in the most active floral pollens, which tend to contain the highest levels of flavonoids/phenolic acids. It is suggested that the freshness of a bee pollen may be determined from its free radical scavenging capacity relative to that of fresh bee pollen containing the same floral pollen mix.     

Evaluation of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds in honeybee-collected pollen produced in Spain

Polyphenolic content, flavonoid content, and free flavonoid aglycon compounds were determined in 11 samples of Spanish honeybee-collected pollen. Adequate extraction was obtained with ethyl acetate in the determination of free flavonoid aglycon. Recovery (>83.6%), within-run repeatability (<6.67%), between-run reproducibility (<8.73%), and detection limits (1.4--1.9 mg/kg) were satisfactory. A total of 15 compounds were separated with gradient reversed phase HPLC, and 13 were identified and quantified using diode array detector. The most predominant compounds were flavonoid glycosides, mainly flavonols. Eighty-two percent of the samples contained at least 14 of the phenolic components, primarily rutin, quercetin, myricetin, and trans-cinnamic acid as free aglycons. Total phenols were present, at levels of >0.85 g/100 g in the form of non-tannins, and flavonoids of >0.35 g/100 g, using spectrophotometric procedures. Rutin is the best identifier of free flavonoid aglycon compounds. A minimum quantity of 200 mg/kg of rutin is suggested to guarantee the nutritional and biological properties required in the European market.     

凤丹牡丹花粉和花药壁营养成分分析及评价

为探明凤丹牡丹花粉、花药壁的营养成分,从而更好地发挥其营养价值,本研究采用凯氏定氮法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、高效液相色谱、氨基酸分析仪等对凤丹花粉和花药壁蛋白质、矿物质元素、维生素C、水解氨基酸及游离氨基酸进行了系统地分析和评价。结果表明,凤丹花粉中蛋白质含量高达40.68%(初开期),水解氨基酸总量为355.65 mg·g^-1(初开期),花药壁中蛋白质和水解氨基酸的总量虽仅为花粉的一半,但二者必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值均为40%左右,属优质蛋白来源。36种游离氨基酸检测结果显示,花药壁中总游离氨基酸含量稍高,但花粉中必需氨基酸、蛋白氨基酸及鲜甜氨基酸含量更高。矿物质元素分析结果表明,凤丹花粉、花药壁含有丰富的常量和微量元素,尤以K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn等元素含量较高,是开发高钾低钠和补铁补锌的佳品。Vc测定结果显示,凤丹花粉和花药壁中Vc含量较高,可作为Vc补充剂。同时考察了凤丹花粉、花药壁不同采收时期及破壁对检测成分含量的影响,结果显示二者更适合在初开期采收,且破壁对花粉、花药壁营养成分检测无显著影响。综上,凤丹花粉、花药壁含有丰富的营养成分,本研究将为...     

Phenolic extraction from apple peel by cellulases from Thermobifida fusca

With the optimization of the pretreatment conditions for the crude Thermobifida fusca cellulase activity and phenolic release from apple peel, we focused on the activity of individual purified cellulase related to the antioxidant activity. The overall phenolic release was significantly increased in a synergistic manner with combined pretreatment, not with individual pretreatment such as boiling, acid, and pectinase treatment. Approximately 60 mg of reducing sugar equivalent were produced per g of apple peel by treatment with T. fusca crude extract, and up to 3 times more reducing sugars were released when the apple peel was boiled and then treated with acid and pectinase. There was good correlation between the release of phenolics and reducing sugar by cellulase treatment and also between the amount of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity by each enzyme treatment (r2> 0.95). Among the tested enzymes purified from T. fusca cell extract, cellulase activity on apple peel was the highest with cellulase 6A (Cel 6A; 43% digestion), and the highest antioxidant capacity was obtained by incubation with Cel 6B (16 mg vitamin C equiv/g). Synergism in the activity was found from the combined treatment with Cel 6A and 6B in both cellulase activity and antioxidant capacity after 20 h of incubation. Cel 9A (progressive endocellulase) exhibited greater cellulase activity and antioxidant capacity than Cel 9A cd which lacks in cellulose-binding module, indicating that the cellulose-binding domain might play important roles in cellulolysis of apple peel. This study could provide some insights into the action mechanism of various cellulases on the digestion of cellulose-containing byproducts and expand the opportunity for cellulase utilization in the extraction of functional ingredients from the plant-derived byproducts.     

Distribution of phenolic acids in different tissues of jujube and their antioxidant activity

Free, esterified, glycosided, and insoluble-bound forms of eight phenolic acids in pulp, seed, and peel of jujube are separated and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). In the whole jujube, p-hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acids are the most abundant phenolic acids. All quantified phenolic acids are mainly present in jujube peel. Phenolic acids in seed and peel are present in the insoluble-bound form, while, in pulp in the glycosided form, the glycosided and insoluble-bound phenolic acid fractions in jujube pulp represent the highest total phenolic content and the strongest antioxidant activity determined by DPPH and FRAP assays. Our results show that most phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity in different tissues of jujube are present as the glycosided and insoluble-bound forms.     

Distribution of free amino acids, flavonoids, total phenolics, and antioxidative activities of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) fruits and seeds harvested from plants grown in Korea

Fruit pulp and seeds from the jujube plant possess nutritional and medicinal properties. The bioactive components have been shown to vary both with cultivar and with growing conditions. Most studies report the components of varieties from China. We measured free amino acid, individual phenolic, and total phenolic content, and antioxidative activities in three jujube fruit pulp extracts from Boeun-deachu, Mechu, and Sanzoin cultivars and two seed extracts (Mechu and Sanzoin) from plants grown in Korea. In g/100 g dry weight, total free amino acid content measured by ion-exchange chromatography ranged from 5.2 to 9.8 in the pulp and from 4.0 to 5.3 in the seed. Total phenolic content measured by Folin-Ciocalteu ranged from 1.1 to 2.4 in the pulp and from 3.6 to 4.6 in the seed. Flavonoids were measured by HPLC and ranged from 0.7 to 1.8 in the pulp and from 3.2 to 4.0 in the seed. Flavonoids were identified by HPLC elution position and UV/vis and mass spectra. Fruits contained the following flavonoids: procyanidin B2, epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (Q-3-R), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (Q-3-G), kaempferol-glucosyl-rhamnoside (K-G-R), and two unidentified compounds. Seeds contained the following flavonoids: saponarin, spinosin, vitexin, swertish, 6'-hydroxybenzoylspinosin (6'-HBS), 6'-feruloylspinosin (6'-FS), and one unidentified substance. Dimensions and weights of the fresh fruit samples affected phenolic content. The distribution of the individual flavonoids among the different samples varied widely. Data determined by the FRAP antioxidative assay were well correlated with total phenolic content. In a departure from other studies, data from the DPPH free radical assay were not correlated with FRAP or with any of the measured compositional parameters. Because individual jujube flavonoids are reported to exhibit different health-promoting effects, knowledge of the composition and concentration of bioactive compounds of jujube products can benefit consumers.     

喷施小分子有机物对小油菜生长发育和养分吸收的影响

【目的】 某些小分子有机物具有良好的渗透、 保湿及粘着性,与养分混合喷施可促进作物生长和养分吸收,在农业生产上常被用作肥料助剂,但关于小分子有机物本身对作物生长发育、 养分吸收等方面影响的研究目前鲜有报道,本文利用小油菜盆栽试验,喷施不同小分子有机物(山梨醇、 葡萄糖酸钠、 甘氨酸),以研究小分子有机物对作物生长发育、 养分吸收的影响和明确不同小分子有机物的最佳喷施浓度。【方法】采用盆栽试验,作物选用小油菜,小分子有机物选用山梨醇、 葡萄糖酸钠和甘氨酸,每种小分子有机物各设4个喷施浓度: 山梨醇为30、 90、 150和300 mg/kg,葡萄糖酸钠为150、 300、 600和1200 mg/kg,甘氨酸为60、 120、 250和500 mg/kg,以喷施清水为对照,共13个处理,每个处理四次重复,采用随机区组排列。小油菜三叶期开始喷施,之后每隔7天喷施一次,共喷施4次。小油菜收获后,测定生物量、 叶片SPAD值以及植株硝态氮、 可溶性糖、 可溶性蛋白与氮、 磷、 钾养分的含量,分析喷施小分子有机物对小油菜产量、 品质、 养分吸收的影响,并采用回归分析方法研究小分子有机物喷施浓度与上述各测定指标的相关性。【结果】1)与对照(喷清水)相比,喷施山梨醇、 葡萄糖酸钠和甘氨酸的小油菜生物量平均增加了9.80%、 26.37%、 25.40%,其中,以喷施山梨醇300 mg/kg、 葡萄糖酸钠 600 mg/kg和甘氨酸250 mg/kg的小油菜生物量增幅最大,分别为25.60%、 31.87%、 35.87%;2)与喷清水对照相比,喷施3种小分子有机物均可改善小油菜品质、 促进养分吸收,其中,喷施适宜浓度的山梨醇、 葡萄糖酸钠和甘氨酸可显著降低小油菜硝态氮含量,明显提高可溶性糖含量和SPAD值,显著促进小油菜对氮、 磷、 钾养分的吸收;3)根据回归分析结果,3种小分子有机物喷施浓度与小油菜生物量、 品质和养分吸收量均呈二次曲线相关,表明在适宜的喷施浓度下,山梨醇、 葡萄糖酸钠和甘氨酸均具有促进作物生长和吸收养分的作用,其中,以山梨醇150～300 mg/kg、 葡萄糖酸钠600～1200 mg/kg、 甘氨酸120～250 mg/kg喷施效果最佳。【结论】 小分子有机物山梨醇、 葡萄糖酸钠和甘氨酸叶面喷施可促进小油菜生长和对养分(氮、 磷、 钾)的吸收、 提高产量、 改善品质,可作为作物的叶面有机营养剂直接施用,并可进一步研究作为有机水溶性肥料的助剂。     

Two-season study of the influence of regulated deficit irrigation and reflective mulch on individual and total phenolic compounds of nectarines at harvest and during storage

The influence of deficit irrigation (Deficit) and reflective mulch (Reflective) of Caldesi 2000 nectarines on the content of individual phenolic compounds was studied at harvest and during storage for 2, 4, and 6 weeks at 2 °C during two consecutive years (2007 and 2008). Individual phenolic groups in the edible fruit part consisted mainly of proanthocyanidins (200 mg/100 g fw), lower content of phenolic acids (17 mg/100 g fw), and minor content of flavonols (5 mg/100 g fw) and anthocyanins (1.2 mg/100 g fw). Deficit irrigation increased the content of total phenolics, including proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids, reaching similar amounts in both years. Sun-exposed fruit (upper part of canopy) showed higher content than shaded fruit (lower part of canopy). However, Reflective significantly increased the content of total phenolics, particularly phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins, of fruit located in the lower part of the canopy. During storage, Deficit and Reflective did not affect the content of phenolic acids, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins when compared to the content at harvest. Optimizing cultural practices can be a way to increase the phenolic content of nectarines.