Sphingobium sp. JZ-1对菊酯类农药的降解特性研究

研究了菊酯降解菌株Sphingobium sp.JZ-1及其粗酶液对菊酯类农药的降解特性。结果表明,该菌能降解目前使用的各种菊酯类农药,降解速率顺序为:氯菊酯>甲氰菊酯≈氯氰菊酯>功夫菊酯>氰戊菊酯>溴氰菊酯>联苯菊酯;Sphingobium sp.JZ-1对菊酯的降解没有手性选择性;高效液相色谱检测结果表明Sphingobium sp.JZ-1对氯氰菊酯降解的初始反应是在菊酯水解酶的催化下羧酸酯键断裂生成二氯菊酸和3-苯氧基苯甲醛,3-苯氧基苯甲醛进一步氧化成苯氧基苯甲酸。Sphingobium sp.JZ-1细胞中菊酯水解酶酶活不需要菊酯的诱导。     

污染土壤中菲高效降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

运用恒温培养法研究了菲在不同土壤中的降解动态,结果表明未灭菌土壤中菲半衰期仅5.1d,而灭菌土壤中半衰期为前者4倍,可见土壤微生物发挥了重要作用;从试验土壤中分离到一株菲高效降解菌,经16SrDNA鉴定为产碱杆菌;优势菌最高可以耐受500mgL-1左右的菲,降解菲的最适温度25℃和pH为7,土壤接种优势菌后有助于加快菲的降解;从该优势菌中提取的粗酶液米氏常数为50.30nmolml-1,最大降解速率为171.33nmolmg-1min-1。     

甲磺隆降解菌FLDA的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从生产甲磺隆的农药厂内采取污泥，经驯化富集后筛选到一株能高效降解甲磺隆的细菌FLDA，根据表型特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列同源性分析，将FLDA初步鉴定为假单胞菌（Pseudomonas sp）。该菌能在含甲磺隆（30mgL^-1）的基础盐液体培养基中降解甲磺隆，5d降解率达72．6％，该菌降解甲磺隆的最适pH为7．0，最适温度为30℃，该菌降解甲磺隆的速率和起始接种量呈正相关。酶的定域实验表明，该菌中甲磺隆水解酶为胞内酶。FLDA投加土壤，可提高土壤中甲磺隆的降解速率。     

氯氟氰菊酯降解菌的分离和培养条件研究

从某农药厂排污口的污泥中采集样品,经驯化富集后筛选到1株能高效降解氯氟氰菊酯的细菌X2.在30℃,pH 7.0基础培养基中,该菌在7 d内对浓度为200 mg/L的氯氟氰菊酯的降解率为77.2%.依据生理生化特征及16S rDNA测定分析,将该菌株确定为鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium sp.).降解特性研究表明,在温度25～30℃,pH为7.0～8.0的条件下,该菌株能有效降解氯氟氰菊酯,因而可以将其应用于氯氟氰菊酯污染土壤的生物修复.     

一株红霉素降解菌红圆酵母的选育及其降解特性

选取长期堆放红霉素药渣的土壤,经驯化富集后筛选到1株能高效降解红霉素的菌株,根据表型特征、生理生化特性及18S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定为红酵母属的粘性红圆酵母（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）。该菌的18S rDNA序列片段长度为1 562 bp,在GenBank登录号为EU294522。该菌可以利用红霉素作为碳源生长,适用碳源与氮源分别为蔗糖和NH4Cl。该菌降解红霉素的最适温度为30 ℃,最适pH 5.0～5.5,最适接菌量6%,降解率与通气量成正相关。在最适反应条件下培养48 h, 该菌株对红霉素的降解率可达100%。     

降解菌S113对甲磺隆污染土壤生物修复作用的研究

在室内条件下,研究了降解菌S113(Methylopila sp.)对甲磺隆污染土壤的修复作用。S113能够以甲磺隆为唯一碳源生长,72h对50mgL-1甲磺隆的降解率达98.38%。投加降解菌S113可显著提高土壤中甲磺隆的降解速率。当甲磺隆浓度为10mgkg-1干土,S113接种量为108个g-1土时,第30天土壤中甲磺隆降解率为76.9%,对照土壤中甲磺隆降解率仅为11.9%。S113降解甲磺隆的速率和接种量呈正相关,当接种量减少为105个g-1干土时,降解菌对甲磺隆的降解作用微弱。在土壤中甲磺隆浓度较低的条件下,S113的降解效果显著,而当土壤中甲磺隆浓度达到50mgkg-1时,甲磺隆降解率仅为39.6%。S113降解土壤中甲磺隆的最适温度为30℃,第30天的降解率可达75.9%。当温度为25℃、20℃时,第30天甲磺隆降解率仅为53.5%和23.9%。S113菌剂灌根,能不同程度地缓解土壤中浓度为40、80μgkg-1的甲磺隆对玉米生长的抑制作用,但当甲磺隆浓度增加到120μgkg-1时,接种S113对药害解除作用不显著。结果表明,人工接种降解菌S113,能有效去除土壤中甲磺隆残留。     

玉米秸秆低温降解复合菌系降解能力及微生物组成研究

根据还田秸秆配施尿素的生产实际,对玉米秸秆低温高效降解复合菌系GF-20进行氮源培养基驯化,探明其菌种组成和功能多样性及其与菌源菌种结构差异,完善复合菌系筛选方法,促进其开发利用。本文以低温高效降解复合菌系GF-20为研究对象,在硫酸铵和尿素不同配比下连续继代培养10代,获得不同氮源菌系(硫酸铵处理N1,硫酸铵和尿素混合处理N2-N5,尿素处理N6),测定其玉米秸秆降解率,评价复合菌系秸秆降解效率;采用MiSeq高通量测序对菌源土壤样品及不同氮源下继代培养的复合菌系菌种组成和功能多样性进行研究。结果显示N2处理玉米秸秆降解率显著高于其他处理;菌源土壤的Alpha多样性指数显著高于继代培养后的复合菌系,不同处理间N2处理显著高于其他氮处理;菌源和复合菌间以及不同氮处理间菌种组成具有显著差异, N2处理菌种组成多样性较高,菌群结构更加丰富、均匀,且碳水化合物的代谢通路丰度较高。菌源经限制性继代筛选后得到了参与玉米秸秆降解过程的功能菌,能有效提高秸秆降解率,其在硫酸铵和尿素氮源为0.16%+0.04%的条件下,菌系的秸秆降解效率较高,这为复合菌的生产实际开发利用提供了理论依据。     

恶唑菌酮土壤降解影响因子研究

探讨了土壤环境中的主要因素:土壤微生物、温度、含水量、pH值以及施用有机肥对恶唑菌酮降解的影响。结果表明:土壤微生物对恶唑菌酮在土壤中的降解起着重要作用,相同条件下灭菌土壤的降解半衰期是非灭菌土壤的27.6倍。环境温度、土壤含水量等对恶唑菌酮降解也有影响,在15℃～40℃的试验条件下,随着温度升高,恶唑菌酮的降解速率加快,特别是15℃～25℃温度范围内降解速率上升较快;过高和过低的土壤含水量都不利于土壤中恶唑菌酮的降解,土壤含水量为50?～100?时适宜恶唑菌酮的降解;此外施用有机肥会加速恶唑菌酮的降解;而土壤pH值对降解的影响不显著。     

纳米Fe^0与微生物协同降解土壤中PCB77

以红壤、黄褐土和砂姜黑土为供试土壤,以3,3′,4,4′-四氯联苯（PCB77）为目标化合物,进行了纳米Fe0、微生物以及联合体系降解土壤中PCB77的动力学研究。结果表明,土壤中PCB77自然降解率低,投加纳米Fe0和微生物均能显著加快土壤中PCB77降解速率,降解过程可用一级反应动力学方程拟合。当PCB77初始浓度为4mg·kg-1,纳米Fe0投加量为20mg·g-1,PCB77在红壤、黄褐土和砂姜黑土中反应速率常数k分别为0.0205d-1、0.0165d-1和0.0145d-1;通过富集培养的方法从污染土壤中分离出一株多氯联苯降解菌,初步鉴定该菌株为Pseudomonas sp.,当降解菌投加量为2×108cfu·g-1时,PCB77在3种土壤中反应速率常数分别为0.0136d-1、0.0094d-1和0.0124d-1;当同时投加20mg·g-1纳米Fe0和2×108cfu·g-1降解菌时,其反应速率常数分别为0.0264d-1、0.0218d-1和0.0232d-1。纳米Fe0与微生物协同降解的效果要明显优于纳米Fe0和微生物的单一体系。     

阿维菌素降解菌株AW70的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从长期受阿维菌素农药污染的土壤中分离到一株能高效降解阿维菌素的菌株AW70.结合生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,将该菌株鉴定为伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia sp.),Gen Bank登录号为EU295449.菌株AW70能利用阿维菌素为唯一C源生长,在温度25℃～ 42℃和pH 6.5 ～ 8.5 范围时降解能力较好,其最适降解温度为30℃,最适初始pH值为7.48 h对50 mg/kg阿维菌素的降解率大于85%.南丰蜜桔上农药降解试验结果表明,喷施菌株AW70菌剂的蜜桔中未检测到阿维菌素的残留,表明该菌株具有良好的应用前景.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.