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1.
河北省县域农业绿色发展指标时空变化特征   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
为剖析河北省县域农业绿色发展的主要问题及限制因素,本文以河北省135个县(区)为研究对象,围绕社会、经济、生产力、资源和生态环境5个维度,选取了26项农业绿色发展指标,基于专家意见和统计资料,参照农业绿色发展程度将入选指标从高到低划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级,并定量分析了1996年和2016年河北省县域尺度的农业绿色发展指标时空变化特征。结果表明, 20年间河北省农业生产条件不断改善,农业机械化水平与农田灌溉水平均有不同程度的提升;农业经济效益大幅增长,单位面积农业产值与人均可支配收入分别增长了1.96倍和3.05倍;农业生产能力持续提升,表现为单位面积热量产量及植物蛋白产量持续上升,氮素利用效率有所回升;资源投入持续增加,表现为氮、磷、农药及农膜的使用强度不断增加;环境风险仍处于较高水平。从空间变化来看,河北省东北部和南部地区社会发展、经济和农业生产的农业绿色发展程度呈提高趋势;而资源和生态环境指标绿色发展程度总体表现为下降趋势,呈现出西北部和东南部地区高的特征。5类指标绿色发展程度等级处于Ⅰ级水平的县域数量占比较高,呈现明显的空间差异。河北省农业绿色发展的主要瓶颈问题来自资源短缺、环境污染和生态破坏,造成以上问题的原因是资源投入过高、种养结构改变和农牧分离严重,下一步需要提高资源利用效率,保持产地环境的清洁和生态系统的稳定,快速推进河北省县域的农业绿色发展。  相似文献   

2.
海南岛农业绿色发展指标时空变化特征   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
海南自建省以来农业生产规模、结构及生产方式均发生了很大改变,影响了其农业绿色发展程度。本文借助中国农业绿色发展指标体系,利用NUFER模型(NUtrientflowsinFoodchains,EnvironmentandResources use),选取并定量计算1988—2017年海南岛20项农业绿色发展指标,研究其时空变化特征,探究制约海南岛农业绿色发展的影响因素。研究表明:30年间海南省农业绿色发展水平总体呈下降趋势,较低级别(Ⅲ、Ⅳ级)指标数量由12个增加至15个,较高级别(Ⅰ、Ⅱ级)指标数量由8个减少至5个。随着蔬菜、水果等经济作物种植比例增加,畜禽养殖规模扩大与集约化程度提高,海南农业产值与社会发展水平不断升高,农业产值和农业机械化投入分别从0.62×104$·hm–2和3 kW·hm–2增加至16.1×104$·hm–2和13 kW·hm–2。30年来农业资源(氮素、磷素、农药和农膜)过量投入,其中农药和农膜的使用强度增幅最大,分别从8.0kg·hm–2和0kg·hm–2增加至41.9 kg·hm–2和34.7 kg·hm–2;由于生产力水平较低,导致养分(农田氮素盈余量、农田氮素径流量、农业源氨挥发等)环境排放量大幅增加,农业源氨挥发和单位播种面积农田氮素盈余增幅最大,分别从61.0 kg·hm–2和152.1 kg·hm–2增加至131.4 kg·hm–2和297.9 kg·hm–2。农业资源投入过量、农牧分离导致的环境污染是制约海南岛农业绿色发展的主要原因。在空间上,由于中部为山地林区,是国家重点生态功能保护区,开发力度较小,因此沿海平原的资源投入增长更快、养分环境损失量更多,经济增长、社会发展和农业生产3类指标提升更为迅速。今后海南岛应合理优化沿海地区种植结构,提高生产管理水平,加强农牧结合减少资源损失,实现海南岛农业绿色发展。  相似文献   

3.
基于2014年中央提出的农业发展"三个导向"要求,本文构建了由土地流转、资源配置、信息服务、产业管理"四大组织"构成的新型农业现代化服务组织体系评价模型,以河南省18个市为基本单元,对服务组织体系的综合发展水平进行了评价,并探讨了空间分布规律。结果表明:河南省新型农业现代化服务组织体系整体发展水平较低,进入Ⅰ、Ⅱ类地区的只有3个市(郑州、济源、漯河),其余15个市集中在Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ类地区。空间分布有一定规律,豫西整体水平较高,洛阳、济源、焦作、三门峡都在Ⅱ或Ⅲ类地区;其次为豫中,郑州、漯河分别进入Ⅰ、Ⅱ类地区,但许昌、平顶山均在Ⅴ类地区;再次为豫北,鹤壁进入Ⅲ类地区,新乡、安阳、濮阳却停留在Ⅳ、Ⅴ类地区;然后为豫南,南阳、信阳、驻马店都处于Ⅴ类地区;最后为豫东,商丘、周口均为Ⅵ类地区,开封也只进入Ⅳ类地区。研究表明,河南省应构建完善的新型农业现代化服务组织体系,引导农地规模化流转,提高生产经营组织化程度,推进农业发展方式转变,保障农产品质量数量安全,这是加快农业现代化发展的必然选择。  相似文献   

4.
基岩层间节理研究是探索喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀机理的前提与基础。运用ArcGIS 9.3软件对贵阳市地层资料进行分类、归并、统计,并根据层理类型划分标准,选取层间节理频度Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级为分类指标。在一定比例尺地质图的基础上,按照统计资料,对地质图进行数字化,进一步形成贵阳市层间节理频度分布图、贵阳市碳酸盐岩分布图。结果表明:贵阳市喀斯特地区白云岩面积占全市总面积的36%,石灰岩面积占全市总面积的43%;基岩层间节理频度有Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级,其中Ⅰ级占总面积的15%,Ⅱ级占总面积的20%,Ⅲ级占总面积的44%;贵阳市石灰岩地区,层间节理频度不同等级所占的面积由高到低依次为:Ⅲ级>Ⅰ级>Ⅱ级,而白云岩地区,层间节理频度不同等级所占的面积由高到低依次为:Ⅲ级>Ⅱ级>Ⅰ级;贵阳市石灰岩地区易形成高频度层间节理。  相似文献   

5.
松嫩高平原黑土区耕地利用系统安全格局及其空间演变   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
为切实保护耕地和实现区域耕地的可持续利用,该文以巴彦县为研究区,将研究区的耕地利用分为西北部平原耕地区、中部漫岗平原缓坡耕地区、东部低山丘陵坡耕地区、南部平原耕地区和南部冲积平原耕地区5个区,从系统角度,以影响研究区耕地利用系统安全的自然、经济社会、生态等驱动因子分析为切入点,运用"3S"技术手段,利用因子分析法和加权综合评价法计算耕地利用系统安全值,采用Kriging插值法将安全值分为Ⅰ级(非常安全)、Ⅱ级(较安全)、Ⅲ级(基本安全)、Ⅳ级(临界安全)和Ⅴ级(不安全)5个等级,运用栅格数据的空间分析功能,分析研究区1991-2009年耕地利用系统安全格局变化及空间演变。结果表明:1991年和2009年,研究区各安全等级所占比例以Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级为主,Ⅴ级最低。从1991-2009年的变化趋势上看Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级呈减少趋势,Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级呈增加趋势,耕地利用系统安全程度在降低;1991年和2009年2个时点,耕地利用系统安全水平空间分布均不平衡,西部、北部高,东部、南部低,且2009年较1991年有增强趋势,各安全等级在不同耕地利用分区上空间分布格局差异明显,安全级别较高的Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级集中在西北部平原耕地区、中部漫岗平原缓坡耕地区和东部低山丘陵坡耕地区,安全级别较低的Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级主要分布在南部平原耕地区和南部冲积平原耕地区,安全等级最高的Ⅰ级在中部漫岗平原缓坡耕地区分布最多;1991-2009年近20 a研究区耕地利用系统安全格局空间演变特征明显,Ⅰ级表现为集中向西北部平原耕地区转移,Ⅱ级变化较为分散,在西北部平原耕地区和南部平原耕地区分布比例降低,在其余3区升高,Ⅲ级由南部平原耕地区向南部冲积平原耕地区过渡,Ⅳ级以原区域为中心向四周扩散,Ⅴ级由南部冲积平原耕地区向南部平原耕地区转移;为保障研究区耕地利用系统安全,提出应优化土地利用结构、改变传统的农业生产方式、严格控制非农建设侵占耕地以及合理开发耕地后备资源等对策建议。  相似文献   

6.
贵州茶区土壤养分状况综合评价   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
应用SPSS统计软件,对贵州全省70个茶园土壤样品8项养分指标进行主成分分析,按累计贡献率达到85%以上提取了4个主成分,并求出各土壤养分的4个主成分综合得分。并对综合得分以欧氏距离为衡量土样间差异大小的指标,采用类平均法进行聚类分析。将70个土样分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ等级,第Ⅰ类为养分丰富型土壤,其各项养分指标最高,综合得分范围0.63≤F≤1.08,所占比例9.83%;第Ⅱ类为养分较丰富型土壤,其综合得分范围0.10≤F≤0.53,所占比例29.51%,相对Ⅰ类,有机质和全磷含量相对不足;第Ⅲ类茶园土壤肥力一般,其综合得分范围-0.32≤F≤0.02,所占比例36.07%;第Ⅳ类土壤各养分因子均缺乏,为养分缺乏型茶园土壤。  相似文献   

7.
[目的]对四川省雅安市泥石流灾害危险性进行评价,为科学合理地预测和应对该区泥石流的发生提供科学依据。[方法]首先构建危险性评价指标体系,选取3类8个评价因子并进行量化分级,再用层次分析法(AHP)给指标赋权重,最后用危险性评价模型叠置分析评价因子,进行雅安市危险度区划,将雅安市范围的泥石流危险性级别分为轻度(Ⅰ)、中度(Ⅱ)、较高(Ⅲ)、高度(Ⅳ)。[结果]宝兴县的Ⅳ区域占比(8.8%)最小,整体泥石流危险性最低。天全县危险性相对偏低。雨城区、芦山县、名山区的Ⅳ级都占比约20.0%,整体泥石流危险性居中;荥经县和汉源县整体泥石流危险性偏高,Ⅳ级占比约45.0%;石棉县的泥石流危险性最高,Ⅳ级区域占比高达57.4%,Ⅲ级区域占比高达24.4%。[结论]加强预防高度危险区的泥石流灾害能力,警惕较高危险区泥石流潜在危险性。采用合理有效的措施(灾害监测,气象预报,植树种草)将雅安市泥石流危险性尽可能降低。  相似文献   

8.
苏北海涂围垦区耕层土壤养分分级及其模糊综合评价   总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13  
针对制约滩涂土壤资源开发利用的障碍因素,以苏北滨海滩涂围垦区为研究区域,应用模糊综合评价方法对耕层土壤养分进行了分级与定量评价,获取了区域土壤肥力状况分布.结果表明,研究区域土壤磷素和钾素相对富余,有机质和氮素含量偏低,氮素亏缺较为严重,尤其是碱解氮.模糊综合评价表明研究区土壤养分分布在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,主要集中在Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,并没有Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级土壤;尽管总体上处于Ⅱ级水平,但可认为其养分仍处于极贫乏状态.研究区不同部位土壤养分分级存在明显差异性,养分分级较低的部位作物生长状况较差,土壤盐渍化程度较高.研究结果为海涂围垦区中、低产地土壤培肥和农田精确施肥提供一定的参考依据.  相似文献   

9.
不同降雨类型下的南方典型土壤侵蚀量差异研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用江西省鹰潭市红壤国家生态实验站1997—2003年度自然降雨观测资料和该站我国南方主要类型土壤径流小区的流失量实测数据,研究了5组降雨类型(I:12.7 mm<次降雨量<20 mm;Ⅱ:20 mm≤次降雨量<30 mm;Ⅲ:30 mm≤次降雨量<40 mm;Ⅳ:40 mm≤次降雨量<50 mm;Ⅴ:次降雨量>50 mm)在单位降雨(1 mm)和单位降雨侵蚀力(1个数值侵蚀力)条件下不同类型土壤的流失量差异。结果表明:(1)单位降雨产生侵蚀力的规律为:Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ类降雨。(2)不同土壤在单位降雨下的产沙量趋势呈:Ⅰ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅴ>Ⅱ类降雨。(3)在单位降雨侵蚀力下,除Ⅱ类降雨的产沙量相对比Ⅴ类降雨的产沙量大以外,其它各类降雨的产沙量规律与单位降雨的产沙规律相一致,均呈现:Ⅰ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ类降雨。  相似文献   

10.
中国粮食主产区参考作物蒸散量演变特征与成因分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
在全球变暖的背景下,参考作物蒸散量(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET_0)的改变及其空间分布势必对中国粮食主产区农业水资源规划、农业用水管理等产生重要影响。本文将中国粮食主产区划分为温带湿润半湿润地区(I区)、温带干旱半干旱地区(Ⅱ区)、暖温带半湿润地区(Ⅲ区)和亚热带湿润地区(Ⅳ区)4个子区域,基于粮食主产区265个站点1961-2013年53a气象数据,采用FAO-56Penman-Monteith公式计算各站点逐日ET_0,利用Arc GIS空间插值、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、敏感性分析和贡献率分析等方法,对该区域ET_0的时空分布规律及其成因进行分析。结果表明:(1)近53a来,中国粮食主产区年均ET_0为878.9mm,整体呈显著下降趋势,速率为0.47mm·a~(-1)(P0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ区和Ⅳ区年均ET_0分别为741.8、1079.8和924.2mm且均有所减小,但变化趋势并不明显,Ⅲ区年均ET_0为940.2mm,呈极显著下降趋势,速率为1.21mm·a~(-1)(P0.01)。(2)全区及Ⅰ-Ⅳ区ET_0最敏感气象因子均为相对湿度,其敏感系数分别为-1.060、-1.232、-0.784、-1.114和-1.009。(3)全区及Ⅰ-Ⅲ区对ET_0变化贡献最大的气象因子为风速,Ⅳ区为相对湿度。(4)风速的减小是造成粮食主产区全区及Ⅰ-Ⅲ区ET_0减小的首要原因,风速减小和日照时数缩短是造成Ⅳ区ET_0减小的主要原因。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

16.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

17.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

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