六株猪圆环病毒2型国内分离株的全基因组序列测定与分析

利用PK15细胞从临床发病猪和死亡猪淋巴结中分离到6株猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)，对其全基因组序列进行了测定和分析。结果表明，除深圳分离株(SZ)的基因组全长为1768nt外，其余5株均为1767nt；6个分离株之间全序列核苷酸同源性为98．08％；与欧、美毒株之间同源性高，介于94．4％～99．7％。     

猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)河南分离株进化分析及ORF2基因的表达

根据GenBank中猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus2,PCV2)的核苷酸序列设计2对引物,使用扩增全基因的引物对来源于河南省焦作、开封和滑县的3株PCV 2型JZ株、KF株和HX株的ORF2基因进行扩增,扩增片段克隆到pMD18 T上,获得重组质粒pMD18-T-ORF2,并对其进行测序,测序结果登录在GenBank上,登录号分别为EF028202、EF064149和EF467928.序列分析表明,PCV2河南分离株ORF2基因与其它PCV2 ORF2基因核苷酸序列同源性为92.4%～99.6%,氨基酸序列同源性为90.6%～97.9%,进化分析表明,河南分离株处于同一分支,与欧洲株亲缘关系较近.应用另一对引物从重组质粒pMD18-T-ORF2中PCR扩增出587 bp不包含核定位信号序列的ORF2基因,克隆到表达载体pET-32a,成功构建了重组质粒pET-32a-ORF2,经IPTG诱导表达了ORF2基因编码的结构蛋白,经SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测,表达的重组蛋白分子量约为40 kD,可被PCV2阳性血清识别,说明PCV2 ORF2基因得到成功表达.     

肉鸡H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因测序及遗传进化分析

根据GenBank登陆的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）的全基因序列,设计11对引物,运用RT-PCR方法扩增A／Chicken／Zhejiang／HJ／2007(H9N2)毒株8个基因片段,并克隆到pMD18-T载体中进行序列测定。基因序列比较及遗传进化分析结果表明,所克隆的8个基因片段均有HJ毒株完整的开放阅读框（ORF）,其血凝素（HA）基因蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸组成为-PSKSSR*G-,为不连续的碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性AIV HA基因裂解位点的序列特征;与QA/HK/G1/97的进化关系较近,处在同一分支。其神经氨酸酶（NA）基因在63、64、65位点上有3个氨基酸（T、E、I）缺失,在遗传进化上属于常见的CK/BJ/1/94（DK/HK/Y280/97）群系。核蛋白（NP）基因整合有同地分离的H5N1亚型流感病毒NP基因片段,进化关系较近。基质蛋白（M）基因与1999年香港感染儿童的两株流感病毒（HK/1073/99和HK/1074/99）进化关系属于同一分支。非结构蛋白（NS）基因与近年来分离的猪源H9N2亚型流感病毒进化关系相近,和1998年首次报道的猪源H9N2亚型流感病毒（SW/HK/9/98）处在同一进化分支。聚合酶蛋白（PA、PB2、PB1）中,PB1从33-47位存在15个连续碱基缺失,是首次报道该基因ORF内存在缺失,从遗传进化上和近年来分离的H5N1亚型流感病毒处在同一分支上;PA基因从遗传进化上和PB1基因类似;PB2基因与常见的流感病毒毒株的遗传进化关系较远,在相应的进化树另成分支。因此,A／Chicken／Zhejiang／HJ／2007(H9N2)是由不同流感病毒基因亚系间发生自然重排的产物。     

猪Ⅱ型圆环病毒ORF2基因在Hela细胞中的表达及表达蛋白的定位

猪圆环病毒（Porcine circovims，PCV）属于环状病毒属，该病毒无囊膜，基因组为单链环状DNA，大小约为1．7kb，编码2个主要的开放阅读框架：ORF1和ORF2，ORF2编码病毒的核衣壳蛋白（Nawagitgul et al，2000），可能在PCV2病毒致病方面具有重要的作用。PCV2可引起断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合症（PMWS）．给养猪业带来了巨大的经济损失。分别用ORF2基因的亚单位疫苗免疫猪、核酸疫苗免疫小白鼠，均具有良好的效果（Blanchard et al，2003；Kamstrup et al，2004）。关于PCV2疫苗的研究在我国尚未处报道。本实验在异源启动子CMV下实现了ORF2在真核细胞中的表达。     

广西14市猪戊型肝炎的分子流行病学分析

为调查广西猪戊型肝炎（HE）的感染情况,本研究应用套式RT-PCR方法对采自广西14市43个猪场的508份3月龄左右猪只粪样及市售182份猪肝扩增猪戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）ORF2基因特异序列,并进行核苷酸序列同源性分析及遗传进化分析。结果表明,在508份猪粪样中194份可以检测到HEV RNA,阳性率为38.2%;182份猪肝样本中,33份可检测到HEV RNA,阳性率为18.1%;43个猪场中检出HEV RNA的有35个,猪场阳性率为81.4%。所获取的39株广西猪HEV ORF2基因特异序列同源性为89.9%～100%,提示在所调查的广西猪场中已较普遍存在HEV感染,所获取的39株广西HEV阳性样品均属于基因Ⅳ型。本研究结果佐证了感染猪及市售带毒猪肝脏是HEV重要的储存库和传染源,应该重视其公共卫生学意义,预防粪-口途径或者食源性HEV感染。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒NB/04株全基因组分子特征分析

对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viurs, PRRSV）分离株NB/04的全基因组序列测定与分析。该毒株基因组全长15408bp,包含9个开放式阅读框,5’Untranslating Region(UTR)含有189nt,3’UTR含有150nt,其中包含28个Poly（A）。基因组序列分析结果表明,该毒株的Nsp2存在3个核苷酸缺失,3’UTR缺失一碱基。通过与国内外美洲型PRRSV分离株比对分析可知,非结构蛋白区的Nsp2和结构蛋白区的ORF5变异率最大。特别是Nsp2与国内主要分离株的氨基酸相似性在79.3%-96.4之间,ORF5与国内主要分离株的相似性介于86.1%-95.5%。依据Nsp2的推导氨基酸序列进行的系统进化分析可知,NB/04属于北美洲基因型,与BJ-4属于同一分支,而与中国标准株Ch-1a分属于不同的分支,表明浙江PRRSV已发生较大的变异。本研究结果丰富了我国PRRSV毒株的基因组信息数据,为深入研究该毒株的遗传变异与生物学特性之间的关系奠定了基础。     

9株猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型流行毒株全基因组克隆及序列分析

参考GenBank上发表的猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(porcine circovirus2,PCV2)全基因组序列,设计一对引物,通过反向PCR技术扩增出9株PCV2流行株的全基因,并进行了序列测定与分析,结果表明:9株PCV2的基因组全长为1768bp或1767bp,同源性比较发现,本研究的9株PCV2之间的核苷酸同源性为95.6%~100%,与GenBank上已发表的PCV2分离株之间的同源性为95.1%~99.8%,与法国和新西兰代表株的亲缘关系较近,与美国、加拿大和澳大利亚代表株的亲缘关系较远。所得9株PCV2的ORF2核苷酸及其所推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为93.1%~100%和91.8%~99.6%,存在较大的变异。     

基于质粒表达的siRNA对猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)复制的抑制作用

猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)是猪圆环病毒相关疾病(PCVAD)的必要病原,对养猪生产构成了严重威胁,但当前缺乏有效的防治手段.为了探索治疗PCVAD的新途径,分别针对PCV2的病毒复制相关蛋白基因(rep)与衣壳蛋白基因(cap),构建了PCV2特异的siRNA表达质粒(pGensil-R259、pGensil-C297和pGensilC490)和PCV2非特异的阴性对照质粒(pGensiI-SCR).在脂质体介导下,将构建的siRNA表达质粒与阴性对照质粒转染PK-15细胞,转染质粒20 h后感染PCV2.结果质粒表达的特异siRNA抑制了PCV2 DNA的合成及Rep和Cap蛋白的表达,使病毒滴度(TCID50)显著下降;针对靶基因不同位点的siRNA的抑制效果不同,病毒感染后36 h内,siRNA对PCV2的抑制作用最强,随后有所下降,但直至感染后60 h仍然能够显著抑制PCV2复制.实验结果提示质粒表达的特异siRNA能够显著地抑制PCV2的增殖,但这种抑制功能与作用时间呈负相关.     

在猪链球菌2型江苏分离株中发现新的orf2毒力相关基因

摘要： 根据文献报道的猪链球菌（Streptococcus suis ）2型一种新的毒力基因相关序列,设计和合成一对引物,以猪链球菌2型江苏分离株HA9801的DNA为模板,扩增推导的毒力基因的完整阅读框,并定向克隆到质粒载体pET-32a（+）中,经测序表明,与国外推测的毒力基因完全同源。此外,以猪链球菌和其它链球菌猪源的国内分离株的基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR技术,检测这一推测毒力基因的出现率。该基因在猪链球菌2型的阳性率为7/8,在其它猪源链球菌的阳性率为9/23,在猪源链球菌的总检出率为51.6%（16/31）。     

猪圆环病毒2d亚型衣壳蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达

为了在昆虫细胞中表达猪圆环毒病2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)衣壳蛋白,本研究设计合成引物从临床病料中扩增获得猪圆环病毒(Porcine circovirus,PCV)山东株衣壳蛋白基因缺失核定位区的序列,并进行序列分析.将该片段克隆到杆状病毒供体载体pFastBac-1上,然后转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) DH 10-Bac感受态细胞,获得重组穿梭杆粒,将该杆粒转染到sf9昆虫细胞中,观察重组杆状病毒致细胞病变效应,并采用PCR、间接免疫荧光实验、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)和Western blot鉴定衣壳蛋白的表达情况.结果表明,扩增获得的猪圆环病毒山东株属于PCV2d亚型,与我国目前使用的商品化疫苗株(PCV2a及PCV2b亚型)在160～180 aa抗原位点有差异.成功构建了重组供体质粒pFastBac l-PCV2d-Cap和重组穿梭杆粒Bacmid-PCV2d-Cap,获得的重组杆状病毒在昆虫细胞中成功表达了约24 kD的PCV2d-Cap,该蛋白可以与猪圆环病毒阳性血清及His标签抗体发生反应,证明具有良好的反应原性.本研究是我国首次采用杆状病毒系统表达PCV2d亚型衣壳蛋白,为制备PCV2d亚单位疫苗以及酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒、防范PCV2d亚型流行提供了理论依据.     

Formation of 2-alkyl-(2H)-thiapyrans and 2-alkylthiophenes in cooked beef and lamb

2-Alkyl-(2H)-thiapyrans and 2-alkylthiophenes have been identified in the volatiles of cooked beef and lamb. The quantities of both groups of compounds were higher in the meat of animals fed lipid supplements high in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 2-Alkyl-(2H)-thiapyrans were formed when (E,E)-2,4-dienals (C(6)-C(11)) and hydrogen sulfide were heated at 140 degrees C for 30 min. This confirmed their proposed route of formation in cooked meat from lipid-derived aldehydes and hydrogen sulfide; the latter was produced from the degradation of cysteine, via the Maillard reaction. The mass spectra and NMR spectra of these thiapyrans are reported for the first time. Although 2-alkyl-(2H)-thiapyrans were found to have only low odor potency, the reactions by which they are formed may have important implications for meat flavor. These reactions may remove potent aroma compounds and their intermediates from meat, thus modifying the overall aroma profile.     

Antioxidative activity of green tea treated with radical initiator 2, 2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride

This study investigated the antioxidative activity of green tea extract, and a green tea tannin mixture and its components, under conditions of radical generation using the hydrophilic azo compound, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) to generate peroxyl radicals at a constant and measurable rate in the cultured renal epithelial cell line, LLC-PK(1), which is susceptible to oxidative damage. Treatment with AAPH decreased cell viability and increased the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. However, green tea extract, and the tannin mixture and its components, comprising (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCg), (-)-gallocatechin 3-O-gallate (GCg), (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate (ECg), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (+)-gallocatechin (GC), (-)-epicatechin (EC), and (+)-catechin (C), showed protective activity against AAPH-induced cellular damage. The tannin mixture and its components exhibited higher antioxidative activity than the green tea extract. Furthermore, EGCg and GCg had higher activity than EGC and GC, respectively. In particular, EGCg exerted the most significant cellular protective activity against AAPH. These results indicate that green tea tannin may inhibit cellular loss and lipid peroxidation resulting from the peroxyl radical generated by AAPH, and that the chemical structure of tannin is also involved in the activity, suggesting that the O-dihydroxy structure in the B ring and the galloyl groups are important determinants for radical scavenging and antioxidative potential.     

植物C_2H_2型锌指蛋白的研究进展

锌指蛋白是转录因子的一种,对真核生物的生长发育及逆境胁迫的耐受能力都有着重要关系,而植物C2H2型锌指蛋白是研究较多、较为明确的一种锌指蛋白,该蛋白大部分锌指结构具有一段高度保守的氨基酸序列QALGGH,这是植物中独有的特征,且据报道该C2H2型锌指蛋白与逆境胁迫是相关的。本文主要综述了植物C2H2型锌指蛋白的分类、结构和功能,植物C2H2型锌指蛋白与DNA、RNA和蛋白质的相互作用,以及概述了与盐胁迫、低温胁迫、干旱胁迫、氧胁迫和光胁迫等逆境胁迫相关的植物C2H2型锌指蛋白,最后还对其进一步的深入研究进行了展望,这就为日后利用基因工程技术改良作物品质、提高作物的抗逆性提供了有利条件。     

2BLZ-2型垄上镇压式精密播种机的研制与试验

2BLZ-2型垄上镇压式精密播种机，设计安装了组合式仿形传动轮，集仿形传动作用为一体。采用了组合内窝孔式玉米排种器，实现精密播种。设置了两组弹簧，以保证播深一致及实现镇压力可调。通过田间作业试验和技术性能分析，证明该机具有良好的工作质量和可靠的技术性能。     

Antifungal activity of 4-methyl-6-alkyl-2H-pyran-2-ones

A number of 4-methyl-6-alkyl-alpha-pyrones were synthesized and characterized on the basis of 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. These compounds were tested in vitro against pathogenic fungi, namely, Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo, Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler, Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz., Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi), Pythium debaryanum (Hesse), and Rhizoctonia solani Nees. Lower homologues were less effective, whereas compounds such as 4-methyl-6-butyl-alpha-pyrone, 4-methyl-6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone, 4-methyl-6-hexyl-alpha-pyrone, and 4-methyl-6-heptyl-alpha-pyrone were found effective against all of the test fungi. They inhibited mycelial growth by approximately 50% (ED50) at 15-50 microg/mL. 4-Methyl-6-hexyl-alpha-pyrone, which was found most effective, was tested against S. rolfsii in a greenhouse at 1, 5, and 10% concentrations. The 10% aqueous emulsion of 4-methyl-6-hexyl-alpha-pyrone suppressed disease development in tomato by 90-93% as compared with the untreated infested soil in the greenhouse after 35 days of treatment.     

Anaerobic reoxidation of Mn2+, Fe2+, S0 and S2– in submerged paddy soils

Anaerobic reoxidation of reduced products in paddy soils was investigated. Ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) and monosulfide ion (S^2–) added to the soil chemically reduced MnO₂ to Mn²⁺, and MnO₂ and Fe(OH)₃ to Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺, respectively, where Fe²⁺ and S^2– were considered to be oxidized to Fe³⁺ and S⁰. Elemental sulfur was oxidized to sulfate by anaerobic incubation with NO₃ ^– MnO₂ and Fe(OH)₃. A new conceptual model for the reduction processes in submerged paddy soil including the reoxidation processes of reduced products, in which soil heterogeneity in paddy fields was taken into consideration, was proposed based on the results. Received: 20 October 1996     

NO和H2O2依赖Ca2+/CaM信号调控马铃薯花青素积累

以不同块茎颜色马铃薯品种陇薯8号、陇薯7号、LC310-2和山东彩肉为材料,研究外源NO、H2O2、NO+ H2O2处理对马铃薯块茎花青素合成及其信号物质Ca2+-ATPase和CaM的影响.结果表明:外源NO和H2O2处理后,4个基因型马铃薯薯皮和薯肉花青素积累,Ca2+-ATPase活性升高,CaM含量增加,其效果为NO+ H2O2＞H2O2＞NO＞水(CK),并且花青素的积累量与Ca2+-ATPase活性和CaM含量均呈正相关,其平均决定系数达0.9194和0.8859.说明NO和H2O2对马铃薯花青素合成具有一定的促进作用,而细胞Ca2 +/CaM信号发挥了NO和H2O2对马铃薯花青素合成诱导的信号调节.     

Simulated warming and low O2 promote N2O and N2 emissions in subtropical montane forest soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The montane subtropical forest soils contain huge nitrogen stocks, and climate warming might drive its volatilization due to the promotion of gaseous losses of...     

Synthesis and sensorial properties of 2-alkylalk-2-enals and 3-(acetylthio)-2-alkyl alkanals

Parallel synthesis was applied to prepare a series of 3-(acetylthio)-2-alkyl alkanals by Michael addition of thioacetic acid under alkaline conditions to alpha,beta-unsaturated 2-alkyl-substituted aldehydes, which were obtained by aldol condensation of the corresponding primary aldehydes as starting materials. The target compounds were characterized in terms of GC, MS, and NMR data. The sensory properties of the odorants, such as odor quality and odor detection threshold value, were determined with a trained panel. Structure-activity relationships are discussed, suggesting that the 1,3-oxygen-sulfur functionality, required for the "olfactophore" of tropical/vegetable notes, can further be extended to the acetylthio derivatives.     

Evaluation of antiradical capacity by H2O2-hemin-induced luminol chemiluminescence

This paper describes a screening method for antioxidant potential determination based on luminol/hemin/hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence. The emission depletion, caused by an antiradical compound added during the chemiluminescence decay, is proportional to the number of reactive species trapped. Therefore, the difference between the areas of the emission decay curves, obtained in the absence and in the presence of the potential antioxidant, is a measure for the antiradical capacity of the sample. The technique has been applied to measure the antiradical capacity of pure compounds and complex mixtures from natural origin, providing reliable results that indicate the method's feasibility.