罗玉沟流域典型暴雨洪水及其产沙特性

以罗玉沟流域实测水文泥沙数据和洪水调查资料为基础,分析几场造成极强烈侵蚀的典型特大暴雨的雨、洪、沙特性。结果表明：典型暴雨面雨量离差系数为0．15—0．74,不均匀系数为0．37—0．90,极端降雨比值系数为1．3-188．8,暴雨中心最大10min、最大30min和最大60min降雨量分别占次降雨总量的19％-29％、35％-73％和60％-100％;次暴雨洪量超过年径流量的30％,径流系数0．20—0．49,洪峰流量模数为4．07—9．34m^3／（s·km^2）,洪水总历时6—96h,上涨历时15—80min;次洪输沙量超过年输沙量的60％,次洪输沙模数为0．71-1．40万m^3／km^2,最大含沙量高达774kg／m^3,且沙峰多超前于洪峰10—20min,沙量过程线的消退明显滞后于流量过程线,最大含沙量出现时的流量较最大流量偏小40％-50％;历次暴雨的雨、洪、沙特性差异主要受暴雨时空分布特征和下垫面条件控制,水土保持措施具有明显的滞洪减沙效应。     

延安燕沟流域次降雨泥沙来源分析

延安燕沟流域属于水土流失治理的重点区,退耕还林（草）措施引起的生态环境改善和经济发展带动的山区道路建设压力对本地区侵蚀环境和侵蚀动力机制产生了巨大影响,坡面水土流失与道路水土流失对比关系发生了新变化。在坡面侵蚀得到初步治理的新环境下,道路侵蚀则上升为主要地位。依据燕沟流域2005年7月2日的5年一遇暴雨引起的不同土地利用类型下的侵蚀产沙监测结果,结合流域卡121站测得的流域产沙总量,分析各土地利用类型产沙量对流域总产沙量的贡献,并依据流域土地利用的演变,反演林草植被恢复与道路建设对流域泥沙来源的作用。研究结果表明：在次降雨条件下,道路的产沙强度为支道山路500t／km^2、干道山路3163t／km^2、运油道路1万3500t／km^2,而农、林、草地的产沙强度为6．184t／km^2;道路产沙强度远大于农、林、草地的产沙强度：占流域面积1％的道路产沙量占总产沙量的42．3％,占流域面积70．5％的草地、灌木林地产沙量仅占流域的26．7％。退耕还林（草）措施使流域坡面产沙量大为降低,流域产沙量减少41．2％,但由于道路产沙量增加,抵消了减沙效益的58．0％,因此,黄土丘陵区植被恢复后,应将水土流失治理重点放在防止道路侵蚀方面。     

草本植被覆盖对坡面降雨径流侵蚀影响的试验研究

通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究了草本植被覆盖对坡面降雨径流侵蚀的影响,并从径流侵蚀功率和降雨侵蚀力两个方面对比分析了草本植被对坡面侵蚀动力的调控效果,结果表明草本植被覆盖深刻影响降雨侵蚀动力,并最终对坡面径流侵蚀量产生较大的影响。植被覆盖度为0%～60%时,产流产沙量随植被覆盖度的增加迅速降低,植被覆盖度>80%时,覆盖度的增加不能引起产流、产沙量的大幅度下降,植被水沙调控作用趋于稳定,确定本研究的临界植被覆盖度为60%～80%;以径流深和洪峰流量模数表示的坡面径流侵蚀功率以及降雨侵蚀力等侵蚀动力指标均与侵蚀产沙量呈正相关关系,但径流侵蚀功率与产沙量具有更强的相关性,说明径流侵蚀功率能更好地模拟侵蚀动力;以径流侵蚀功率/侵蚀量表示植被覆盖度对侵蚀结果的影响,反映了临界植被覆盖度的存在,可以作为评价植被侵蚀动力调控效应的一个指标。     

基于GIS的农林复合经营的侵蚀控制模拟研究

根据张家口郭家梁试验场的小区资料，建立了小流域侵蚀产沙模型以及植物篱侵蚀控制模型，并在GIS的支持下，从小流域数字高程模型（DEM）中提取基于地块间水沙汇流网络，生态基于地块的水沙运移网络图，并将地块间的水沙汇流过程引入小流域侵蚀产沙的模拟中，实现了侵蚀产沙模型与地理信息系统（GIS）的深层次耦合，模拟出坡面水沙在小流域的空间运动过程。1995－1999年的青边口河小流域模拟结果表明：坡耕地，荒坡地，低覆盖的天然草地的平均侵蚀模数最大，是侵蚀控制的重点土地利用类型，在坡耕地，荒坡地，低覆盖的天然草地配置面积占流域总面积的18．2％的植物篱一农作系统（10m带间距的二年生紫穗槐植物篱），利用次降雨资料的计算模拟结果表明，对径流的控制效果在８．１％－４６．２％之间，对侵蚀模数的控制净利要在４２．９％－５０．２％之间，养分流失的模拟分析表明，在现有条件下有机质的损失较大，而通过配置植物篱－农作系统可以有效地减少养分的流失。     

岚河流域产沙模型研究

利用岚河流域的降雨径流资料，分析了该流域的降雨特性及产沙规律，确定了影响流域产沙的主要因子。建立了以lh平均雨强IA(mm／h)、次降雨量P(mm)、流域出口断面洪峰流量Qm(m^3／s)为因子的产沙模型。     

退耕还林还草工程实施对洛河流域土壤侵蚀的影响

退耕还林还草工程是中国实施的重要生态环境建设与保护工程,对区域植被覆盖及土壤侵蚀产生重要影响。以洛河流域（陕北黄土高原部分）为研究对象,利用流域通用土壤侵蚀方程（RUSLE）,结合流域降雨、土壤类型、DEM、植被覆盖等数据,定量分析了2000—2010年退耕还林还草工程实施对流域土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:（1）洛河流域2000—2010年耕地面积减少,林地、草地面积增加,土地利用变化主要发生在2000—2005年;（2）洛河流域2000—2010年土地利用变化导致植被NDVI平均值增大,耕地变化区域植被NDVI值增加幅度高于耕地未变化区域,表明耕地变化区域植被NDVI增加对耕地区域总体植被NDVI值增加贡献较大;（3）降雨侵蚀力和退耕还林还草工程实施对土壤侵蚀具有明显的影响。受降雨侵蚀力增大影响,2000—2010年洛河流域土壤侵蚀呈增加趋势;不考虑降雨侵蚀力变化情况下,洛河流域土壤侵蚀呈减少趋势,反映出退耕还林还草工程实施对土壤侵蚀的减缓作用。     

西班牙东南部半干旱环境中弃荒地的土壤侵蚀

选择西班牙东南部地区的不同土壤类型单元,调查了半干旱条件下土地弃荒对土壤侵蚀的影响。所选研究地点分别为：耕地（裸露）、3a弃荒地（草本植物覆盖）、10a弃荒地（蒿属植物覆盖）、以及分别由半原生植被（针茅属）和原生植被（松属）覆盖的两个土壤类型单元。模拟降雨测量结果表明,土地弃荒后侵蚀和径流增加,但随后的侵蚀又由于植被的增加而减少。与其它土地利用方式相比,3a弃荒地的径流量（35％）和侵蚀率*[334g／(m2·h)]较高。耕作促进了降雨的入渗,大大地减少了径流和侵蚀率。在针茅和蒿属植被覆盖下,植被覆盖样地的状况因渗透率高而非常稳定（降雨入渗率为100％）。松属植物的覆盖状况最好,但是由于疏水层的形成引起了径流系数（14％）和侵蚀速率［2g／(m2·h)］的提高。在干旱和过牧条件下,土地弃荒似乎促进了土壤退化,从而降低了入渗能力（从55mm／h降到19mm／h）,增加了侵蚀速率[从O增加到334g／（m2／·h）]。10a弃荒地和半原生与原生植物覆盖下的土地,样地状况非常稳定,几乎不产生径流和侵蚀。径流和侵蚀的分配和植被的空间分布有直接关系。植被覆盖在开垦后会迅速缩小,而在弃荒后其空间差异会相应增加,随着油松林的形成,植被恢复到顶极阶段,植被覆盖、径流和侵蚀率表现?     

辽河流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化分析

降雨侵蚀力是反映流域降雨侵蚀能力的综合指标之一。根据辽河流域10个气象站的日降雨量资料,利用日降雨侵蚀力模型估算辽河流域的降雨侵蚀力。结果表明：辽河流域降雨侵蚀力的空间变异与降雨量的空间分布趋势基本一致,由东南向西北递减,变化于1000—3800MJ·mm／（hm^2·h·a）之间;降雨侵蚀力年内集中度高,6—8月3个月约占全年的80％;降雨侵蚀力年际变化大,年际变率Cv在0．367—0．649之间,采用时序系列的Mann—Kendall检验表明,降雨侵蚀力并无显著变化趋势;特别是在流域水土流失严重的西辽河地区,年降雨侵蚀力较小,但年内集中程度大,年际变化更突出。     

莱芜“0184”局地大暴雨天气过程分析

2001年8月4日，在稳定少动的副热带高压东南侧（592线附近），鲁中山区大汶河上游的莱芜市部分乡镇出现了大暴雨（附表），莱芜水文站4日9时30分出现洪峰流量1600m^3／s。由于降水强度大且时间集中，暴雨产生的洪水汇集大汶河并以3000m^3／s的流量涌入东平湖，致使东平湖水位暴涨，最高水位达44．38m，大大超过了42．5m的防汛警戒线，     

试验研究三峡库区大宁河流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化

[目的]分析流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化规律,为水土流失预报及水土保持措施科学配置提供依据。[方法]以三峡库区大宁河流域内13个雨量站41 a 日降雨资料为基础,采用侵蚀力简易模型,分析了该流域降雨侵蚀力的年内分配和年际变化规律,并在软件 ArcGIS 10．2支持下,探讨流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征。[结果]大宁河流域年均降雨侵蚀力为7245．55 MJ ? mm／（hm2? h ? a）,它在空间上与流域降雨分布特征基本一致,呈现由东、西向流域中部逐渐减小的趋势,而南北差异较小;最大和最小降雨侵蚀力分别位于流域西北部的建楼站和南部的巫山站;降雨侵蚀力多年变化范围为3619．55～11109．14 MJ ? mm／（hm2? h ? a）。降雨侵蚀力的年内分布呈双峰型,集中程度高,4—10月占全年的95％。[结论]大宁河流域降雨侵蚀力和降雨变化年内分配一致,侵蚀力时空特征除与流域降雨量分布密切相关外,还与区域降雨格局及地形地貌等因素有关。     

运用SWRRB模型研究西班牙Teba流域水量和沉积物量: Ⅱ. 模拟结果

Simulated results of water yield, sediment yield, surface runoff, subsurface runoff, peak flow, evapotranspiration, etc., in the Teba catchment, Spain, using SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins model are presented and the related problems are discussed. The results showed that water yield and sediment yield could be satisfactorily simulated using SWRRB model. The accuracy of the annual water yield simulation in the Teba catchment was up to 83.68%, which implied that this method could be effectively used to predict the annual or interannual water yield and to realize the quantification of geographic elements and processes of a river basin.     

Description of hydrological and erosion processes determined by applying the LISEM model in a rural catchment in southern Brazil

Purpose

Hydrosedimentological modeling is a tool that can be used to understand better important processes occurring at the catchment scale, such as runoff and sediment yield. The aim of this study was to use the Limburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) to describe the runoff and sediment yield during rainfall–runoff events in a small rural catchment in southern Brazil.

Materials and methods

The study was conducted in the Lajeado Ferreira Creek catchment (drainage area of 1.19 km²) where intense land use has caused a negative impact on water resources. Thirteen rainfall–runoff events that occurred in 2010 and 2011, including high-magnitude events, were used to model hydrosedimentological processes.

Results and discussion

Results

from the calibration and validation stages indicate that the model had a good performance when representing the hydrograph, including events with greater complexity. The use of a second soil layer in the model increased its efficiency, which is in accordance with the importance of subsurface flow in this catchment and its sensitivity to the physical properties of the soil, which are essential for controlling hydrosedimentological processes at the catchment scale. The simulation of sediment yield was overestimated by the model, constrained by the lack of sensitivity of the model to soil cohesion and the stability of soil aggregates. During the model calibration stage, these parameters had values different from those measured in the field.

Conclusions

The LISEM model performed well in representing runoff for events of different magnitudes. The discretization of the physical–hydrologic properties in the soil profile enabled the evaluation of the effect of subsurface impediment layers on water infiltration and runoff. The simulation was less accurate for suspended sediment concentration than for runoff. This indicates the need for further studies to either identify other factors controlling erosion and sediment yield that have not been identified by the model, or identify if the representation of the physical parameters is inadequate, especially the values of soil cohesion and aggregate stability.     

金沙江干热河谷典型区段水土流失特征

以金沙江干热河谷典型区段不同处理坡面和林地、农地集水区为研究对象,采用坡面径流小区和集水区卡口站三角形薄壁堰实测法,在坡面径流小区和集水区土地利用现状调查基础上,通过降雨、径流及泥沙观测,分析金沙江干热河谷典型区段水土流失特征。结果表明:(1)不同处理坡面径流小区产流量、产沙量大小依次为坡耕地>自然坡面>水平阶整地>反坡台整地,表明反坡台和水平阶造林整地以及植被良好的自然坡面对地表径流的拦蓄和对泥沙的削减都起到较好效果;(2)大暴雨对集水区尺度产流产沙贡献值大,产流降雨量在4.8～27.6mm区间,农地集水区径流深小于林地集水区,大于27.6mm时,农地集水区径流深反超林地集水区,而产沙量不受降雨量影响,为林地集水区低于农地集水区;(3)径流小区尺度与集水区尺度雨季水土流失起止时间一致,集水区径流系数小于径流小区,集水区产沙量大于径流小区。     

东北黑土区融雪径流对流域产沙的贡献及因素分析

[目的]揭示流域融雪期径流产沙特征及对全年总产沙的贡献,阐明东北黑土区影响融雪期产沙贡献的主控因素,并进而为东北黑土区流域综合治理提供科技支撑。[方法]基于东北地区203个气象站点数据以及15个流域水文站点径流泥沙资料,通过提取流域降水、地形、气候、土壤和土地利用等因子,采用多因素相关分析的方法,开展融雪期产沙贡献影响因素研究。[结果]东北黑土区不同流域年均降雪量占年均降水量的比例为3.7%～23.9%,空间分布差异较大,呈东南多、西北少的分布特点。融雪期径流深占全年径流深比例为13.7%～32.5%,融雪期产沙量对全年产沙量的贡献3.8%～23.47%,融雪期产沙模数占全年产沙模数的3.1%～35.9%,且它们空间分布规律性差。年均降水量、降雪量占降水量比例、融雪期径流深占全年径流深比例3个因素与融雪期产沙贡献在0.05的水平上呈显著相关。降雪量占降水量比例对流域融雪期产沙量和产沙模数的贡献率分别为25.41%和30.22%。最大高程对流域融雪产沙量和产沙模数的贡献率分别为24.36%和20.38%。[结论]东北区融雪期产沙对流域全年产沙有较大贡献,且受多重因素影响,未来应加强融雪期的侵蚀产沙观测研究。     

GIS支持下小流域农林复合经营的侵蚀控制模拟——以冀西北青边口河小流域为例

根据张家口郭家梁试验场的小区资料 ,建立了小流域侵蚀产沙模型以及植物篱侵蚀控制模型 ;并在 GIS的支持下 ,从小流域数字高程模型 (DEM)中提取基于地块间水沙汇流网络 ,生成基于地块的水沙运移网络图 ,并将地块间的水沙汇流过程引入小流域侵蚀产沙的模拟中 ,实现了侵蚀产沙模型与地理信息系统 (GIS)的深层次耦合 ,模拟出坡面水沙在小流域的空间运动过程。1995～ 1999年青边口河小流域模拟结果表明 ,坡耕地、荒坡地、低覆盖的天然草地平均侵蚀模数最大 ,是侵蚀控制的重点土地利用类型。在坡耕地、荒坡地、低覆盖的天然草地配置面积占流域总面积的 18.2 %的植物篱—农作系统 (10 m带间距 2年生紫穗槐植物篱 ) ,利用次降雨资料计算模拟结果表明 ,对径流的控制效果在 8.1%～ 46 .2 %之间 ,对侵蚀模数的控制效果在 42 .9%～ 5 0 .2 %之间 ;养分流失的模拟分析表明 ,在现有条件下有机质的损失较大 ,而通过配置植物篱—农作系统可以有效地减少养分流失。     

Water Yield and Sediment Yield Simulations for Teba Catchment in Spain Using SWRRB Model: Ⅰ. Model Input and Simulation Experiment

Water yield and sediment yield in the Teba catchment, Spain, were simulated using SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins) model. The model is composed of 198 mathematical equations. About 120 items (variables) were input for the simulation, including meteorological and climatic factors, hydrologic factors, topographic factors, parent materials, soils, vegetation, human activities, etc. The simulated results involved surface runoff, subsurface runoff, sediment, peak flow, evapotranspiration, soil water, total biomass,etc. Careful and thorough input data preparation and repeated simulation experiments are the key to get the accurate results. In this work the simulation accuracy for annual water yield prediction reached to 83.68%.``     

Modelling soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale: the case of Masinga catchment,Kenya

Development of improved soil erosion and sediment yield prediction technology is required to provide catchment stakeholders with the tools they need to evaluate the impact of various management strategies on soil loss and sediment yield in order to plan for the optimal use of the land. In this paper, a newly developed approach is presented to predict the sources of sediment reaching the stream network within Masinga, a large‐scale rural catchment in Kenya. The study applies the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and a developed hillslope sediment delivery distributed (HSDD) model embedded in a geographical information system (GIS). The HSDD model estimates the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) on a cell‐by‐cell basis using the concept of runoff travel time as a function of catchment characteristics. The model performance was verified by comparing predicted and measured plot runoff and sediment yield. The results show a fairly good relationship between predicted and measured sediment yield (R²=0·82). The predicted results show that the developed modelling approach can be used as a major tool to estimate spatial soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling the effects of land-use change on runoff and sediment yield for a meso-scale catchment in the Southern Pyrenees

The Southern Pre-Pyrenees experienced a substantial land-use change over the second half of the 20th century owing to the reduction of agricultural activities towards the formation of a more natural forest landscape. The land-use change over the last 50 years with subsequent effects on water and sediment export was modelled with the process-based, spatially semi-distributed WASA-SED model for the meso-scale Canalda catchment in Catalonia, Spain. It was forwarded that the model yielded plausible results for runoff and sediment yield dynamics without the need of calibration, although the model failed to reproduce the shape of the hydrograph and the total discharge of several individual rainstorm events, hence the simulation capabilities are not yet considered sufficient for decision-making purposes for land management. As there are only a very limited amount of measured data available on sediment budgets with altered land-use and climate change settings, the WASA-SED model was used to obtain qualitative estimates on the effects of past and future change scenarios to derive a baseline for hypothesis building and future discussion on the evolution of sediment budgets in such a dryland setting. Simulating the effects of the past land-use change, the model scenarios resulted in a decrease of up to 75% of the annual sediment yield, whereas modelled runoff remained almost constant over the last 50 years. The relative importance of environmental change was evaluated by comparing the impact on sediment export of land-use change, that are driven by socio-economic factors, with climate change projections for changes in the rainfall regime. The modelling results suggest that a 20% decrease in annual rainfall results in a decrease in runoff and sediment yield, thus an ecosystem stabilisation in regard to sediment export, which can only be achieved by a substantial land-use change equivalent to a complete afforestation. At the same time, a 20% increase in rainfall causes a large export of water and sediment resources out of the catchment, equivalent to an intensive agricultural use of 100% of the catchment area. For wet years, the effects of agricultural intensification are more pronounced, so that in this case the intensive land-use change has a significantly larger impact on sediment generation than climate change. The WASA-SED model proved capable in quantifying the impacts of actual and potential environmental change, but the reliability of the simulation results is still circumscribed by considerable parameterisation and model uncertainties.     

Modelling the effects of land-use change on runoff and sediment yield for a meso-scale catchment in the Southern Pyrenees

The Southern Pre-Pyrenees experienced a substantial land-use change over the second half of the 20th century owing to the reduction of agricultural activities towards the formation of a more natural forest landscape. The land-use change over the last 50 years with subsequent effects on water and sediment export was modelled with the process-based, spatially semi-distributed WASA-SED model for the meso-scale Canalda catchment in Catalonia, Spain. It was forwarded that the model yielded plausible results for runoff and sediment yield dynamics without the need of calibration, although the model failed to reproduce the shape of the hydrograph and the total discharge of several individual rainstorm events, hence the simulation capabilities are not yet considered sufficient for decision-making purposes for land management. As there are only a very limited amount of measured data available on sediment budgets with altered land-use and climate change settings, the WASA-SED model was used to obtain qualitative estimates on the effects of past and future change scenarios to derive a baseline for hypothesis building and future discussion on the evolution of sediment budgets in such a dryland setting. Simulating the effects of the past land-use change, the model scenarios resulted in a decrease of up to 75% of the annual sediment yield, whereas modelled runoff remained almost constant over the last 50 years. The relative importance of environmental change was evaluated by comparing the impact on sediment export of land-use change, that are driven by socio-economic factors, with climate change projections for changes in the rainfall regime. The modelling results suggest that a 20% decrease in annual rainfall results in a decrease in runoff and sediment yield, thus an ecosystem stabilisation in regard to sediment export, which can only be achieved by a substantial land-use change equivalent to a complete afforestation. At the same time, a 20% increase in rainfall causes a large export of water and sediment resources out of the catchment, equivalent to an intensive agricultural use of 100% of the catchment area. For wet years, the effects of agricultural intensification are more pronounced, so that in this case the intensive land-use change has a significantly larger impact on sediment generation than climate change. The WASA-SED model proved capable in quantifying the impacts of actual and potential environmental change, but the reliability of the simulation results is still circumscribed by considerable parameterisation and model uncertainties.     

Using Cs measurements to validate the application of the AGNPS and ANSWERS erosion and sediment yield models in two small Devon catchments

Distributed erosion and sediment yield models are being increasingly used for predicting soil erosion and sediment yields in agricultural catchments. In most applications, validation of such models has commonly been restricted to comparison of the predicted and measured sediment output from a catchment, because spatially distributed information on rates and patterns of soil redistribution within the catchment has been lacking. However, such spatially distributed data are needed for rigorous model testing, in order to validate the internal functioning of a model and its applicability at different spatial scales. The study reported in this paper uses two approaches to test the performance of the agricultural non-point source pollution (AGNPS) and areal non-point source watershed environmental response simulation (ANSWERS) erosion and sediment yield models in two small catchments in Devon, UK. These involve, firstly, comparison of observed and predicted runoff and sediment output data for individual storm events monitored at the basin outlets and, secondly, information on the spatial pattern of soil redistribution within the catchments derived from ¹³⁷Cs measurements. The results obtained indicate that catchment outputs simulated by both models are reasonably consistent with the recorded values, although the AGNPS model appears to provide closer agreement between observed and predicted values. However, the spatial patterns of soil redistribution and the sediment delivery ratios predicted for the two catchments by the AGNPS and ANSWERS models differ significantly. Comparison of the catchment sediment delivery ratios and the pattern of soil redistribution in individual fields predicted by the models with equivalent information derived from ¹³⁷Cs measurements indicates that the AGNPS model provides more meaningful predictions of erosion and sediment yield under UK conditions than the ANSWERS model and emphasises the importance of using information on both catchment output and sediment redistribution within the catchment for model validation.