Measuring near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils by quasi unit‐gradient percolation—2. Application of the methodology

Sarkar et al. (this issue) proposed a laboratory measurement method for obtaining the hydraulic conductivity of soil at near‐saturated moisture conditions, bridging the gap between measurements that can be obtained with the evaporation method in the medium dry region, and measurements of the saturated conductivity by traditional methods. The method is based on a tension infiltration on a limited part of the surface of a soil sample and drainage of the sample at the same tension, leading to a divergent flow field. Despite equal tensions at top and bottom of the sample (“unit gradient”), the water flux in the sample is smaller than the corresponding value of the soil hydraulic conductivity at the applied tension. From numerical analysis of the flow problem, they concluded that unsaturated conductivity can be obtained with an accuracy of 10% for all texture classes of the USDA soil texture triangle. In this paper, we test the methodology for three different soil types using an appropriate apparatus. The results match well with independent saturated conductivity measurements on the wet side, and with unsaturated conductivity measurements in the medium moisture range that were obtained with the evaporation method.     

水蚀风蚀交错带土壤剖面水力学性质变异

土壤剖面水力学性质的确定是土壤水分动态预测的基础。该文在水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟流域分别对居于坡中和坡上两块样地160 cm土层不同深度未扰动土壤的水分特征曲线进行了测定，将Van Genuchtens水分特征曲线模式与Mualem导水模式相结合，确定了两样地土壤剖面的水力学参数，对水力学参数在剖面的变化进行了分析。结果表明，土壤剖面饱和含水率、滞留含水率、进气吸力倒数和孔隙大小分布因子沿剖面变化不大，滞留含水率、进气吸力倒数属于中等程度变异，饱和含水率和孔隙大小分布指标属于弱变异，但经方差检验均不显著，说明该地区160 cm土壤剖面可以处理成均质剖面。     

探地雷达结合钻孔探测采煤塌陷区土壤剖面层次及含水率

为分析煤层开采对地层结构及含水率的影响,利用探地雷达对西部煤矿开采区开采前后地表浅层土壤剖面、土壤含水率分布特征进行了探测研究。通过钻孔地质编录对雷达探测地层分布进行了矫正,并利用实验室实测含水率验证了雷达探测含水率精度。结果表明:1)雷达探测钻探结果显示,煤矿开采区浅层(10 m)土壤介质结构从上之下主要包含砂层、黏土层和风化层3类。2)探地雷达探测含水率与实测含水率随深度变化规律相似,4个钻孔两种方法探测所得含水率相关系数分别为0.875、0.88、0.94和0.84,表明探地雷达反演浅部地层含水率的可行性,黏土、含砂黏土的含水率远远大于砂层含水率。3)煤矿开采对浅部地层土壤剖面具有一定影响,但土壤剖面整体不变。煤矿开采后浅层土壤含水率下降明显,第1、3次探测L1测线砂层和黏土层含水率损失率平均为28.26%、12.85%。这表明煤层开采对砂层结构土壤含水率影响较大。第二、四次探测砂层平均含水率分别为5.31%,7.44%,含水率增大2.11%,土壤含水率增大范围在5%～56%之间,平均增大范围为27.89%示。黏土层两次探测含水率分别为11.46%、11.96%,含水率增大0.5%,含水率增大范围在-19.13%～19.59%,平均增大范围为4.79%。即黏土类结构层含水量变化较小,砂层结构含水量变化较大,说明黏土类地层受降雨影响较小,砂层结构地层含水量受降雨影响较大,表明浅部地层土壤水分主要受降雨影响。     

Straw management and tillage effects on soil water storage under field conditions

Abstract. A two year field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of straw management and tillage on the soil profile (1.5m) water storage, nature of the moisture profile, infiltration and sorptivity as influenced by rainfall, evaporativity (E₀) and soil texture. The straw mulch treatment stored more moisture under low E₀ rainy conditions in three coarse to medium textured soils. Straw incorporation treatment was better under low E₀ rain free conditions, as well as under high E₀ rainy conditions in the two coarser textured soils. In the coarsest textured soil, tillage and straw mulching were not effective in maintaining greater soil water storage under high E₀ because of the very open nature of the soil. The soil moisture profiles showed a sharper increase in water content below the tilled layer in the tillage and straw- incorporation treatments than the untreated and straw mulch treatments. Tillage and straw incorporation treatments increased the sorptivity of the soil compared with untreated and straw mulch treatments respectively. The results of this study suggest that when selecting a suitable soil water conservation practice to increase water storage in the soil profile, information on soil texture and weather (rain and evaporativity) must be considered.     

东北黑土区TDR测定农田土壤含水量的室内标定

土壤水分标定是利用TDR监测农田土壤水分过程中的必要环节.以东北黑土区农田土壤剖面深度上的4种典型介质（黑土层、母质层、过渡层、砂砾层）为试验对象,利用“由湿到干”的土柱试验方法,用烘干法对TDR进行室内标定研究.结果表明：1）TDR内置土壤标定曲线测定的含水量明显低于烘干法测量的含水量.在TDR法土壤含水量标定时,指数关系比线性关系具有更高的标定精度.2）单一介质的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线对自身介质的标定精度高（最大绝对误差3.2％）.3）混合介质的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线的标定精度较高（最大绝对误差6.6％）,可用于不同介质TDR法土壤含水量标定.本研究结果可用于研究区及类似区域修订TDR法含水量测定结果.     

Estimating detailed soil water profile records from point measurements

Temporal and spatial patterns of soil water content affect many soil processes including evaporation, infiltration, ground water recharge, erosion and vegetation distribution. This paper describes the analysis of a soil moisture dataset comprising a combination of continuous time series of measurements at a few depths and locations, and occasional roving measurements at a large number of depths and locations. The objectives of the paper are: (i) to develop a technique for combining continuous measurements of soil water contents at a limited number of depths within a soil profile with occasional measurements at a large number of depths, to enable accurate estimation of the soil moisture vertical pattern and the integrated profile water content; and (ii) to estimate time series of soil moisture content at locations where there are just occasional soil water measurements available and some continuous records from nearby locations. The vertical interpolation technique presented here can strongly reduce errors in the estimation of profile soil water and its changes with time. On the other hand, the temporal interpolation technique is tested for different sampling strategies in space and time, and the errors generated in each case are compared.     

Surface and profile soil moisture spatio-temporal analysis during an excessive rainfall period in the Southern Great Plains,USA

In this work we analyze the temporal stability of soil moisture at the field and watershed scales in the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed (LWREW), as part of the remote sensing Cloud and Land Surface Interaction Campaign (CLASIC07) during June 2007 in south-central Oklahoma. Temporal stability of surface and profile soil moisture data were investigated for 20 LWREW soil moisture measurement stations. In addition, daily surface and profile soil moisture measurements were obtained in four 800 m by 800 m fields (remote sensing footprint), including two rangeland sites and two winter wheat fields. The work aimed to analyze the temporal stability of soil moisture at the watershed and field scale and to identify stations within the watershed, as well as locations within each field, that were representative of the mean areal soil moisture content. We also determined the relationship between sites found to be temporally stable for surface soil moisture versus those determined stable for average profile soil moisture content. For the unusually wet experimental period, results at the watershed scale show that LWREW stations 133 and 134 provided stable underestimates, while stations 132 and 154 provided stable overestimates of the watershed mean at all depths. In addition, station 136 had very high non-zero temporal stability at the 25 cm and 45 cm depths indicating that it could be used as representative watershed site provided a constant offset value is used to acquire a watershed mean soil water content value. In general, the deeper depths exhibited higher soil moisture spatial variability, as indicated by the higher standard deviations. At the field scale, measured average profile soil moisture was higher in the winter wheat fields than the rangeland fields with the majority of the winter wheat depth intervals having high non-zero temporal stability. Field scale temporal stability analysis revealed that 4 of the 16 sampling sites in the rangeland fields and 3 of the 16 sampling sites in the winter wheat fields either under or overestimated the field means in the 0–5 and 0–60 cm depth intervals. Field sites considered temporally stable for the surface soil moisture were not stable for the profile soil moisture, except for the LW45 field where two sites were stable at both the surface and profile soil moisture. This finding is significant in terms of soil moisture ground-truth sampling for calibrating and validating airborne remotely sensed soil moisture products under extremely wet conditions. In addition, identification of temporally stable sites at the watershed and field scales in the LWREW provide insight in determining future measurement station locations and field scale ground sampling protocol, as well as providing data sets for hydrologic modeling.     

一维非饱和土热-湿耦合的数值解

非饱和土热-湿耦合普遍存在于路基和大坝等工程中。通过一维热-湿耦合控制方程,采用FlexPDE（Par-tial differential equation）软件对非饱和土热-湿耦合进行分析,研究非饱和土热-湿耦合作用下热传导及含水量分布的特征,探索重力对热-湿耦合的影响。结果表明:耦合效应对含水量分布的作用是明显的,在入渗流量较小时,重力对非饱和土的热-湿耦合的影响非常微弱;等温下气扩散系数对非饱和土热-湿耦合的影响可忽略。     

Effects of Soil Water Repellency on Moisture Patterns in a Degraded Sapric Histosol

An understanding of soil moisture content variability is fundamental in hydrological studies of peat soils, whose preservation depend on water‐related processes. Dehydration of fens and adapting them for agricultural production have contributed to the degradation of peat soils. The goal of this study was to determine how the critical soil moisture content (CSMC) and soil water repellency (SWR) affect soil moisture patterns in a degraded peat‐muck soil profile. SWR was measured under laboratory conditions using the water drop penetration time test, and then the CSMC was assessed. An investigation of moisture patterns was based on soil moisture data collected over short distances in a grass‐covered peat‐muck soil profile on seven dates. Observed differences in moisture patterns demonstrate that the CSMC can be used for the prediction of preferential flow occurrences in peat‐muck soils. Lower values of the CSMC and lower levels of SWR persistence in muck layers than in peat layers indicate that degradation of peat soils improves their wettability. The relatively low values of CSMC and the low shrinkage potential in the muck layer suggest that preferential water flow in the degraded organic soils can occur when heavy rains are preceded by long periods of summer drought. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of Lower Boundary Condition of Richards'' Equation on Water, Energy, and Soil Carbon Based on Coupling Land Surface and Biogeochemical Models

Soil moisture has a significant influence on water, energy, and carbon biogeochemical cycles. A numerical method for solving Richards' equation is usually used for simulating soil moisture. Selection of a lower boundary condition for Richards' equation will further affect the simulation results for soil moisture, water cycle, energy balance, and carbon biogeochemical processes. In this study, the soil water movement dynamic sub-model of a hydrologically based land surface model, the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model, was modified using the finite difference method (FDM) to solve a mixed form of Richards' equation. In addition, the VIC model was coupled with a terrestrial biogeochemical model, the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach model of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CASACNP model). The no-flux boundary (NB) and free-drainage boundary (FB) were selected to investigate their impacts on simulations of the water, energy, and soil carbon cycles based on the coupling model. The NB and FB had different influences on the water, energy, and soil carbon simulations. The water and energy simulations were more sensitive, while the soil carbon simulation was less sensitive to FB than to NB. Free-drainage boundary could result in lower soil moisture, evaporation, runoff, and heterotrophic respiration and higher surface soil temperature, sensible heat flux, and soil carbon content. The impact of the lower boundary condition on simulation would be greater with an increase in soil permeability. In the silt loam soil case, evaporation, runoff, and soil respiration of FB were nearly 16%, 13%, and 1% smaller, respectively, compared to those of NB.     

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究III.土壤水分

红壤水分含量随土壤深度而增加为农林间作的水分协同利用提供了可能。但土壤水分动态结果表明农林间作不会改善表层土壤水分状况。南酸枣在干旱季节主要通过吸收深层次土壤水分，与间作花生对表层土壤水分的竞争也不剧烈。与单作南酸枣相比，间作系统中南酸枣种植带土壤水分含量较低。这表明农林间作对土壤水分的影响不是促进间作南酸枣生长、抑制间作花生生长的主要原因。     

季节性冻土区包气带水汽热耦合运移研究进展

季节性冻土区占据中国超过一半的国土面积,冻融作用会显著改变土壤性质与包气带水、热传输过程,并且由于季节性冻土广泛分布在干旱半干旱地区,温度与气态水对于土壤水分运移影响显著,开展水汽热耦合研究不仅更符合季节性冻土区实际情况,同时对于揭示土壤水循环机制十分关键。本文综述了包气带水汽热耦合运移理论的提出与发展历程,阐述了季节性冻融作用对水汽热耦合运移研究中水力参数及水分相态转化过程的影响,探讨了水汽热耦合模型适用性,并归纳总结了温度梯度驱动下气态水运移规律及其重要性。最后,对该领域尚需加强研究的方向提出看法与建议,以期为深化包气带水汽热耦合运移理论以及解决季节性冻土区相关实际问题提供科学依据。     

黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分剖面的垂直分层

 为从蒸散耗水角度对黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分剖面进行垂直分层,在山西吉县蔡家川流域刺槐林地布设频域反射仪对0～150cm土层分层连续测定土壤水分,综合利用灰关联分析法和有序聚类法对各土层、不同时间蒸散耗水特性进行研究。结果表明:从蒸散耗水角度,黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分可垂直划分为地表植物蒸散耗水层(0～10cm)、林下灌木蒸散耗水层(10～40 cm)、刺槐蒸散耗水层(40～150cm);灰关联分析法和有序聚类法可以综合应用于土壤水分剖面垂直分层研究。分层方法数学理论基础较严密,取得的分层结果与现有相关研究结果基本一致,因此,有较高可信度,可为黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分研究提供参考。     

水温因素与夏玉米生长季节土壤矿质氮动态的关系

农田土壤的矿质氮残留和淋溶已成为大气和水体氮污染的重要来源。本文通过位于黄土高原南部的田间试验,研究了气温、土壤温度和水分、灌溉和降水等环境条件与夏玉米生长季节土壤残留矿质氮素动态变化的关系。结果表明:①0～200cm土层铵态氮残留量与耕层土壤温度的动态变化趋势一致,但土壤硝态氮残留量与土壤温度变化趋势相反。②大气温度对土壤矿质氮数量的影响趋势和土壤温度的基本相同。③在夏玉米生长季节0～200 cm土层土壤含水量平均值呈波动增加趋势,土壤铵态氮和硝态氮残留量随土壤水分的增减而增减,矿质氮素增减变化与土壤含水量相比有滞后现象。④夏玉米生长季节降水和灌水量达到720.5 mm,大量水分使得土壤硝态氮随着夏玉米生长期的后移而有明显的向下淋移趋势。玉米收获时,土壤硝态氮已被淋失到200 cm以下土层,难以再被下季作物利用。     

Mathematical models of soil moisture transfer: Importance of experimental assurance and upper boundary conditions

Soil moisture movement strongly depends on the upper boundary conditions (presence or absence of hydraulic pressure). The field experiments on the agrogrey medium loamy soil have shown that in the presence of pressure the movement follows preferential ways of migration. The accuracy of simulating this process depends on the initial experimental reliability of the mathematical model. This paper proposes an approach for the comparative evaluation of different methods of obtaining hydrophysical data for precise predictable modeling at the pedon scale. It should be noted that all the results are given for only one soil type, so one cannot confidently assert the relevance of similar data for other soil types.     

模拟降雨下前期含水量对黄绵土坡面产流产沙过程的影响

为探究不同前期土壤含水量条件下坡面产流产沙特征及产流产沙关系，以安塞黄绵土为研究对象，通过设置6个前期土壤含水量处理(5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%),采用室内人工模拟降雨试验来系统研究前期土壤含水量对坡面产流产沙过程的影响。每个含水量处理设置2个重复，坡面坡度为15°,设计雨强为90 mm/h,降雨历时为1 h。结果表明：(1)随着前期土壤含水量的升高，坡面初始产流时间幂函数减小，产流量线性增大。(2)坡面土壤流失量随前期土壤含水量增大呈幂函数增加，高含水量组(29.3%)土壤流失量分别是低含水量组(5.8%和10.6%)和中含水量组(15.3%,20.4%,25.1%)的86.1,8.9倍。当前期含水量接近饱和时，坡面侵蚀加剧，土壤流失量迅速增加。(3)不同前期土壤含水量条件下坡面产流量与产沙量呈幂函数关系，当产流速率超过1.4 L/min,产沙量迅速增加甚至翻倍，呈“水大沙多”的特点。前期土壤含水量通过影响入渗产流和改变径流泥沙关系双重作用来影响坡面产沙。因此，对黄绵土坡面而言，应注意防范连绵持久降雨后暴雨或特大暴雨所造成的水土流失问题，可采取耕作、植被覆盖等措施维...     

Promise and pitfalls of modeling grassland soil moisture in a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment (BioCON) using the SHAW model

Free-air carbon dioxide (CO₂) enrichment (FACE) experiments provide an opportunity to test models of heat and water flow under novel, controlled situations and eventually allow use of these models for hypothesis evaluation. This study assesses whether the United States Department of Agriculture SHAW (Simultaneous Heat and Water) numerical model of vertical one-dimensional soil water flow across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is able to adequately represent and explain the effects of increasing atmospheric CO₂ on soil moisture dynamics in temperate grasslands. Observations in a FACE experiment, the BioCON (Biodiversity, CO₂, and Nitrogen) experiment, in Minnesota, USA, were compared with results of vertical soil moisture distribution. Three scenarios represented by different plots were assessed: bare, vegetated with ambient CO₂, and similarly vegetated with high CO₂. From the simulations, the bare plot soil was generally the wettest, followed by a drier high-CO₂ vegetated plot, and the ambient CO₂ plot was the driest. The SHAW simulations adequately reproduced the expected behavior and showed that vegetation and atmospheric CO₂ concentration significantly affected soil moisture dynamics. The differences in modeled soil moisture amongst the plots were largely due to transpiration, which was low with high CO₂. However, the modeled soil moisture only modestly reproduced the observations. Thus, while SHAW is able to replicate and help broadly explain soil moisture dynamics in a FACE experiment, its application for point- and time-specific simulations of soil moisture needs further scrutiny. The typical design of a FACE experiment makes the experimental observations challenging to model with a one-dimensional distributed model. In addition, FACE instrumentation and monitoring will need improvement in order to be a useful platform for robust model testing. Only after this can we recommend that models such as SHAW are adequate for process interpretation of datasets from FACE experiments or for hypothesis testing.     

农田土壤颗粒组成及其剖面分层的空间变异分析

对60m55m的农田尺度上100个取样点土壤颗粒组成及剖面层次的空间变异性的传统统计分析表明,各属性的变异系数属中等强度。半方差函数模型均为球状模型,各属性具有一定的空间相关性,并表现有一定的各向异性。在对土壤颗粒组成及剖面层次空间分布趋势分析的基础上,根据半方差函数模型,对各属性选择不同趋势和异向性的普通Kriging内插值比较的结果表明,考虑变量在空间分布趋势和异向性的插值结果比不考虑要好。在以上分析基础上,利用Kriging内插值绘制各层深度和颗粒组成的等值线图,并分析了其空间分布规律。     

单坑变水头入渗条件下均质土壤水分运动的数值模拟

变水头入渗条件下的土壤水分运动是蓄水坑灌的基本理论问题。该文根据土壤水动力学的基本理论，分析了蓄水坑变水头入渗的复杂边界条件，并推导了其坑水位变化与坑壁变水头入渗关系的数学表达式，进而建立了蓄水坑灌单坑变水头入渗及土壤水分运动的数学模型。采用ADI交替方向隐式差分格式将土壤水分运动方程离散，用Gauess-Seidel迭代算法求解非线性差分方程，实现了单坑变水头条件下的土壤水分运动的数值模拟。实验验证表明，数值计算结果与实测值有着较好的一致性。     

SIMULATION OF THE WATER BALANCE OF SOIL COLUMNS AND FALLOW SOILS

A model is described that predicts the evaporation of water from, and the distribution of water in, a soil column evaporating into a constant environment. It is based on a numerical solution of the flow equation and requires only the initial water distribution in the column, the equilibrium (air-dry) water content at the soil surface and the relationship between volumetric water content and diffusivity. The model predictions show good agreement with a published analytical solution and with experimental results. Modifications to the model that allow for rewetting of the sod by rainfall, and changes in atmospheric conditions above the soil, enable predictions to be made of the water balance of a fallow field. In general, good agreement was obtained with the measured distribution of water deficits in the soil profile, although the predicted water content of the surface 2.5 cm of soil showed systematic differences from the measured values. The reasons for this are discussed.