模拟降雨条件下工程边坡土壤磷素流失特征

[目的]探究西南高山—亚高山地区工程边坡土壤磷素流失机理,为同类型工程边坡生态环境恢复研究提供理论依据。[方法]采用室内人工模拟降雨试验及原状土搬迁等方法,研究在2种坡度(30°,50°)和4种雨强(25,45,65,85 mm/h)条件下工程边坡全磷(TP),泥沙全磷(STP),溶解态磷(DP)迁移变化特征及其与土壤侵蚀状况的关系。[结果]①工程边坡径流平均DP浓度整体较低且受雨强影响较小,STP浓度在降雨初期较高,随之降低或趋于稳定。②不同雨强下工程边坡DP流失率、STP流失率变化曲线具有明显差异性,当雨强为25 mm/h和45 mm/h时,工程边坡STP流失率、DP流失率较低且较为稳定;当雨强为65 mm/h和85 mm/h时,工程边坡STP流失率、DP流失率迅速上升后趋于稳定;当雨强由45 mm/h增至65 mm/h时,工程边坡STP流失率、DP流失率迅速增大。③土壤侵蚀率与DP流失率、DP平均浓度、STP流失率和浓度、TP流失率有极显著正相关关系;径流率与DP流失率、STP流失率、TP流失率、DP平均浓度有极显著正相关关系,与STP浓度无显著相关关系。工程边坡TP流失率随径流率、土壤侵蚀率皆以幂函数形式逐渐增加。[结论]雨强和坡度对工程边坡磷素流失动态变化特征具有显著的影响且整体呈现出先增后减的趋势。     

极端暴雨下裸地坡面径流及壤中流中碳素输移特征

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了不同雨强(90、120、150mm·h~(-1))和坡度(5°、8°、15°、25°)条件下,南方风化花岗岩母质土壤红土层裸地降雨坡面径流和壤中流中总碳(Total carbon,TC)的流失量及流失过程,并分析了雨强和坡度对TC流失量的影响。结果表明,在坡面径流中,坡度和雨强的增大对碳素质量浓度变化过程影响较小,且流失率曲线与质量浓度曲线呈极显著相关关系,TC流失率变化主要受质量浓度的影响;在壤中流中,TC质量浓度曲线呈现出迅速上升达到最大值后缓慢下降直至平稳的趋势;在试验条件范围内,各坡度条件下,随着雨强的增大,坡面径流中TC流失量增大,而壤中流中TC流失量减小;在大雨强下,坡面径流中TC流失量与坡度没有明显的线性关系,而随着雨强的增大,坡度与壤中流中TC流失量线性关系明显增加;在试验雨强和坡度下,雨强对TC流失总量和坡面径流中TC流失量的影响较坡度更显著,而在壤中流中坡度的影响则更显著。径流中碳素流失量与雨强、坡度及场降雨径流总量之间均有明显的线性关系,R~20.800。结果可为我国南方风化花岗岩母质土壤裸坡径流中TC单位面积流失量的估算提供依据。     

模拟降雨条件下岩溶坡耕地产流产沙特征

采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法,开展了翻耕措施下不同雨强(63mm/h和100mm/h)对岩溶坡耕地产流产沙过程影响的试验研究,结果表明:同一雨强下,坡度越大,产沙量越大;同一坡度下,雨强越大,地表以及地下孔隙流产流越快发生,而壤中流在坡度小于5°时的63mm/h雨强产流较快,坡度大于5°时则100mm/h雨强产流较快;同一坡度时,不同的雨强下产流均以壤中流为主,雨强越大,径流量越大,其中壤中流最大,地表径流最小。以上研究能够为揭示西南喀斯特地区坡耕地土壤水蚀原理和石漠化防治提供理论支撑。     

不同降雨强度下地面坡度对红壤坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了不同降雨条件下地面坡度对红壤坡面产流过程和侵蚀过程的影响,结果表明,红壤坡面起始产流时间随坡度的增加有所提前,但不明显,坡面起始产流时间的早晚主要受降雨强度控制;坡面径流量随雨强的增大而增大,随坡度的变化比较复杂,在雨强为50mm/h时,径流量随坡度的增加而减小,在雨强为75mm/h时,径流量随坡度的增加先增大后减小;不同降雨强度下各坡度的侵蚀产沙率都是在降雨初期急剧上升,随后以指数下降,形成一个向左倾斜的曲线。坡度对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响随雨强的增大而增强;红壤坡面土壤侵蚀量随雨强的增大明显增大,随坡度的增加,在50mm/h小雨强时呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,在坡度20°附近存在临界坡度;在75mm/h雨强下,侵蚀量随坡度增大而增大。     

降雨强度和坡度对黑土坡耕地团聚体流失特征的影响

为量化雨强和坡度对团聚体流失特征的影响,以黑土坡耕地表层土壤(0—10 cm)为研究对象,采用室内模拟降雨的研究方法,对比了不同雨强(78,127 mm/h)及坡度(2°,4°,6°)下团聚体流失特征,并计算了雨强和坡度对团聚体流失量的贡献率。结果表明：(1)相同雨强条件下,团聚体流失总量随坡度的增加显著增加0.70～1.42倍;相同坡度条件下团聚体流失总量随雨强的增加在坡度4°和6°时分别显著增加1.94,2.41倍。雨强是团聚体流失总量的主要影响因子,贡献率为52.44%;(2)随坡度增加,流失团聚体MWD显著减少,D值仅在雨强78 mm/h时显著增加;随雨强增加流失团聚体MWD,D无显著差异;(3)随坡度增加,粒径5～1,1～0.25,0.25～0.053 mm团聚体流失量呈先增加后减少的趋势,粒径<0.053 mm团聚体流失量显著增加。随雨强的增加,小粒径团聚体流失量呈增加趋势,大粒径团聚体流失量仅在高坡度条件下明显增加;(4)雨强是粒径1～0.25,0.25～0.053,<0.053 mm团聚体流失量的主要影响因素,贡献率为27.42%～47.09%;坡度是粒径5...     

人工红壤坡面对超大雨强降雨的响应过程

为了研究人工红壤坡面对超大雨强降雨的响应过程,利用人工模拟降雨系统和变坡土槽,分别采用140,160,190mm/h的雨强和10°,15°,20°,25°的坡度,对经过简单人工处理的红壤坡面在超大雨强降雨条件下的产流产沙响应过程进行了试验。结果表明:经过简单人工处理的红壤坡面在140~190mm/h超大雨强下的土壤侵蚀模数明显低于50~120mm/h雨强下未进行相应处理的坡面,细沟发育较为缓慢,对坡面土壤的处理方式能够有效提高坡面的抗侵蚀能力。在同雨强下,随着坡度的增加,产流时间先延长后缩短,在20°~25°存在产流的临界坡度。侵蚀模数在同雨强下随着坡度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,且不同雨强的临界坡度不一致,雨强为140mm/h时侵蚀临界坡度为15°~20°,雨强为160mm/h和190mm/h时侵蚀临界坡度为20°~25°。总体来看,侵蚀过程受雨强的影响大于坡度的影响,雨强为140mm/h时,不同坡度的侵蚀过程均较为平稳,细沟发育微弱;雨强为160mm/h时,侵蚀有所加强,但侵蚀过程无明显规律;雨强为190mm/h时,侵蚀主要发生在降雨的前30min,且细沟发育相对较为剧烈,30min之后趋于稳定。     

坡度对紫色土坡耕地侵蚀性降雨值的影响

侵蚀性降雨标准是指将发生侵蚀和不发生侵蚀的降雨区分开来的某种降雨参数的临界值.该标准值的确定可以为次降雨是否引起土壤侵蚀和土壤养分流失作出初步判断.利用遂宁水土保持实验站坡耕地小区观测资料,分析发现同一时间序列中坡度对侵蚀次数有极显著的影响(相关系数r=0.968),并拟定川中紫色土坡耕地 5°,10°,15°,20°和25°的侵蚀性降雨的雨量标准分别为55.7,42.9,39.9,39.5,32.0 mm;平均雨强标准分别为8.87,7.86,5.53,5.36,5.24 mm/h;PI标准分别为552.12,416.16,351.09,331.53,239.29 mm~2/h.并通过回归分析拟合了侵蚀性降雨雨量标准与坡度,平均雨强标准与坡度,PI标准与坡度之问的函数关系.     

急陡黄土坡面薄层水流水力学参数变化特征

为探明降雨条件下黄土急陡坡坡面薄层水流水力学特性,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,研究了6个坡度(25°、30°、35°、40°、45°和50°)和3个雨强(1.0 mm min~(-1)、1.5 mm min~(-1)和2.0 mm min~(-1))组合条件下坡面薄层水流水力学参数的变化规律。结果表明:(1)坡度相同时,流速随雨强的增加而增大;雨强相同时,坡度对薄层水流流速的影响存在临界效应(40°~45°),小于临界坡度,流速随坡度的增加而增大,大于临界坡度,流速随坡度增加而减小。(2)各坡度条件下,坡面薄层水流的平均径流水深随降雨强度增加呈平稳增长趋势;相同雨强时,径流深随坡度的增大有减小趋势。(3)黄土急陡坡坡面雷诺数(Re)整体较小(远小于580),试验条件下坡面薄层径流属于层流且水流处于层流中的失稳区;弗劳德数(Fr)大于0.8,薄层水流属于急流。(4)阻力系数(f)随着降雨强度增加而增大,随着坡度的增加而减小。(5)方差分析结果显示,雨强、坡度及二者交互作用对急陡坡坡面薄层水流水力学参数均有显著影响(p0.01),但流速、弗劳德数和阻力系数的变化主要受坡度控制,而径流深和雷诺数的变化主要受雨强控制。     

降雨类型与坡度对棕壤垄沟系统产流产沙的影响

为深入理解棕壤垄作坡耕地的土壤侵蚀机理,利用1.60 m×0.53 m的试验土槽,设计2个降雨类型,即增强型(70～70～100～100 mm/h)和减弱型(100～100～70～70 mm/h),以及2个坡度(9°和18°)的人工模拟降雨试验。每个雨型分2个阶段(阶段I、阶段II),每个阶段进行相同雨强的2个场次降雨,每个场次降雨历时20 min。结果表明:(1)雨强对径流量呈显著影响(P0.05),100 mm/h雨强下的径流量70 mm/h时的径流量。在减弱型雨型下,坡度对径流量影响显著(P0.05),而增强型雨型下在不同阶段坡度对径流量的影响不同。(2)雨强对产沙量的影响显著(P0.05),在阶段Ⅰ降雨中,100 mm/h雨强下9°和18°坡面的平均每分钟产沙量分别为70 mm/h雨强下的23.98,9.07倍。在70 mm/h雨强下,坡度对产沙量的影响显著(P0.05),而100 mm/h雨强下不同阶段坡度对径流量的影响具有差异性。(3)100 mm/h雨强在不同雨型中出现的时序对产沙量影响不显著(P0.05);在70 mm/h雨强下,产沙量整体较小,基本在15 g/min以下。同一雨强在不同雨型中的时序对径流量均存在显著影响(P0.05)。(4)总径流量从大到小依次为:9°减弱型18°减弱型9°增强型18°增强型;总产沙量从大到小依次为:18°增强型18°减弱型9°减弱型9°增强型。不同雨型下,雨强发生改变后,累计径流量和累计产沙量增加速率和雨强的改变具有一致性。     

坡面小区土壤-径流-泥沙中磷素流失特征分析

从土壤-径流-泥沙过程,探讨北京密云石匣小区中不同土地利用类型、植被覆盖度和耕作方式下土壤磷素流失的差异,以及影响土壤磷素流失的主要因子及其相互关系。结果表明:泥沙量变化与降雨量呈现出较好的正相关关系,降雨强度对无植被覆盖小区的土壤侵蚀影响更为显著;产流时间主要受土壤含水量的影响,并与土壤含水量呈正相关;在降雨条件基本相同的前提下,前期土壤含水率越高,污染物的流失量也越大。不同土地利用类型中,农地中颗粒态磷流失量大于果园,林地次之,荒草坡流失量最小,这与各小区前期土壤含磷量的变化趋势基本一致;无植被覆盖小区磷流失量均高于有植被覆盖小区;磷浓度和磷流失量都随坡度增大呈上升趋势,在坡度为15~°20°范围,存在磷流失的坡度临界值,超过坡度临界值,磷流失减小;泥沙中含磷量与泥沙中小于0.001mm的粘粒分布比例呈正相关,说明土壤中粘粒是磷素养分流失的载体,由泥沙携带流失的磷占绝对优势。     

内蒙古自治区柠条种子害虫为害情况及其对柠条种子质量的影响

2003年对内蒙古自治区各柠条产区种子害虫为害情况的系统调查研究结果表明,柠条种子害虫在内蒙古自治区从东到西各调查样地普遍发生,均为柠条种子小蜂(Bruchophagus neocaraganaeLiao)、柠条豆象(Kytorhi-nus immixtusMotschulsky)、豆荚螟(Etiella zinckenellaTreitschke)3种害虫混合为害,所调查地区各样地为害程度均在 以上,平均种子虫害率为26.53%,虫株率达100%;进行了虫害对种子质量的影响评价试验,结果表明,平均每千粒种子因虫害损失掉的重量是3.12 g,种子发芽率平均降低了9.51%。     

Tunnel production enhances quality in organic carrot seed production

Abstract

In Denmark, organic vegetable seed production is possible for some of the late-maturing species when the maturing is performed in lightweight tunnels which are also relevant for the isolation of small-scale production. The tunnel system offers several advantages, e.g., it is possible to control water supply and thereby introduce drought at proven optimum times, restrict geneflow through insect- and pollen-proof netting, raise the temperature to prolong the growing season and hence the crop duration, and reduce pest attack by preventing pest entrance to the tunnel. In an experiment, tunnel production of open-pollinated carrot varieties increased the yield and germination percentages when compared with normal field conditions. Yield was in the range of 100–250 g and 2–17 g seeds m^?2 respectively, and germination percentage was 84–95 and 43–55, respectively. However, hybrid carrot seed production showed lower yields than did their open-pollinated counterparts. Yields ranging from 60–123 g seeds m^?2 can be obtained, but the production needs to be carefully planned and monitored.

Different growing systems in tunnels have been studied in both open-pollinated and hybrid carrot (Daucus carota L.) for their seed production.     

油菜小麦兼用气送式集排器搅种装置设计及充种性能试验

针对小麦种子在气送式集排器供种装置中因流动性差导致充种能力不足的问题，设计了一种可提高小麦充种性能的搅种装置。该文分析了搅种装置影响充种性能的主要因素，确定了搅种齿与搅种轴的主要结构参数，并构建了种子在搅种装置作用下的充种力学模型。应用EDEM仿真分析了搅种装置安装位置对种群压力、种群与供种机构切向力和型孔充种数量及其变异系数的影响；台架试验研究了搅种齿结构及其排布对充种性能和搅种装置与供种机构转速比对供种性能的影响。结果表明：安装搅种装置能明显增加种群压力、切向力、型孔充种数量、充填角和充种合格率。搅种齿长度显著或极显著影响充填角和型孔充种数，搅种齿排列方式显著影响型孔充种数。研究得出影响充填角和型孔充种数的主次因素为：搅种齿长度>排列方式>搅种齿形状。在搅种齿形状为圆柱形，搅种齿长度为6 mm和双螺旋排列方式条件下，充填角、型孔充种数和充种不合格率分别为78.20°、1.73和0.69%。供种速率随锥孔轮数量、转速比和转速增加而增加，在转速为20～40 r/min条件下，选择锥孔轮数量为6和转速比为1.154优化组合时，供种速率及其变异系数分别为690～1340 g/min和0.23～0.80%。该研究为搅种装置结构改进和供种装置充种性能的提高提供了参考。     

Is Direct Seeding a Biologically Viable Strategy for Restoring Forest Ecosystems? Evidences from a Meta‐analysis

Ecological restoration has become an important technique for mitigating the human impacts on natural vegetation. Planting seedlings is the most common approach to regain lost forest cover. However, these activities require a large economic investment. Direct seeding is considered a cheaper and easier alternative technique, in which tree seeds are introduced directly on the site rather than transplanting seedlings from nurseries. To evaluate the effectiveness of direct seeding, we conducted a comprehensive search of the literature using ‘restoration’, ‘direct seeding’ and ‘sowing’ as keywords, and we performed a meta‐analysis using 30 papers and 89 species. We used two different measures of restoration success: seed germination probability and success probability (the chance that a seed germinates and survives until the end of the experiment). In general, restoration attempts using direct‐seeding techniques were relatively unsuccessful. On average, seed germination and success probability were 0·239 and 0·114, respectively, and were not affected by climate, species successional group or the application of pre‐germinative treatments. Germination and success probability increased with seed size, and the use of physical protections resulted in a nearly twofold increase in germination probability, but this effect faded by the end of the experiments. Because of the low rate of seedling success, we suggest the use of direct seeding as a complementary technique to reduce restoration costs, particularly for species with large seeds and known high germination rates, but our results do not support direct seeding as a substitute for seedling planting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

烟草种子超干燥贮藏及其相关技术研究

为最大限度地延长烟草种子寿命，妥善保存烟草种质资源，防止种质资源失传，自1994年以来，先后开展了一系列烟草种子超干燥保存及相关技术研究工作。一是采用不同的干燥剂、干燥剂与种子的不同比例对不同类型的烟草种子进行超干燥处理，即把烟草种子含水率降低到5%以下的超干燥水平，初步查明不同处理的烟草种子在超干燥过程中水分降低和种子活力变化规律，由此推算出烟草种子超干燥保存最佳含水率为1.5%～2.5%。同时也验证了大量烟草种子适合于超干燥处理和保存。二是采用种子活力年平均降低值的3种方法预测了1978～1995年采收的34份烟草种子的贮藏寿命，表明烟草种子在超干燥条件下可保存25年以上。三是把超干燥的种子放在不同的温度和湿度条件下贮藏，最适合的贮藏条件是4℃，其次是-8℃，再次是在室温下的干燥器内保存，在常温的室内或高温(温室)下保存一年后就完全丧失活力。通过对1979～2000年采收的种子苗期和大田期的主要性状观察试验，没有发现超干燥保存的烟草种子有遗传变异。采用上述技术，已成功地保存了1500多份烟草种质资源，并探索出延长烟草种子寿命和安全贮藏的新技术。     

种子流失与迁移的人工降雨模拟试验方法研究

通过室内多组人工降雨模拟试验,探讨了适合于研究坡面种子流失与迁移的种子布设试验方法.结果表明,在常规人工降雨模拟试验方法的基础上,主要需加强以下方面:(1)供试种子要能代表研究区的主要物种及不同的形态特征;(2)鉴于种子的流失主要发生在土壤表层,种子适宜布设在土壤表面;(3)染色种子以区分土壤本身携带的种子;(4)每个物种的种子定点且物种间错位布设,以准确测定种子在坡面上的迁移距离;(5)种子的布设数量不宜过多,以免影响坡面糙度;(6)将大种子布设在种子布设区域的最下端以避免大种子对径流的影响.     

Seed Mass,Shape and Dormancy in Arid Temperate Degraded Grassland in Northeastern Inner Mongolia,China

Extensive studies have been conducted on the relationship between seed mass, shape and persistence in soil. However, the relationship between seed mass, shape and dormancy remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the possible relationship of seed mass and shape with dormancy in 124 plant species from different families, differing in their growth forms, in an arid temperate degraded grassland in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. One‐tailed t‐test was applied to assess the differences in seed mass and shape between dormant and non‐dormant species. Phylogenetically independent contrasts were used to determine whether divergence within individual clades between dormant and non‐dormant seeds was associated with seed mass or seed shape. Our results indicate that the dormant seeds were heavier than 1 mg. Species with dormant seeds had significantly larger seed mass than those with non‐dormant seeds (one‐tailed t‐test = −3·56, p = 0·0005), but there was no significant difference in seed shape between them (one‐tailed t‐test = 0·86, p = 0·195). Furthermore, the relationship between seed mass, shape and dormancy was observed to be linked to phylogeny. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seed Iron in Diverse Soybean Genotypes

ABSTRACT

Iron (Fe) in the embryo fraction of soybean (Glycine max L.) seed is important for seedling growth. Seed Fe accumulation in 27 soybean genotypes differing in seed size was studied at two field locations. Mean seed weight was 148 mg seed^?1 with mean individual genotypic values ranging from 68 to 217 mg seed^?1. Percentage of total seed dry matter in the seed-coat fraction, which was inversely correlated with individual seed weight, was 8.2%, with mean individual genotypic values ranging from 7.0% to 12.4%. Mean seed-Fe concentration [Fe] was 65 μg Fe g^?1, with individual genotypic values ranging from 48 to 81 μg Fe g^?1. Seed Fe relative to dry-matter distribution was much more concentrated in seed coats than in embryos of all genotypes. Mean percentage of total seed Fe located in the seed-coat fraction was 29%, with mean genotypic values ranging from 23% to 38%. Neither seed-Fe characteristic was correlated with individual seed weight. Seed [Fe] was not correlated with seed-manganese (Mn) concentration [Mn]. Mean seed [Fe] for the 27 genotypes was different at the two locations, presumably due to differences in available soil Fe. Both genotype and environment affected seed [Fe] of soybean. Soybean seed coats, a major by-product after oil extraction, are a possible rich source of Fe for human nutrition.     

气吸滚筒式排种器种盘参数对种子分布规律的影响

种盘的结构参数和工作参数直接影响种子的运动状态,从而影响吸种效果,通过对种盘的振动试验分析,为进一步提高气吸滚筒式排种器种盘前端种子分布的均匀性,该文以气吸滚筒式排种器种盘为试验对象,研究了种盘与滚筒角度、激振力加载位置、振动器压力对种子在种盘前端吸种区域分布规律的影响。采用3因素3水平实验设计,得出了种子分布与三个因...     

气吸式杂交稻单粒排种器研制

针对气力式水稻精量排种器充种不稳定、单粒播种精度不高和播种量大的问题,该研究设计了一种具有矩形吸种孔和辅助充种装置的气吸式杂交稻单粒排种器。根据“吉田优”型杂交稻的长短轴重力分布情况,确定排种盘吸种孔形状;基于CFD-DEM(Computational fluid dynamics, Discrete element method)流固耦合理论,以吸附力为指标,进行5类具有相同面积的吸种孔单因素仿真试验,确定吸附力最大的吸种孔规格为0.8 mm×2.25 mm;以该型吸种孔为基础,选取辅助充种角、工作转速和工作负压为试验因素,以单粒率S、多粒率M和漏播率L为试验指标,开展Box-Bhnken台架试验,对试验结果进行响应曲面分析和多目标优化,得到排种盘辅助充种角为80.90°、工作转速为42.65 r/min、工作负压为621 Pa时,排种器的单粒率为86.91%,漏播率为3.63%。验证试验结果的排种器单粒率为86.36%、漏播率为3.41%,与优化结果吻合。研究结果可为后续气吸式杂交稻单粒排种器的优化设计和直播机整机作业精度的提高提供指导。