自动基流分割法在北洛河流域的适宜性对比

基流是枯水季节河川径流的重要补给来源,河川基流量及其变化对流域生态健康和水资源合理利用具有重要作用。确定适宜流域生态环境特点的基流分割法,在基流研究中是十分关键的工作。以北洛河流域上游典型黄土丘陵沟壑区刘家河站的多年实测径流资料为基础,分析BFI,HYSEP、数字滤波等三类共9种基流分割法的适宜性,结果表明:BFI法和HYSEP法分割结果比较接近,所得基流指数在0.399 4~0.428 1。尤其修正BFI法估算的基流量及过程线,能够客观反映研究流域流量过程线退水段的物理规律。综合考虑变异性、稳定性、过程线吻合程度等方面,认为修正BFI法是黄土区水文研究中进行基流分割的适宜方法。     

降水和土地利用变化对罗玉沟流域水沙关系的影响

为探讨降水和土地利用变化对流域水沙关系的影响,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区罗玉沟流域为研究区域,利用流域25年(1986—2010年)的年降水量、年径流量和年输沙量以及土地利用变化资料,分析罗玉沟流域水沙演变规律和水沙关系变化。结果表明:在1986—2010年罗玉沟流域年降水量和汛期降水量基本保持平稳,无明显的增减趋势,而流域年径流量和年输沙量整体呈波动递减的变化趋势,降水与径流相关分析得出,汛期产流产沙对流域年径流量和年输沙量影响最显著。对不同时期流域水沙变化分析,土地利用方式改变,主要是梯田、林草等水土保持措施,对于流域减水减沙作用有限,梯田和林草面积的增加并未明显改变流域水沙关系,淤地坝等工程措施对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区流域减水减沙具有重要作用。研究结果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理及水土保持措施布设提供理论依据。     

自动基流分割方法在黄土区流域的应用研究

基流是河川径流在枯水季节的主要径流来源.由于难以通过实测方法获得基流量数据,选择适合的基流分割技术对于基流研究至关重要.利用黄土区6个流域的多年径流量资料,选取PART法、滤波法及滑动最小值法等目前广泛使用的自动基流分割方法对区域内河流的基流量进行了分割,以检验自动基流分割方法在本地区的适用性,并应用选定的基流分割方法对黄土区流域的基流特点做了简单分析.研究结果表明,3种方法所获得的基流指数值有所差异,滤波法分割的基流过程与实际基流状况更为相符.因此,滤波法可作为黄土区流域基流的最优分割方法.应用滤波法得到的研究流域基流占总径流比重为37%～64%,而基流量在近50 a中呈现逐渐降低趋势.     

黄土高原泾河流域梯田对河道径流及生态基流影响

[目的]定量分析泾河流域梯田建设对河道径流、生态基流的影响程度,为流域梯田建设提供一定理论支撑。[方法]采用合作开发的嵌入梯田模块的SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型模拟河道径流量。[结果]嵌入梯田模块的SWAT模型在模拟河道径流时可满足模型模拟精度的要求;随着梯田面积增加,河道年径流量减少,生态基流保障程度提高,年、月生态基流不满足天数降低;梯田的年平均减流量为4.25×104 m3/(km2·a);梯田具有蓄洪补枯作用,且对丰水期的调控效果高于枯水期,对河道生态基流的影响为:枯水期平水期丰水期。[结论]嵌入梯田模块的SWAT模型在该流域具有较好的适用性,提高流域内梯田面积是滞洪补枯的有效手段之一,在一定程度上保障了河道生态基流。     

新兴城市城区建设对周边水系生态基流的影响——以杨凌农业高新技术产业示范区为例

[目的]针对城市建设对周边水系河流生态特别是生态基流影响研究薄弱的问题,以陕西省杨凌示范区及城边水系为研究对象,分析新兴城市城区建设与周边水系生态基流内在联系,为流域生态用水规划和河流水资源合理配置提供科学依据。[方法]采用最枯月平均流量法计算河流生态基流量,以河流最枯月月均流量与城市建设用地面积间的关系确定保护河流生态功能的城市建设用地面积警戒值,并从输沙消污角度研究了城区建设对保障生态基流的影响。[结果]①杨凌城边的渭河、漆水河和小韦河需要保障的生态基流量分别约为6.0,0.2和0.1 m~3/s,宜作为杨凌示范区用水规划和3条河流水资源调配的依据;②小韦河最枯月月均流量与杨凌示范区城市建设用地面积之间的内在联系符合指数函数规律,保障小韦河生态基流的城市建设用地面积警戒值约为60 km~2;③小韦河水体总氮和总磷月均浓度总体超过Ⅴ类水质标准,小韦河冬、春两季高污的现状使其生态基流的保障问题更加严峻和迫切。[结论]杨凌示范区城市建设与保障城边河流生态基流特别是小韦河生态基流的关系密切,海绵型城市建设是今后新兴城市建设的重要发展方向。     

无定河流域基流变化特征及其对降水的响应

基流是干旱区河流水资源的重要组成部分，在维持河川径流和维护流域生态安全等方面具有重要作用。探究无定河流域基流变化特征及其对降水的响应，对优化黄土高原水资源配置意义重大。基于无定河流域1960—2019年逐日降水量、径流量数据，利用数字滤波法、小波变换、双累积曲线及弹性系数法等，分析了降水量与基流深年际和年内变化特征，探讨了降水量与基流深的时频域关系及基流对降水的时滞效应，并明确了降水—基流关系的变化方向。结果表明：无定河流域年基流深和年基流指数分别呈极显著下降趋势(p<0.001)和不显著增大趋势(p<0.1),多年平均值分别为23.83 mm和0.67。基流深和基流指数值在春秋两季较大，夏冬两季较小；夏秋季降水对基流的控制能力在高能量和低能量区均明显强于春冬季；基流对降水的年均时滞时长为3.2天，月均(5—10月)时滞时长均在7天内。在过去60年间，流域基流储量增加7倍以上；降水量与基流深的关系发生2次变化，变化点分别为1971年和2000年；2000年后基流对降水的敏感性减弱，二者关系变化的方向更加稳定。研究结果以期为黄河中游地区水资源可持续开发利用提供理论支撑。     

基于AnnAGNPS模型的黄土高原小流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

以位于黄土丘陵沟壑区的砖窑沟流域为试点，利用AnnAGNPS模型进行土壤侵蚀定量评价。采用流域8次径流事件监测数据进行模型检验，径流量和沉积物量的相对误差分别为10%和-10%，AnnAGNPS模型能够比较理想地模拟流域长期的径流量和沉积物量，并可应用于黄土丘陵沟壑区的径流流失和土壤侵蚀定量评价。采用2004年土地利用状况模拟分析了流域土壤侵蚀量及其空间分布，结果表明：该流域平均片蚀和细沟侵蚀强度为3508 t/(km²·a)，属中度侵蚀等级，黄土沟壑地的平均侵蚀强度最大，属极强度侵蚀等级；严重的沟道侵蚀显著增加了运移到流域出口的泥沙。     

基于CA-Markov模型的藉河流域土地利用变化动态模拟

为了探讨黄土丘陵沟壑区藉河流域的土地利用变化规律及驱动力,基于1995和2008年两期遥感影像解译得到的土地利用数据,通过土地利用动态度模型和空间测算模型对藉河流域土地利用类型的动态变化程度进行分析,并运用CA-Markov模型对2022年土地利用空间格局进行预测.结果表明,空间分析测算模型由于同时考虑了各土地利用类型的空间转移及新增过程,能更为准确地测算出各种土地利用类型的动态变化程度与速率;CA-Markov模型预测结果表明,整个流域总体的Kappa系数为0.9515,预测结果可信;除草地和未利用地外,2008-2022年期间其他土地利用类型继续原有的变化趋势,到了2022年表现出坡耕地、草地、水域和未利用地面积减少趋势,梯田、林地和居民地面积呈增加趋势.黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失严重,此研究有助于加强土地资源的保护和实施退耕还林还草等措施,为当地土地利用规划管理提供参考.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土地利用与水土保持措施的变化特征

为了给生态环境脆弱的黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的土地利用和水土保持措施提供有效的决策支持,该文通过对甘肃省天水市罗玉沟流域和吕二沟流域这两个黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型流域的土地利用变化、水土保持措施变化及其驱动力进行分析,研究各个驱动因子对土地利用变化的影响以及水土保持措施的变化。利用TM、ETM+影像图,同时结合实测资料从而计算出该两流域在研究时段内的土地利用的变化贡献率、变化强度指数和变化速度3项指数,然后结合流域的各项水土保持措施的统计资料进行分析。研究结果表明:罗玉沟流域林地和梯田的面积均有显著增加,坡耕地面积显著减少;吕二沟流域林地面积增加明显,而草地和灌木面积急剧萎缩。这也与该两流域在水土保持措施方面以修建梯田和造林为主是一致的。同时,在影响土地利用变化的各个驱动因子中,社会经济因素对于土地利用变化的影响较大。     

流域基流氮磷流失的非点源污染定量研究

利用数字滤波技术,在结合基流营养物负荷量消退过程和气象因子影响分析的基础上,提出并建立了基流营养物日负荷量分割的递归滤波算法,对浙江嵊州长乐江流域基流氮磷流失进行定量分析。结果表明,基流总氮(TN)日负荷量模拟值的R2为0.86,模拟效率系数NSE为0.72;基流总磷(TP)日负荷量模拟值的R2为0.65,NSE为0.63。用该方法对长乐江流域2003—2012年基流养分流失量的定量分析结果表明,全流域TN和TP年平均基流流失量分别高达1 317.6t(15.25kg/hm2)和51.8t(0.60kg/hm2),占该流域平均TN和TP总径流流失量的61.82%和56.92%。随着降雨量的增加,长乐江流域近年来的基流TN和TP流失量均呈现出极显著的上升趋势,已经成为河流非点源污染不可忽视的重要污染源。     

渠江流域基流变化及气象关联性分析

河川径流是水资源的重要存在形式,基流是径流的重要组成部分,研究基流变化及影响因素对于掌握流域水资源变化具有重要的意义。采用渠江流域2007—2018年日流量资料,对9种不同基流分割方法的适用性及基流变化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)不同方法差异较大,时间步长法和滑动最小值法分割结果偏高,F4滤波法方差与变异系数分别为0.038和0.138,说明该方法分割更加稳定且离散程度较低,在渠江流域适用性最好;(2)流域多年平均基流指数31.5%,年内存在伏汛与秋汛双汛期,多年平均月降水、径流和基流变化趋势存在一致性,而且流域径流、基流峰现时间相对于降水存在滞后性;(3)采用小波相干分析,表明流域降水和基流序列均存在10~14个月的变化周期且同向变化,时频上基流滞后于降水序列,同时基流对气候变化的响应具有时滞性,当基流相对于同期气候指数滞后8~10个月时二者的相关程度显著提升。研究成果有助于提升对渠江流域基流变化的认识,为流域水资源管理与调控提供一定的科学依据。     

无定河流域风沙滩区河道基流变化规律与驱动因素分析

为探究风沙滩区河道基流变化规律与主要驱动因素,以1954—2018年无定河流域赵石窑水文站实测水文数据和多站点的降水量数据等资料为基础,分析比较3类方法(时间步长法、数字滤波法和平滑最小值法)对无定河流域风沙滩区河道基流分割的适用性,揭示河道基流量的变化特征,量化分析引起基流量变化的驱动因素(降水、植被覆盖度和农业灌溉等)。结果表明：时间步长法中的局部最小值法对风沙滩区河道基流分割结果较其他方法更为合理,其中多年(1954—2018年)平均基流量为3.29×10⁸ m³,基流指数均值为0.71;基流量总体呈极显著下降趋势,且在1972年和2000年发生突变,其周期性变化主要由第1主周期(32年)控制;无定河流域风沙滩区河道基流变化是降水、植被覆盖度和农业灌溉等因素综合影响的结果,其中水文序列第2阶段(1973—2000年)和第3阶段(2001—2018年)与第1阶段(1954—1972年)相比,降水对基流量变化的贡献率分别为29.35%和4.52%,人类活动(植被覆盖度和农业灌溉)的贡献率分别为70.65%和95.48%,说明人类活动是其变化...     

Analysis of the influence of gully erosion in the flow pattern of catchment streams, Southeastern Brazil

The baseflow of tributaries to the Velhas River in the northwest region of Ouro Preto County (São Francisco Basin, Brazil) has been declining in the last years, without a simultaneous decrease in the water input. This can only be attributed to badly planned human activities, which result in soil crusting or compaction, erosion, among other types of impact, such as groundwater overexploitation and wetland drainage. Almost all of the study area has been eroded by hundreds of large-size gullies. In order to analyze the influence of erosion in the hydrological behavior of small streams, two similar and contiguous catchments were selected. The only remarkable difference between them is a gully that occupies circa 42% of one of the catchments (“eroded catchment”). Rainfall, flow rates and chemical data were obtained throughout a hydrological year and the results showed that the eroded catchment presented smaller baseflow rates and bigger but short-lived stormflows. This contrasting flow regime is attributed to the gully, which is causing the partial withdraw of the regolith and the exposure of weathered rock. As the regolith has smaller hydraulic conductivities and higher storage coefficients, the exposure of weathered rock on the gully floor explains the odd flow behavior of the eroded catchment. Other studies in the same region confirm the impact caused by the gullies. Thus, the superposition of many gullies can cause decrease of the baseflow and increase of the stormflow. As gullies are very common erosion features in Brazil, they should be much more studied in order to better understand this and other similar types of environmental impact.     

基流分割方法研究进展

[目的]针对基流分割理论和方法所存在的争议,对基流分割研究进展进行综述,为今后基流研究提供参考。[方法]采用综述方法较为系统地阐述了基流的定义,对基流分割方法进行了回顾和分析,包括图解法、数值模拟法、水量平衡法以及同位素和水化学法等。[结果]重点研究和评述了基流分割方法的理论基础、优缺点以及适用范围,提出当前基流分割方法研究所存在的问题及其未来研究的趋势。[结论]迄今为止,尚未找到一种得到普遍认同的基流分割方法,还需进一步加强基流分割理论与方法研究,形成统一、完善的理论体系,科学、合理地确定基流,并探讨基流变化特征及其驱动因子,这将是未来基流研究的重要内容。     

Effects of forest cover type and ratio changes on runoff and its components

Changes in forest cover can affect not only the total runoff from a watershed, but also the runoff components (e.g., surface runoff, interflow, groundwater flow). In this study, based on the WetSpa model simulation method and the recursive digital filtering (RDF) method, the Banchengzi watershed in the mountainous region of Beijing, China, was selected to investigate how changes in forest cover type and cover percentage affect total runoff, surface runoff, interflow, and groundwater flow through scenario settings. Our results show that the difference between the WetSpa model and the RDF method for separating runoff components is small, with only 4.7% and 0.4% difference between the calibration and validation periods. Total runoff in different forest types followed the order shrub forest > coniferous forest > mixed forest > broadleaf forest. Regarding runoff components, the proportions of baseflow (sum of interflow and groundwater flow) to total runoff were 61.1% and 60.8% for broadleaf and mixed forests, which was significantly higher than those of 53.0% and 43.1% for coniferous and shrub forests. However, the proportion of shrub forest baseflow was high in wet years, and that of broadleaf forest baseflow was high in normal and dry years. The proportions of interflow and groundwater flow from various forest cover types to total runoff continued to increase with increasing forest cover rate. Our results have important implications for the implementation of afforestation projects and forest conservation programs, contributing to water resource regulation and ecosystem protection in watersheds.     

基于VB 6.0的生态基流计算软件开发与应用

针对目前河流生态基流量尚无统一的计算平台,各种方法的计算和对比研究较为繁琐等问题,使用Visual Basic 6.0作为开发工具,开发出界面友好,操作简单,交互性强,包含12种水文学、水力学计算方法的河流生态基流量计算软件。该软件不仅简化了生态基流量计算步骤,而且便于不同方法之间的相互比较。使用该软件对渭河关中段进行了实例研究,结果发现不同方法的计算结果差别较大。选择8种单流量计算方法的平均值13.7m3/s作为渭河关中段的生态基流量,选择与研究区流量实际变化情况较为吻合的Texas法计算结果作为渭河关中段月生态基流量序列。该软件的开发与应用为今后河流生态基流量动态计算奠定了基础。     

Urbanization Development under Climate Change: Hydrological Responses in a Peri‐Urban Mediterranean Catchment

Relatively few studies have so far investigated the hydrological impacts of urbanization in Mediterranean catchments, and particularly in peri‐urban catchments experiencing relatively rapid and large changes in their land‐use mosaic. This study uses data‐based model simulations to investigate such impacts, with the Ribeira dos Covões catchment in Portugal as a concrete Mediterranean peri‐urban catchment example. We distinguish the impacts of urbanization from those of climatic change on the water flux partitioning and connectivity in the catchment over the period 1958–2013. Decrease in precipitation over this period has primarily driven decreases in annual runoff and actual evapotranspiration, while the urbanization development has primarily changed the relative flux partitioning and connectivity pattern in the catchment. The relative contribution of overland flow to annual and seasonal runoff has increased, keeping the absolute overland flow more or less intact, while the baseflow contribution to the stream network has decreased. Methodologically, the present simulation approach provides a relevant means for distinguishing main drivers of change in hydrological flux partitioning and connectivity under concurrent urbanization and climatic changes. © 2017 The Authors. Land Degradation & Development Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Episodic acidification of three streams in Shenandoah National Park,Virginia, USA

Short-term acidification of surface waters in the eastern United States accompanying rainfall and snowmelt events represents an important aspect of the regional acidification problem. The objectives of this field study were to (1) examine the changes in acid-base chemistry during stormflow conditions, (2) understand the hydrological flowpaths that control streamwater acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), and (3) evaluate the contribution of individual ions to the overall changes in streamwater ANC. Three forested mountain streams in Shenandoah National Park (Paine Run, Piney River, and Staunton River) were chosen based on their similar catchment size (11–13 km²) but different bedrock geology and baseflow ANC. Throughout the three-year study, samples were collected at eight-hour intervals (primarily to establish antecedent baseflow conditions), and at two-hour intervals during events until the flow receded. All samples were analyzed for pH, ANC, and all major cations and anions. During storm events, pH and ANC decreases were observed in all streams, with ANC becoming negative several times in Paine Run. Base cation concentrations typically increased in Paine Run and Staunton River, but usually decreased in Piney River. Sulfate and nitrate concentrations generally increased in all streams. Antecedent baseflow ANC was found to be the best predictor of the minimum ANC. The data from more than 40 episodes on these streams (initiated by 25 different storm events) are interpreted to evaluate the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic sources of acidity to these acid-sensitive natural waters.