北川河流域退耕还林还草地主要植物群落物种多样性研究

对大通县北川河流域内不同植物群落全面考察的基础上,根据立地条件、植被及土地利用方式等因素,选取代表性地段,设置了24个标准地,应用丰富度指数、Gleason指数、Simpon指数、Shannon-Wienner指数和均匀度指数来综合分析物种丰富度、生态优势度、群落物种多样性和均匀度。结果表明:在不同的退耕时间序列上,随着时间的推移,群落逐渐趋于稳定,群落物种多样性和丰富度呈“小-大-小”的变化过程,而均匀度和优势度指数呈“大-小-大”的变化过程;对不同起源地的群落多样性,天然林>退耕地>耕地,且退耕多年地段的群落物种多样性接近于天然林。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被自然恢复过程——以吴起县双树沟流域为例

采用TWINSPAN分类法对黄土丘陵沟壑区吴起县双树沟流域30个自然恢复草地植被进行分类，并对分类后各植被群落特征和地上生物量进行统计分析。结果表明：在自然恢复条件下，随着退耕年限的不断增加，退耕地植被自然恢复依次经历了猪毛蒿群落-赖草＋长芒草群落-赖草＋铁杆蒿群落-铁杆蒿群落-铁杆蒿＋茭蒿群落5个发展阶段，地带性植被类型铁杆蒿＋茭蒿群落在研究区内开始出现，并且已经占有一定优势；随着退耕地植被自然恢复的不断进行，Margalef等丰富度指数以及Shannon-wiener等多样性指数、Pielou等物种均匀度指数和地上生物量都呈现出先减小后增大的发展趋势；在植被自然恢复的稳定阶段，虽然物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数有一定的增加，但是相对恢复初期来讲还是有所下降，并且有达到与初期相当水平的趋势；物种丰富度指数均在第1恢复阶段最大，而均匀度指数Jsw以及Shannon-wiener指数在第5恢复阶段最高。随着退耕地植被自然恢复的不断进行，植被群落总盖度随着退耕年限的延长而不断增大。     

侵蚀环境撂荒地植物群落恢复动态研究

以侵蚀环境不同退耕撂荒年限样地为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列的方法调查植物群落特征,分析植物恢复过程。结果表明：植物群落覆盖度和地上生物量随退耕撂荒年限的增加,恢复演替的推进逐渐增大;群落物种多样性指数与撂荒年限呈正相关,而群落优势度指数与撂荒年限呈负相关;物种多样性指数能极好地反映群落物种丰富度,并能客观表达物种的动态变化,其演变呈升—降—升的趋势,退耕撂荒3、10和25 a左右时为物种多样性指数的高峰。植物群落结构稳定性与物种多样性、群落生物量、覆盖度和优势度关系密切,随着退耕撂荒地植被恢复演替的进展,植被结构稳定性呈阶梯式增强,从而为侵蚀环境生态恢复提供了基础保障。     

晋西北退耕地物种多样性研究

以晋西北偏关县退耕还林地为研究对象,在退耕5,4和3 a(分别为2000年,2001年,2002年)的退耕地分别取120个1 m×1 m的样方,在对照区取24个1 m×1 m的样方,对其进行调查,应用丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度及生态优势度等指标,综合测度物种多样性。结果表明,随着退耕时间的延长,退耕地的物种丰富度、多样性指数逐渐增大,生态优势度逐渐减小,退耕地的物种多样性比撂荒地明显增加。     

黄土丘陵区退耕地植被景观时空变异特征

对黄土丘陵区退耕地植被特征的时空变异性进行了研究.结果表明,不同植被类型区植被特征之间差异不是很显著,仅延安与安塞在物种丰富度之间和安塞与吴旗在物种多样性之间存在较显著的差异(0.01＜p＜0.05),其它的两两之间的差异并不明显.延安森林带北缘→安塞森林草原带植被指数呈下降趋势,降幅最大为17.65%,变异系数呈增大趋势,增幅最大为21.49%;安塞森林草原带→吴旗草原带物种丰富度指数及其变异系数都呈增大趋势,而物种多样性和均匀度指数呈减小趋势,其变异系数呈增大趋势.植被指数随退耕年限的变化趋势图都有两个明显的峰值,并在退耕20年左右后植被群落逐渐稳定.     

宁夏盐池县人工封育区植物群落的β多样性

根据4个样地40个样方资料,应用二元属性数据和数量数据对宁夏盐池人工封育区植物群落的β多样性进行了测度。结果表明:(1)Cody指数(βC),以及由群落相似性指数Jaccard指数(Cj)和Sorenson指数(Cs)得到的多样性指数(βCJ和βCS),在反映群落随时间梯度变化方面趋于一致,较好地反映了不同生境梯度上群落的差异。(2)数量数据测度方法中,以相对盖度和重要值为指标的测度结果更为合理。(3)根据数量数据Morisita—Horn指数测度的结果,长期的封育不利于植物群落的演替,使群落更易受到环境的影响。     

黄土丘陵区退耕草地群落盖度与地上生物量关系

揭示黄土丘陵区退耕草地群落盖度与地上生物量的关系,对系统评价草地群落恢复潜力和水土保持效益具有重要意义。以黄土丘陵区5个退耕年限(5 a,10 a,15 a,20 a,30 a)草地群落为对象,通过照相法、群落调查和刈割法测定了草地群落盖度、物种组成和地上生物量。结果表明:群落高度、盖度与地上生物量呈显著正相关关系,与物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈显著负相关关系。群落盖度与地上生物量随退耕年限增加总体呈增加趋势,不同退耕年限草地群落间物种丰富度和多样性指数无显著差异。退耕20 a群落的植物密度、高度和单位盖度地上生物量值均最低,盖度和地上生物量与退耕15 a相比显著下降。各退耕年限草地群落优势种分别为:5 a是狗尾草(Setaria viridis)和达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica),10 a和15 a是达乌里胡枝子和铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii),20 a是铁杆蒿和菊叶委陵菜(Potentilla tanacetifolia),30 a为长芒草(Stipa bungeana)。当草地群落盖度低于84.6%时,盖度与地上生物量呈极显著线性正相关关系,当盖度大于84.6%后,群落盖度不随地上生物量增加而变化。群落盖度84.6%和地上生物量285.17 g/m~2可作为黄土丘陵区退耕草地植被恢复评价和调控措施的参考值。     

黄土丘陵区人工与自然植物群落物种多样性研究--以安塞县为例

选取4个物种多样性指数对黄土丘陵区(安塞)主要的天然及人工群落物种多样性进行了研究,试图讨论植被恢复重建途径与物种多样性的关系。结果表明：处于植被自然恢复阶段的群落其物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数均在演替的第三阶段较高;人工灌木群落的多样性指数和丰富度指数都要大于人工草本群落,但是人工草本群落的均匀度指数要比人工灌木群落大;同样．天然植物群落比人工植物群落的均匀度指数小,但其物种丰富度、多样性指数均高于人为干预的人工植物群落。     

喀斯特环境移民迁出区植物多样性研究

本文运用“空间代替时间”的方法，对移民迁出区的植物多样性进行了调查研究，结果表明：不同植物群落演替阶段草本层物种多样性指数相对较为稳定，而均匀度指数与丰富度指数相对变化较大；各样地灌木层物种多样性指数总体上有缓慢递增趋势；乔木样地乔木层的物种多样性指数基本无变化，但是物种丰富度呈现递增趋势，而均匀度先缓慢上升转而迅速下降；同一群落内物种多样性比较基本上是灌木层〉草本层；乔木林的分层多样性比较表现出灌木层〉乔木层〉草本层的规律。从整个群落总变化趋势看，随着恢复年限的增加和演替阶段的提高，整个群落的物种多样性指数呈明显的阶段跳跃性增长，出现多样性指数乔木林〉灌丛〉草丛的规律。实施环境移民工程10年来，植被群落各演替阶段的物种丰富度与多样性稳步增加，封育后植被恢复效果明显，生态环境得到了极大改善。     

乌兰布和沙漠降水量对典型灌木群落结构及多样性的影响

[目的]分析降水量对乌兰布和沙漠植被群落结构特征及多样性变化的影响,为乌兰布和沙漠植被保护与植物资源持续利用提供理论依据。[方法]应用2011—2013年固定样方调查数据和同期降水量资料,对乌兰布和沙漠典型灌木群落结构及物种多样性与年降水量的变化相关性进行分析。[结果]降水量对3个典型灌木群落物种数及分科有显著影响。降水量增加,驼绒藜群落物种数增加了5种(新增加2个科别),霸王群落物种数增加了12种(新增加2个科别),四合木群落物种数增加了12种(新增加6个科别);降水量对驼绒藜群落、霸王群落、四合木群落中1年生草本与多年生草本影响最大,对灌木与半灌木影响不大;降水量的增加提高了3个典型灌木群落物种丰富度与物种多样性,有效增加了四合木群落与驼绒藜群落的相似性,减小了两个群落之间的生境差异;降水量与3个典型灌木群落物种数、盖度、丰富度指数(R)、均匀度指数(E)、多样性指数均呈正相关关系,且相关系数均大于0.600 0。[结论]研究区内降水量对3个典型灌木群落物种数、盖度、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均具有显著影响。     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源研究进展

产地溯源是保护农产品品牌及地区特色产品、防止欺诈、保护消费者权益的有效保障。稳定同位素指纹分析是用于食品产地溯源的有效技术之一,具有高效、准确、可靠的特点。本文系统分析了近5年来,稳定同位素指纹分析技术在植物源性初级农产品、加工农产品溯源中的应用以及稳定同位素在食品加工过程中分馏变化的研究进展。在此基础上,展望了今后稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源中的研究重点和发展方向。     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

塔克拉玛干西部别里库姆沙漠NDVI时空变化特征

基于GIS技术和统计手段,利用GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI数据集,并结合气温和降水0.5°×0.5°格网数据集,分析1981—2014年塔塔克拉玛干西部别里库姆沙漠NDVI时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)研究区NDVI半月值呈下降趋势,NDVI春冬季值整体为上升趋势,NDVI夏秋季值整体为下降趋势,NDVI年均值呈上升趋势;(2)1982—2014年NDVI值增加区域大于减少区域,整体上空间分布向南部移动,NDVI较大值主要在南坡和西坡;(3)植被覆盖度分布在0~0.004 3。