不同乳化剂对姜黄素乳液理化稳定性的影响

姜黄素具有许多生物活性功能,但较差的溶解度和稳定性限制了其在食品和医药领域的应用。为筛选出具有良好稳定性的姜黄素乳液,本研究以亚麻籽油为姜黄素的油相载体,经高压均质法制备出姜黄素乳液中研究卵磷脂、吐温-80、阿拉伯胶和乳清分离蛋白4种食品级乳化剂对姜黄素乳液的理化特性和贮藏稳定性的影响,从包埋率、浊度、粒径、电位等方面进行稳定性评价。结果表明,吐温-80稳定的姜黄素乳液中姜黄素包埋率较高(76.98%),浊度和平均粒径最小,分别为848.0 NTR、214.23±1.52 nm;同时在贮藏期内姜黄素乳液的平均粒径变化最小,增长不到1%,贮藏稳定性表现良好。同时,4℃低温条件下姜黄素保留率最高,达到88.02%。结果表明,选用吐温-80作为乳化剂,姜黄素乳液具有最好的溶解性和稳定性,这为今后姜黄素在食品工业中的广泛应用提供了新思路。     

蛋白水解物及多糖负载姜黄素制备纳米颗粒及其稳定性

为了提供一种姜黄素纳米颗粒的制备载体,该文以玉米醇溶蛋白水解物(zein hydrolyate,ZH)和大豆可溶性多糖(soluble soybean polysaccharides,SSPS)复合物(ZH-SSPS)为原料,通过反溶剂纳米沉淀法制备了一种水溶性姜黄素纳米颗粒(curcumin nanoparticles,Cur-Ps),并考查了SSPS与ZH在制备姜黄素纳米颗粒中的协同作用。研究结果表明,当ZH的质量浓度在2.5 mg/m L以下时,SPSS的存在会使姜黄素的水溶性有所提高。当ZH的质量浓度在2.5 mg/m L以上时,姜黄素在水中的溶解量可高达135μg/m L,SSPS的加入无法使姜黄素的水溶性进一步提升。在中性条件(p H值7.0)或低离子强度(50 mmol/L)下,ZH及ZH-SSPS分别制备的姜黄素纳米颗粒(Cur-Ps)都具有良好的胶体稳定性。但在酸性(p H值为4.5和2.0)或高离子强度(200 mmol/L)下,ZH-SSPS较单独的ZH制备的Cur-Ps具有更好的胶体稳定性。体外释放研究表明,ZH及ZH-SSPS分别制备的Cur-Ps都具有一定的缓释作用,但ZH-SSPS制备的Cur-Ps具有更好的缓释效果,6 h的累积释放率在80%以下。1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)游离基氧化稳定性试验表明,姜黄素经纳米包埋后其氧化稳定性得到了显著提高(P0.05)。此外,ZH-SSPS制备的Cur-Ps冻干粉呈现多孔的海绵状结构,其复溶率显著提高(P0.05),可达90%以上。因此,SSPS和ZH在制备Cur-Ps的过程中具有明显的协同作用。利用ZH-SSPS制备的Cur-Ps溶液,外观澄清透明,能够为功能性饮料的营养强化提供借鉴。     

α-乳白蛋白提高β-胡萝卜素乳液稳定性

为了提高β-胡萝卜素乳液稳定性,该研究利用α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)为乳化剂,考察了不同α-LA添加量(0.25%~3.00%)对10%的水包油(O/W)β-胡萝卜素乳液粒径、电位、快速稳定性、包埋率、界面α-LA含量和化学稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着α-LA添加量的增加,β-胡萝卜素乳液粒径减小,电位增加,包埋率提高;当α-LA添加量大于1.50%时,乳液粒径、电位和包埋率不再随着α-LA添加量的增加而变化(P0.05)。乳液的Turbiscan扫描指数(TSI)在α-LA添加量大于1.50%之后没有显著性变化,β-胡萝卜素乳液趋于稳定。随着α-LA添加量的增加,水油界面上α-LA含量显著增加(P0.05)。当α-LA添加量大于1.00%时,β-胡萝卜素在乳液中的保留率不再随着α-LA添加量的增加而增加。研究结果表明α-LA是一种可以应用在β-胡萝卜素乳液中的乳化剂,在α-LA添加量为1.50%时,可以得到物理和化学稳定性较好的β-胡萝卜素乳液,为食品工业中应用β-胡萝卜素提供了参考。     

纳米化阿维菌素悬浮剂的制备及部分性质研究

为了使阿维菌素的分散性、稳定性、适应性更强,利用壳聚糖带阳离子的特性,使其与带阴离子的三聚磷酸钠发生离子交联,包裹部分阿维菌素颗粒后形成纳米载药颗粒,制备了水基纳米阿维菌素悬浮剂。透射电子显微镜、粒度分析仪和紫外分光光度法检测结果显示,在纳米阿维菌素悬浮剂中,悬浮粒子呈不规则圆形,87.46%粒子的粒径位于18～102.2nm之间,平均粒径为28.46nm,阿维菌素的载药量为48.25%,在光照下的稳定性增强,经过16h紫外光照,纳米阿维菌素悬浮剂中阿维菌素降解率为38.41%,比同样条件下制备的纳米化阿维菌素微乳剂降解率低11.46%,比原药的降解率低29.41%。该悬浮剂的分散性、离心稳定性都为优级,对水温、不同水质水的适应能力强。     

复配亚麻籽油和辅酶Q10乳液的制备及表征

亚麻籽油和辅酶Q10都具有水中溶解度低、稳定性差、生物利用度低等缺点。将亚麻籽油和辅酶Q10(coenzyme Q10,CoQ10)同时负载于乳液中,可解决两者的应用瓶颈。使用阿拉伯胶为乳化剂,采用高压均质法制备复配亚麻籽油和CoQ10乳液。采用动态光散射、透射电子显微镜、体外模拟消化、体外释放、稀释稳定性、冻融稳定性、离子强度稳定性、光稳定性和加速氧化稳定性方法对所制备乳液的理化性质进行表征。结果显示,制备的乳液平均粒径为(284±5.6) nm,多分散指数(polydispersity index,PDI)为0.112±0.025,为均匀分散的球形液滴。制备的乳液在模拟小肠液中消化,和亚麻籽油、CoQ10混悬液相比,乳化后亚麻籽油的消化速率和CoQ10的生物可给率明显提高。乳液中CoQ10的释放表现出缓释效果。制备的乳液具有较好的稀释和冻融稳定性。Na^+和Ca^2+会造成乳液Zeta电位的下降,对乳液稳定性影响较大。乳液载体化后CoQ10的光稳定性得到了提高。CoQ10对亚麻籽油具有较好的保护作用。     

玉米醇溶蛋白-壳聚糖纳米营养递送粒子的制备及性质

利用蛋白质和多糖构建纳米营养递送载体，是提高食品活性物质稳定性及利用率的重要手段。为了构建具有缓释特性的纳米营养递送体系，该研究以玉米醇溶蛋白（zein）为基材，构建玉米醇溶蛋白-壳聚糖纳米营养递送体系，以姜黄素（Cur）为营养模型，探究了壳聚糖分子量、zein与壳聚糖质量比对纳米粒子及其负载Cur性能的影响，通过扫描电子显微镜（Scanning Electron Microscope，SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy，FTIR）等方法表征其结构，阐明复合纳米粒子形成机制，探讨其稳定性和缓释性能。结果表明：不同分子量的壳聚糖对纳米粒子的粒径、多分散性指数和zeta电位有影响。高分子量壳聚糖的加入可使纳米粒子粒径减小，且更加稳定。在zein与高分子量壳聚糖质量比为8∶1时，制备纳米粒子粒径较小（80.13 nm），其zeta电位为46.18 mV；在此条件下，当姜黄素添加量为1.0%时，其包封率和负载量分别为82.93%和8.29%；通过SEM观察，纳米粒子呈球形，分布均匀；氢键及静电相互作用是组装该纳米粒子的作用力；壳聚糖的引入提高了纳米粒子的pH值、离子及储藏稳定性，扩展了其应用范围；与游离的姜黄素相比，纳米营养递送粒子呈现明显的缓释特性。研究结果为构建具有缓释特性的营养递送体系提供了理论基础。     

鸡白细胞介素2（IL-2）DNA-壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及体外转染

构建了携带鸡白细胞介素2(IL-2)编码基因的重组真核表达质粒,通过复凝聚法制备了含有该重组真核表达质粒的壳聚糖纳米粒子.对制备的IL-2DNA-壳聚糖纳米粒子(IL-2 DNA-chitosan nanoparticles)进行了表征.纳米粒子呈球形,粒径分布范围为50～500nm,表面带正电,电势为+17.8mV,DNA质量占纳米粒子总质量的40.2%.DNA酶保护性、稳定性和体外释放试验证明,制备的纳米粒子在微酸性(pH 6.0)和微碱性(pH 7.4)环境中稳定性较高,可保护携带的DNA分子不被0.6～0.8U/mL DNA酶的降解.用制备的纳米粒子转染Df-1细胞系,间接免疫荧光检测结果证明,该纳米粒子可携带质粒DNA进入细胞,使携带的外源基因获得表达.流式细胞术检测证明,纳米粒子的转染效率为0.2%,与裸DNA转染对照组相比较,包封入壳聚糖纳米粒子中可提高DNA的转染效率.     

鱼油微胶囊射流空化制备工艺优化及理化性质研究

研究目的是以大豆分离蛋白为壁材,对射流空化制备鱼油微胶囊的工艺进行优化。采用喷雾干燥法,研究壁材添加量、乳化剂添加量、芯材添加量及射流空化处理时间对乳液稳定性和鱼油微胶囊包埋率的影响,通过响应面试验分析各因素,得到最优微胶囊制备工艺,并对制备的微胶囊产品同市售产品的结构、理化特性及稳定性进行对比分析。结果表明:在壁材添加量3.21%、乳化剂添加量0.21%、芯材添加量19.70%、射流空化处理时间11.25 min工艺条件下得到的乳液稳定性较好,鱼油微胶囊的包埋率达到94.14%。微胶囊产品微观结构呈球形颗粒,结构致密,颗粒形态完整,粒径小,表面含油率较低,包埋效果好;水分含量为3.07%,溶解度为96.30%,休止角为40.39?,溶解性较好;差示扫描量热分析结果显示,微胶囊热溶解温度较高,可用于常温贮藏。包埋后的鱼油经加速贮藏试验表明微胶囊化可以提高鱼油的氧化稳定性,延长鱼油贮藏期。     

纳米二氧化硅在稻秸上的形态分布及制备工艺

为了实现农作物稻秸的多层分级利用,采用扫描电子显微镜和X-射线能谱分析仪分析硅在稻秸单元表面的存在形式和分布形态,并进一步利用稻秸制备成微纳米二氧化硅,探讨热解温度(575、675、775℃)和热解时间(2、4h)对二氧化硅得率和粒径的影响。研究表明,硅主要以二氧化硅的形式存在于稻秸表面的颗粒物区,质量分数达12.8%。热机械处理可以减小硅的粒径。在相同的热解温度下,热解时间从2h增加到4h,二氧化硅颗粒粒径逐渐增大,并且使纳米二氧化硅得率保持在8%以上。。在相同的热解时间下,热解温度上升使得二氧化硅粒径变大。球磨处理可以改善二氧化硅颗粒的团聚现象,并且使粒径从18.94μm下降到6μm以下,处于小于100nm的比例增多。研究结果为以稻秸为原料制备纳米二氧化硅提供参考。     

芒果叶提取液生物合成纳米TiO2工艺优化及其抗菌性能

为了将生物合成法制得的纳米粒子应用于果蔬保鲜中,该研究以芒果叶提取液和偏钛酸（TiO(OH)2）为原材料,采用生物合成法制备纳米二氧化钛（titanium dioxide,TiO2）粒子。以单因素试验为基础,通过响应曲面分析法优化了纳米TiO2生物合成工艺,研究了其抗菌性能。优化合成工艺为：TiO(OH)2添加量0.65 g,反应时间10.2 h,灼烧时间2 h,灼烧温度786 ℃。纳米TiO2的光诱导降解率为96.24%,与理论值标准偏差为0.6%。X射线衍射（X-ray Diffraction,XRD）结果显示,生物合成的纳米TiO2为锐钛矿型。扫描电镜（Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM）显示,生物合成后改性的纳米TiO2粒径分布在10～30 nm,无明显聚集体。紫外（Ultraviolet,UV）光诱导,生物合成改性的纳米TiO2（P<0.05）对青霉菌表现出明显的抑制作用。该制备工艺为光诱导抗菌性纳米TiO2的合成提供理论参考。     

Stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions by beta-lactoglobulin-polyethylene glycol conjugates

The disulfide bonds of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg) were modified by oxidative sulfitolysis to generate beta-lgSO(3). The native protein (beta-lg) and the modified protein (beta-lgSO(3)) were conjugated to activated polyethylene glycol (PEG) to generate beta-lgPEG and beta-lgSO(3)PEG, respectively. Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions containing 1% beta-lg or beta-lg conjugates were prepared at pH 2.8, 5.0, and 7.0. Emulsion droplet diameters and zeta potentials were measured. For the same emulsifier, emulsion droplet diameters decreased when emulsion pH increased. Zeta potentials of emulsion droplets increased with pH for beta-lg and beta-lgSO(3). Zeta potentials of beta-lgPEG and beta-lgSO(3)PEG approached zero, suggesting that the protein molecule was covered by PEG chains. Accelerated and 7-day storage stabilities at 21 degrees C of the emulsions were monitored. The emulsifying activity index (EAI) of beta-lgPEG was not significantly different from the EAI of beta-lg. The EAI of beta-lg was enhanced following sulfitolysis of beta-lactoglobulin. The emulsifying activity increased more when the oxidatively modified protein was conjugated to polyethylene glycol. Emulsions made with beta-lgSO(3)PEG were more stable than emulsions made with beta-lg, beta-lgPEG, or beta-lgSO(3) under accelerated stability study and for 7 days at 21 degrees C. The stability of o/w emulsions stabilized with beta-lgSO(3)PEG increased because individual droplets were better protected, against protein bridging or coalescence, by the thick adsorbed protein-PEG layer.     

Physical and Molecular Characterization of Millet Starches

This study investigated the physical and molecular starch characteristics of four Canadian‐grown millet species: pearl, foxtail, proso, and finger millet. The millet starch granules ranged from about 2.5 to 24 μm in size and were mainly polygonal with a few spherical ones. Their amylose contents ranged from 28.6 to 33.9%, with finger and pearl millets having much more of long amylose chains than short amylose chains compared with foxtail and proso millets. Starches also differed in the molecular structure of their branched amylose, with finger and pearl millets having longer glucan chains between branch points. The enthalpy of gelatinization of starch granules ranged from 11.8 to 13.2 J/g, and the enthalpy of melting of the retrograded starches ranged from 2.2 to 5.9 J/g. The onset temperature of gelatinization (T_o) of the starches ranged from 62.8 to 70.6°C. Addition of iodine vapor to the granular starches showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in the ratio of the absorbance to scattering coefficient (K/S) values, indicating differences in the rigidity of the glucan chains present in the granules. Starches with short amylose chains exhibited higher K/S values. Iodine vapor addition resulted in altered X‐ray diffractogram peak intensities. The study suggested differences in the structure and granular architecture of the millet starches.     

Glycemic Response to Oat Bran Muffins Treated to Vary Molecular Weight of β‐Glucan

Oat bran muffins, containing 4 or 8 g of β‐glucan per two‐muffin serving, were prepared with or without β‐glucanase treatment to produce a range of β‐glucan molecular weights from 130,000 to just over 2 million. Following an overnight fast, the glycemic responses elicited by the untreated and treated muffins was measured in 10 healthy subjects and compared with a control whole wheat muffin. Taken all together, the 4‐g β‐glucan/serving muffins reduced blood glucose peak rise (PBGR) by 15 ± 6% compared with the control. The 8‐g β‐glucan/serving muffins had a significantly greater effect (44 ± 5% reduction compared with the control, P < 0.05). The efficacy of the muffins decreased as the molecular weight was reduced from a 45 ± 6% reduction in PBGR (P < 0.05) for the untreated muffins (averaged of both serving sizes) to 15 ± 6% (P < 0.05) for muffins with the lowest molecular weight. As the molecular weight was reduced from 2,200,000 to 400,000, the solubility of the β‐glucan increased from a mean of 44 to 57%, but as the molecular weight was further decreased to 120,000, solubility fell to 26%. There was a significant correlation (r² = 0.729, P < 0.001) between the peak blood glucose and the product of the extractable β‐glucan content and the molecular weight of the β‐glucan extracted.     

土壤改良剂-乳化沥青的实验室制备方法的改进

乳化沥青制备的基本步骤可分为熔料、皂化、乳化三步 ,其中尤以皂化和乳化为重要。通过分别测定液体油品和液体油品 -沥青混合物酸值的方法 ,测定了沥青和液体油品的酸值 ,准确计算了皂化过程的加碱量。在乳化阶段 ,将混合物中加入乳化剂的同时 ,在未搅动条件下 ,分阶段在混合物中加入少量的水 ,通过观察混合物在水中的溶解性 ,确定了适宜的乳化剂 -脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚 [RO(CH2 O) 3 5H ) ,R =C12 -18脂肪醇 ,以下简称平平加 ]的用量。在此基础上 ,我们以沥青、豆油为主要原料 ,制成了乳化沥青     

Effect of Formulation and Processing Treatments on Viscosity and Solubility of Extractable Barley β‐Glucan in Bread Dough Evaluated Under In Vitro Conditions

β‐Glucan shows great potential for incorporation into bread due to its cholesterol lowering and blood glucose regulating effects, which are related to its viscosity. The effects of β‐glucan concentration, gluten addition, premixing, yeast addition, fermentation time, and inactivation of the flour enzymes on the viscosity of extractable β‐glucan following incorporation into a white bread dough were studied under physiological conditions, as well as, β‐glucan solubility in fermented and unfermented dough. β‐Glucan was extracted using an in vitro protocol designed to approximate human digestion and hot water extraction. The viscosity of extractable β‐glucan was not affected by gluten addition, the presence of yeast, or premixing. Fermentation produced lower (P ≤ 0.05) extract viscosity for the doughs with added β‐glucan, while inactivating the flour enzymes and increasing β‐glucan concentration in the absence of fermentation increased (P ≤ 0.05) viscosity. The physiological solubility of the β‐glucan concentrate (18.1%) and the β‐glucan in the unfermented dough (20.5%) were similar (P > 0.05), while fermentation substantially decreased (P ≤ 0.05) solubility to 8.7%, indicating that the reduction in viscosity due to fermentation may be highly dependent on solubility in addition to β‐glucan degradation. The results emphasize the importance of analyzing β‐glucan fortified foods under physiological conditions to identify the conditions in the dough system that decrease β‐glucan viscosity so that products with maximum functionality can be developed.     

Improving the oral bioavailability of curcumin using novel organogel-based nanoemulsions

Curcumin is a natural bioactive compound with many health-promoting benefits. Its low oral bioavailability limits its application in functional foods. In the present study, novel organogel-based nanoemulsions have been developed for oral delivery of curcumin and improvement of its bioavailability. Recently developed curcumin organogel was used as the oil phase in the curcumin nanoemulsion formulation. Tween 20 was selected as the emulsifier on the basis of maximum in vitro bioaccessibility of curcumin in the nanoemulsion. In vitro lipolysis profile revealed that the digestion of nanoemulsion was significantly faster and more complete than the organogel. Permeation experiments on Caco-2 cell monolayers suggested that digestion-diffusion was the major absorption mechanism for curcumin in the nanoemulsion. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacokinetics analysis on mice confirmed that the oral bioavailability of curcumin in the nanoemulsion was increased by 9-fold compared with unformulated curcumin. This novel formulation approach may also be used for oral delivery of other poorly soluble nutraceuticals with high loading capacity, which has significant impact in functional foods, dietary supplements and pharmaceutical industries.     

PLGA nanoparticles improve the oral bioavailability of curcumin in rats: characterizations and mechanisms

The overall goal of this paper was to develop poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) of curcumin (CUR), named CUR-PLGA-NPs, and to study the effect and mechanisms enhancing the oral bioavailability of CUR. CUR-PLGA-NPs were prepared according to a solid-in-oil-in-water (s/o/w) solvent evaporation method and exhibited a smooth and spherical shape with diameters of about 200 nm. Characterization of CUR-PLGA-NPs showed CUR was successfully encapsulated on the PLGA polymer. The entrapment efficiency and loading rate of CUR were 91.96 and 5.75%, respectively. CUR-PLGA-NPs showed about 640-fold in water solubility relative to that of n-CUR. A sustained CUR release to a total of approximately 77% was discovered from CUR-PLGA-NPs in artificial intestinal juice, but only about 48% in artificial gastric juice. After oral administration of CUR-PLGA-NPs, the relative bioavailability was 5.6-fold and had a longer half-life compared with that of native curcumin. The results showed that the effect in improving oral bioavailability of CUR may be associated with improved water solubility, higher release rate in the intestinal juice, enhanced absorption by improved permeability, inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux, and increased residence time in the intestinal cavity. Thus, encapsulating hydrophobic drugs on PLGA polymer is a promising method for sustained and controlled drug delivery with improved bioavailability of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class IV, such as CUR.     

Viscosity and Solubility of β‐Glucan Extracted Under In Vitro Conditions from Barley β‐Glucan‐Fortified Bread and Evaluation of Loaf Characteristics

Fortifying bread with β‐glucan has been shown to reduce bread quality and the associated health benefits of barley β‐glucan. Fortification of bread using β‐glucan concentrates that are less soluble during bread preparation steps has not been investigated. The effects of β‐glucan concentration and gluten addition on the physicochemical properties of bread and β‐glucan solubility and viscosity were investigated using a less soluble β‐glucan concentrate, as were the effects of baking temperature and prior β‐glucan solubilization. Fortification of bread with β‐glucan decreased loaf volume and height (P ≤ 0.05) and increased firmness (P ≤ 0.05). Gluten addition to bread at the highest β‐glucan level increased height and volume (P ≤ 0.05) to values exceeding those for the control and decreased firmness (P ≤ 0.05). β‐Glucan addition increased (P ≤ 0.05) extract viscosity, as did gluten addition to the bread with the highest β‐glucan level. Baking at low temperature decreased (P ≤ 0.05) β‐glucan viscosity and solubility, as did solubilizing it prior to dough formulation. Utilization of β‐glucan that is less soluble during bread preparation may hold the key to effectively fortifying bread with β‐glucan without compromising its health benefits, although more research is required.