1990-2010年青岛地区热环境与土地利用变化的时空关系

[目的]揭示青岛地区热环境与土地利用变化的时空关系,为青岛市环境规划与管理提供依据。[方法]利用Landsat TM/ETM+数据反演青岛地区的地表温度,解译出土地利用类型,比较不同土地利用类型的温度均值及标准差,计算热环境影响指数,分析GIS重心轨迹。[结果]1990—2010年,城乡、工矿、居民用地和未利用土地的地表温度最高,水域最低;耕地的热效应贡献度最大;未利用土地和城乡、工矿、居民用地温度超过平均温度的地块较多;耕地类型中高于平均温度的地块占区域总面积的比重较大;城乡、工矿、居民用地中高于平均温度的地块占区域总面积的比重随时间明显增大;1990—2010年热岛重心一直向东北方向迁移,其中2000—2010年热岛重心迁移方向与城市重心迁移方向一致。[结论]青岛地区热环境与土地利用变化具有密切的关系,城市扩展逐渐成为热岛效应形成的主要原因。     

新疆焉耆盆地地表温度时空分布对LUCC的响应

为了辨析地表温度时空分布及其变化对土地利用/土地覆盖变化(land use/cover change,LUCC)的响应,以新疆焉耆盆地为研究区,将Landsat遥感影像数据、气象要素的观测数据和野外采样数据相结合,利用单窗算法和单通道算法反演研究区2000、2009、2011和2015年的地表温度,分析焉耆盆地地表温度时空分布特征,研究LUCC对地表温度的影响。结果表明:1)研究区温度时空分布图主要划分为低温区、中温区和高温区。从时空分布变化上来看,2000年高温区范围减少幅度最大、2009年次之、2015年最小;2009年低温区范围减少幅度最大、2000年次之、2015年最小;2)研究区地表温度的分布具有明显的空间差异性,高温区主要分布在沙漠区和山区与盆地之间的戈壁滩,具有明显的以博斯腾湖为中心的环状分布特点。低温区主要分布在水域、湿地和绿洲等区域;3)在2011年内不同时期不同LUCC的温度变化幅度不一,地表温度在不同下垫面上平均值大小不同,地表温度高低主要表现为沙漠盐碱地裸地小麦-玉米其他作物森林棉花芦苇湿地水域。由结果可知,焉耆盆地近十几年地表温度的时空变化与LUCC有着密切关系,农作物的结构、土地利用类型及其面积变化都会影响地表温度的时空分布。     

基于RS和GIS的滨州城区土地利用变化研究

[目的]研究山东省滨州城区在城市化过程中的土地利用变化规律,为城区土地合理规划和利用提供参考。[方法]以Landsat影像为主要数据源,获取滨州城区1996—2014年5期土地利用分类信息,引入土地利用动态度、转移矩阵和土地利用空间重心,定量分析城区土地利用时空变化规律。[结果]1996—2014年,耕地以平均3.63%/a的速率减少,林地、水体和建设用地表现出增加的趋势,变化率分别为5.43%/a,0.79%/a和5.70%/a。林地和水体以转出为主变为转入量大于转出量,2005—2009年时段林地转入量出现峰值,2001—2005年时段水体转入量达到峰值。耕地和建设用地重心分别位于市政广场的西南侧和东侧,耕地重心往西南方向远离市政广场,建设用地重心往西迁移逐渐靠近市政广场。[结论]城区土地利用变化表现为耕地面积不断减少,林地和水体面积先减后增,建设用地面积不断增加的总体趋势,土地利用转移主要发生在耕地和建设用地之间,林地和水体转移受城区水利工程和绿化工程实施的影响较大,建设用地重心迁移与西城区的开发建设密切相关。     

1980-2015年江西省土地利用迁移变化分析及驱动机制研究

厘清江西省土地利用转换时空特征,明晰驱动因子,可为该区土地资源的合理开发和生态环境保护提供科学依据。基于Landsat遥感影像,利用ArcGIS空间分析和SPSS主成分分析等方法,通过土地利用单一和综合动态度、土地利用转移矩阵和土地利用程度综合指数,以及土地利用重心迁移等,研究了1980—2015年江西省土地利用时空变化,并探究了驱动机制。结果表明：(1) 1980—2015年江西省土地利用综合动态度为0.168%/a,类型主要为林地和耕地,两者面积占总面积的89.85%,其中建设用地面积变化最大,期间共增加了2 241.01 km²,为主要变化类型。(2) 1980—2015年江西省土地利用转出和转入面积最大的分别是耕地3 190.67 km²和建设用地2 325.20 km²,而林地和草地也分别转出2 830.77 km²,885.18 km²,迁移变化总体上为居民建设用地大量扩张,耕地和林地面积均大为减少。(3)江西省土地利用重心随土地利用变化发生相应改变,其中建设用地和...     

福建省海岸带土地利用/覆盖变化及其驱动力

[目的]研究福建省海岸带土地利用/覆盖变化及其驱动力,促进沿海地区资源环境可持续发展,并为土地利用政策制定提供参考。[方法]基于ArcGIS 10.2软件对研究区域2005—2015年土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)数据进行分析,并采用灰色关联度法对其驱动机制进行探讨。[结果](1)2005—2015年福建省海岸带土地利用类型以耕地、林地、水域和城乡、工矿、居民用地为主,草地和未利用土地所占比重较少;研究期间,福建省海岸带林地、水域和未利用土地面积减少,仅耕地和城乡、工矿、居民用地面积增加,草地面积基本不变;2005—2015年土地利用类型主要向城乡、工矿、居民用地转移。(2)福建省海岸带土地利用变化主要受到社会经济发展驱动力的影响,其中社会富裕程度、技术驱动力和人口驱动力是主要因素。[结论]合理确定城市、镇域开发边界,划定大城市周边基本农田保护区域,划定林地、草地和水域等生态空间,是落实土地利用空间管理的有效措施。     

陕西省2000-2018年土地利用时空演变及驱动因素

[目的] 分析陕西省土地利用变化及驱动因素,为促进该省土地资源综合优化配置和社会经济可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 基于2000,2010和2018年陕西省的土地利用遥感监测数据,通过土地利用动态度、土地利用转移矩阵、空间自相关等方法定量分析陕西省土地利用的时空演变特征,并利用主成分分析法对其土地利用变化的驱动力进行分析。[结果] 各土地利用类型面积均有不同程度的变化。其中,耕地面积下降最多,工矿建设用地面积增速最快,水域面积变化最小。土地利用类型受自然条件的影响,空间差异性显著。农村居民用地、未利用地、耕地、林地、草地的空间聚集性强,水域、城镇居民用地和工矿生产用地的空间集聚性性相对较弱,草地、工矿建设用地形成新的集聚区。陕北高原和关中平原土地利用转移相对频繁,陕南山区土地利用转换相对较小。榆林市和延安市主要表现为耕地向林地和草地转移以及未利用地和草地向工矿建设用地转移,西安市主要表现为耕地和农村居民用地向城镇居民用地转移。土地利用变化的主要因素是城市化发展过程中社会经济的发展以及产业结构的调整。[结论] 陕西省土地利用变化区域差异较大,应因地制宜制定土地利用规划,促进人口—经济—生态之间的协调发展。     

2000-2015年四川省南充市土地利用/覆被变化及其驱动因素

[目的]对四川省南充市15 a间土地利用/覆被的时空变化特征及其驱动因素进行分析,为南充市的生态环境建设与可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于南充市2000,2010,2015年3期Landsat影像和QuickBird高精度遥感数据,计算2000—2015年土地利用/覆被转移矩阵和土地利用/覆被状况指数。[结果]①近15 a来,南充市的土地利用/覆被类型以耕地和林地为主,约占研究区面积的80%,但各土地利用/覆被类型间都有不同程度的相互转换。②研究期内,林地面积增加1006.2 km~2,主要由耕地和草地转化而来;建设用地面积增加965.4 km~2,多由水体和耕地转化而来,而耕地、草地和水体面积分别减少了1 549.8,307.9,90.4 km~2。③近15 a来,南充市土地利用/覆被状况指数变化表明,林地和建设用地呈转好趋势(土地利用/覆被状况变化率为正值),耕地呈转差趋势(土地利用/覆被状况变化率为负值)。[结论] 2000—2015年南充市土地利用/覆被变化明显,其中,地形、人口、城市化水平和退耕还林工程等是造成南充市土地利用/覆被变化的主要驱动因素。     

快速城市化地区土地利用变化研究——以广东省东莞市为例

以东莞市为研究区域,利用1988年、1995年、1998年、2002年和2005年5期不同时相的Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像,从土地利用变化幅度、土地利用变化速率、土地利用重心转移和土地利用变化空间分异特征四方面探讨了研究区的土地利用变化。结果表明:(1)1988—2005年,东莞市土地利用变化总的态势是耕地大幅减少、城镇用地迅速扩张,大量的农业用地转化为城镇用地,城镇用地快速扩张和耕地大量流失是研究区土地利用变化的主要特征。(2)从土地利用变化的空间特征来看,各土地利用类型重心的转移距离都较大,且农业用地的重心转移方向和城镇用地重心转移方向大致相反;耕地分布的空间正相关性明显减弱,城镇用地分布的空间正相关性明显增强。     

沈阳经济区土地利用转型与社会经济发展的关系

[目的]开展沈阳经济区土地利用转型与社会经济发展研究,为助力东北振兴提供科学参考。[方法]以沈阳经济区为研究区,运用GIS,RS技术,采用土地利用转移矩阵和重心转移轨迹模型,探讨1980—2018年研究区土地利用转型与社会经济发展在空间上的转移关系。[结果](1)研究区各种土地利用空间形态存在相互转化关系,耕地、林地和草地面积减少伴随建设用地面积增加;(2)研究区各种土地利用空间形态重心迁移的方向和速度差异明显,特别是2010年林地、草地、建设用地、水域和其他用地的重心迁移方向出现明显转折;(3)研究区人口、GDP重心分别呈现先"Z型"后"C型"迁移和"S型"迁移;(4)研究区各种土地利用空间形态与社会经济发展存在不同迁移形式。[结论]土地利用转型与社会经济发展相互作用,沈阳经济区的设立促进了区域人口、建设用地和耕地重心向研究区几何中心迁移。     

干旱区县域土地覆被变化特征及其生态环境效应——以内蒙古自治区翁牛特旗为例

[目的]研究翁牛特旗的土地利用变化特征及其生态环境效应,为该地区生态环境重建提供支持。[方法]选取2006及2015年8月Landsat卫星影像,通过ENVI 5.1提取出翁牛特旗土地利用数据,进而利用土地利用动态度、土地利用类型的空间转移矩阵,以及生物丰度指数、生态系统服务价值和敏感性指数,分别对翁牛特旗土地利用结构的时空演化特征和生态环境效应进行分析。[结果](1)翁牛特旗主要土地利用类型为耕地、林地、草地和沙地,近10a来该旗的土地利用变化呈现为耕地、草地、建设用地增加,林地、沙地和水体面积减少的态势。(2)10a间生物丰度指数从2006年的43.47下降为2015年的42.69,降低1.79%,表明区域的生物量减少,不利于生物多样性发展;生态系统服务总价值从2006年的102.31亿元下降至2015年的98.47亿元,减少了3.84亿元,下降了3.75%,生态环境基本维持着平衡,总体上呈现出微弱的退化。(3)各种土地利用类型的敏感性指数(CS)均小于1,表明研究区生态系统服务价值对于生态服务价值系数不敏感、缺乏弹性。[结论]研究区林地、水体面积的减少,建设用地面积的增加是生态系统服务总价值减少的主要原因。研究区土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值和生物丰度的减少,加剧了当地生态环境的脆弱性。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.