甩盘滚筒式花生种子机械化包衣工艺参数优化

针对花生种子机械化包衣工艺参数研究严重缺失,包衣合格率差、破损率高的问题,该文利用甩盘滚筒式包衣试验台,运用单因素和中心组合试验设计理论开展种药比、种衣剂稀释比(稀释用水与药质量之比)、包衣滚筒转速对包衣合格率及破损率的影响规律研究及工艺参数优化。首先开展单因素试验确定各影响因素对包衣合格率及破损率的影响规律及各因素二次回归试验编码0水平值,随后采用二次正交旋转组合试验方法设计试验并用Design-Expert进行数据处理,建立包衣合格率、破损率回归数学模型并进行方差分析。分析得出对影响包衣合格率的主次因素依次为:种药比包衣滚筒转速种衣剂稀释比;影响破损率的主次因素依次为:包衣滚筒转速种衣剂稀释比种药比。通过响应曲面方法分析各因素交互作用对包衣合格率、破损率的影响,并对回归模型进行多目标优化,得出甩盘滚筒式包衣试验台最佳工艺参数组合为:种药比31.73 g/mL,种衣剂稀释比4.76,包衣滚筒转速18.32 r/min。此时,包衣合格率最高、破损率最低,其值分别为97.35%、0.37%。将优化参数在5BY-500-J型包衣设备上开展生产验证,包衣合格率达97.05%、破损率0.40%,达到了较为理想的效果。该研究可为甩盘式花生种子包衣机工艺参数优化提供参考。     

气力滚筒式水稻直播精量排种器排种性能分析与田间试验

为了提高气力滚筒式水稻直播精量排种器的排种性能,该文运用单因素和中心组合试验设计理论,借助JPS-12型排种器性能检测试验台,研究了排种滚筒转速、负压气室真空度、清种气流速度及正压气室清堵正压4个主要运行参数对其排种性能的影响规律。单因素试验结果表明:排种滚筒转速、负压气室真空度、清种气流速度对排种器合格率、漏播率等指标的影响显著;正压气室清堵正压对排种器合格率、漏播率等指标的影响不显著;3个影响显著因素的三因素五水平回归正交旋转组合设计试验结果表明:各试验因素及因素交互作用对主要评价指标的影响主次顺序不同,影响排种器合格率的主次因素依次为:排种滚筒转速负压气室真空度清种气流速度;影响漏播率的主次因素依次为:负压气室真空度排种滚筒转速清种气流速度;对所建回归方程进行综合优化,得出排种器最佳工作参数组合为:排种滚筒转速10.00 r/min,负压气室真空度4.6 k Pa,清种气流速度21.88 m/s。此时,排种器的合格率为87.73%、漏播率为2.93%、空穴率为0.53%、重播率为9.34%、破损率为0.91%、穴距平均值为200.07 mm、穴距变异系数为4.75%、各行排量一致性变异系数为3.07%、总排量稳定性变异系数为2.08%。田间播种试验结果为合格率79.42%、漏播率15.11%、空穴率3.88、重播率5.47%、穴距平均值175.61 mm、穴距变异系数为20.03%。研究结果为气力滚筒式水稻直播精量排种器结构参数优化及排种性能提升提供参考。     

花生种子带式清选设备关键作业参数优化

针对带式清选设备清选花生种子合格率低、带出率高,关键作业参数研究空白的现状,该文结合花生种子物理特性,研究了整粒花生在带式清选设备帆布带的滚动摩擦角及半粒花生在帆布带的静摩擦角,并运用中心组合试验设计理论开展关键作业参数优化,重点分析了带式清选设备的纵向倾角、横向倾角、帆布带转速对清选合格率、带出率的影响规律,并以合格率、带出率为响应指标进行优化。首先对主产区山东的典型品种花育33物理特性进行研究,并探明了以带式清选设备帆布带为摩擦面的整粒花生滚动摩擦角、半粒花生静摩擦角,然后采用二次正交旋转组合试验方法设计试验并用Design-Expert进行数据处理,建立合格率、带出率的回归数学模型并进行方差分析,分析得出影响花生种子带式清选合格率与带出率的主次因素均依次为:帆布带带速纵向倾角横向倾角。通过响应曲面方法分析各因素交互作用对合格率、带出率的影响,并根据优化目标的重要程度(合格率较带出率更重要)对回归模型进行多目标优化,得出花生种子带式清选设备关键作业参数的最优组合为:纵向倾角23.22?,横向倾角25.21?,帆布带带速0.70 m/s,在该条件下合格率、带出率分别为97.20%、2.73%。将优化参数在花生种子清选加工生产线上进行验证及批量化流水加工作业,流水加工作业合格率达95.8%、带出率3.9%,作业质量大幅提升,达到行业标准优等品设备作业性能。该研究可为提升花生种子带式清选设备作业质量提供参考。     

大豆联合收获机作业参数优化

现阶段国内大豆联合收获机收获作业时由于脱粒、清选系统作业参数调整不当而导致大豆机收损失率、破碎率、含杂率较高。为解决这一问题,该文对影响大豆机收作业质量的相关参数开展田间试验研究,探索各参数对大豆机收作业质量的影响规律,探寻最佳作业参数组合。以机收损失率、破碎率、含杂率为目标,选择脱粒清选系统对作业质量影响较大的前进速度、滚筒转速、脱粒段脱粒间隙、分离段脱粒间隙、导流板角度、分风板角度、风机转速、上筛前部开度、上筛后部开度共9个因素,利用Box-Behnken中心组合试验方法,进行九因素三水平响应面试验,使用Design-Expert对试验结果进行响应面分析,探索各因素对试验指标的影响规律,并构建相关数学模型。试验结果表明:对大豆收获损失率影响较为显著的因素为风机转速、脱粒段脱粒间隙、前进速度、脱粒滚筒转速;对破碎率影响较为显著的因素为脱粒滚筒转速、脱粒段脱粒间隙、前进速度、导流板角度;对含杂率影响较为显著的因素为导流板角度、风机转速、分风板角度、上筛后部开度。通过多目标参数优化,确定最佳工作参数组合为前进速度6 km/h、脱粒滚筒转速450 r/min、脱粒段脱粒间隙25 mm、分离段脱粒间隙20 mm、导流板角度26?、风机转速1 260 r/min、分风板角度11.5?、上筛前部开度19 mm、上筛后部开度11 mm,此时损失率为0.24%、破碎率为0.90%、含杂率为0.14%,田间试验实测损失率、破碎率和含杂率平均值分别为0.24%、0.90%和0.14%,与优化值相对误差分别为0、4.7%和7.7%。研究结果可为大豆联合收获机结构改进和作业参数控制提供参考。     

钉齿滚筒式播前残膜回收装置设计与试验

针对播前土壤中残膜破坏土壤结构、严重影响作物发芽率及成活率、降低作物产量等问题,该文设计了一种与联合整地机配套使用的钉齿式播前残膜回收装置,可一次性完成捡膜、脱膜、集膜和卸膜作业。重点设计了装置的捡膜机构、脱膜机构,并对钉齿运动轨迹,脱膜条件进行理论分析与计算。为寻求装置结构与工作参数的最优组合,运用二次回归正交旋转组合试验,以机具前进速度、捡膜滚筒转速、脱膜轴转速为影响因素,以捡膜率、脱膜率为评价指标进行响应曲面分析。利用Design-Expert软件进行数据分析,建立各因素和捡膜率、脱膜率之间的回归模型,分析各因素对捡膜率、脱膜率影响的显著性。结果表明:各因素对捡拾率的影响由大到小依次为:前进速度、捡膜滚筒转速、脱膜轴转速;对脱膜率的影响由大到小依次为:脱膜轴转速、捡膜滚筒转速、前进速度。运用MATLAB软件对试验参数进行优化,确定了装置最优工作参数组合为:机具前进速度1.62 m/s,捡膜滚筒转速90 r/min,脱膜轴转速1055 r/min。对优化结果进行试验验证,结果显示捡膜率为70.56%,脱膜率为82.96%,试验结果和预测值相差较小,优化工作参数较可靠。     

薏苡脱壳机关键部件作业参数优化与试验

针对薏苡脱壳设备脱净率差、破碎率高,相关工艺与装备研究几近空白的现状,该文结合薏苡物料特性,运用中心组合试验设计理论开展关键部件作业参数试验与优化,重点研究薏苡脱壳机脱壳仓作业关键参数中动盘转速、动静磨盘间隙、静盘工作面宽度对脱净率、破碎率的影响规律,并以脱净率、破碎率为响应指标进行多目标优化。首先对主产区主要薏苡品种物料特性进行研究,并进行与脱壳相关的物理参数测定,然后采用二次正交旋转组合试验方法设计试验并用Design-Expert进行数据处理,建立脱净率、破碎率的回归数学模型并进行方差分析。分析得出影响薏苡脱壳机脱净率的主次因素依次为:动盘转速静盘工作面宽度动静磨盘间隙;影响破碎率的主次因素依次为:静盘工作面宽度动静磨盘间隙动盘转速。通过响应曲面方法分析各因素交互作用对脱净率、破碎率的影响,并根据优化目标的重要程度(脱净率较破碎率重要)对回归模型进行多目标优化,得出薏苡脱壳机关键部件最佳作业参数组合为:动盘转速1 076.02 r/min,动静磨盘间隙4.91 mm,静盘工作面宽度7.63 mm。此时,脱壳机脱净率最高、破碎率最低,其值分别为50.49%、3.02%。将优化参数在薏苡脱壳设备上开展验证及批量化流水加工作业,流水加工作业脱净率达51.1%、破碎率3.6%,设备作业质量大幅提升,达到了较为理想的效果。该研究可为提升薏苡脱壳机作业质量提供参考。     

4DL-5A型蚕豆联合收割机关键部件设计与优化

针对国内蚕豆机械化收获作业中存在的含杂多、损失大、破碎高等难题，该研究对集切割、输送、脱粒、清选、收集于一体的蚕豆联合收割机的关键部件进行设计。首先对4DL-5A型蚕豆联合收割机关键部件进行设计与分析，确定割台装置、脱粒装置、清选装置主要工作参数，然后采用二次正交旋转组合试验方法设计试验并用Design-Expert进行数据处理，以含杂率、损失率、破碎率作为响应指标，重点研究4DL-5A型蚕豆联合收割机收获作业中前进速度、滚筒转速和风机转速对响应指标的影响规律，建立含杂率、损失率和破碎率的回归数学模型，通过响应曲面方法分析各因素交互作用影响，对回归模型进行多目标优化，得出4DL-5A型蚕豆联合收割机作业参数的最优组合为：前进速度0.57 m/s，滚筒转速400.45 r/min，风机转速1265.16 r/min，此时，含杂率3.23 %，损失率3.00 %，破碎率2.72 %。对优化参数进行田间试验验证，测得含杂率3.49 %，损失率2.87 %，破碎率2.83 %，与优化值相对误差分别为8.05 %、4.33 %、4.04 %，结果较吻合。该研究结果可为蚕豆联合收割机设计、结构改进和作业参数调整提供参考。     

连续夹持输送式苎麻剥麻机研制

针对苎麻剥麻劳动强度大、作业工效低等问题,该研究基于横向喂入式剥麻技术的作业特点,结合苎麻剥麻的工艺要求,设计了一种连续夹持输送式苎麻剥麻机。通过对剥麻装置、夹持输送装置和换端夹持装置等关键部件的结构设计和理论分析,确定影响剥麻质量的关键因素及作业参数范围。以剥麻间隙、滚筒转速和输送速度作为影响因素,建立苎麻剥麻的鲜茎出麻率和原麻含杂率的数学模型,结合Box-Behnken试验方案进行多目标优化试验,寻求装置作业参数对苎麻剥麻的影响规律及最优参数组合。试验结果表明:滚筒转速、剥麻间隙和输送速度对鲜茎出麻率和原麻含杂率均具有极显著影响。通过多目标参数优化分析,确定最优作业参数组合:剥麻间隙4.0 mm、滚筒转速330 r/min和输送速度0.36 m/s。基于优化参数进行苎麻剥麻的生产验证试验,结果显示:鲜茎出麻率5.04%、原麻含杂率1.18%,各指标与模型预测值的相对误差均小于5%,验证了预测模型的准确性;整机生产效率142 kg/h,达到设计指标要求;苎麻纤维的含胶率22.85%,束纤维断裂强度4.56 CN/dtex,达到《苎麻》国家标准二等苎麻纤维等别。     

胶棒滚筒棉花采摘头采收性能试验

为缩短胶棒滚筒采棉机设计周期,提高胶棒滚筒采棉机作业质量,借助胶棒滚筒综合性能试验台,以滚筒转速、采摘行走速度和滚筒胶棒轴向间距为影响因子,以采净率、撞落棉损失率、含杂率为采摘性能指标,进行二次正交旋转组合试验,应用Design-Expert8.0.6软件,建立了影响因子与性能指标的回归模型,分析了各因子对性能指标的影响。采用多目标优化,确定最佳参数组合为：滚筒转速450 r/min,行走速度2.4 km/h,胶棒轴向间距44 mm。根据优化参数组合,重复验证试验结果为：采净率95.78%,撞落棉损失率0.89%,含杂率17.44%,与优化结果基本吻合。田间试验表明,4FS-3胶棒滚筒采棉机采净率为95.29%,撞落棉损失率为0.97%,含杂率为17.11%,主要性能指标达到国家采棉机作业性能指标要求。该研究为采摘头关键部件设计及工作参数改进提供参考,有效提高了采收效率和作业质量,对推动采棉机国产化和促进新疆棉花产业健康发展有一定意义。     

4GX-100型小区小麦种子联合收获机关键作业参数优化

摘要：为了避免因收获机罩壳内部种子残留与混杂所带来的育种试验数据失真问题,结合自行研制的4GX-100型小区小麦种子联合收获机进行田间育种收获试验,利用二次回归正交旋转试验设计,探讨了无滞种残留率与脱粒滚筒转速、喂入量、吸杂风机转速的关系,建立了各个作业参数与无滞种残留率之间的数学模型。由试验结果分析可得：3个因子对无滞种残留率影响大小的顺序为脱粒滚筒转速、喂入量、吸杂风机转速;通过方程模拟选优得出4GX-100型小区小麦种子联合收获机田间育种收获关键作业参数的最优组合为：脱粒滚筒转速1 586 r/min、喂入量为0.305 kg/s、吸杂风机转速1 076 r/min,即无滞种残留率为最大值99.98%,且收获机其余各项指标满足小区育种收获要求。     

Optimization of a Laboratory Dehulling Process for Lentil (Lens culinaris)

Red lentil (Lens culinaris) is mainly processed into dehulled and split forms before human consumption and characteristics such as dehulling efficiency (DE), which is the sum of percent dehulled whole seed (PDW) and percent dehulled split seed (PDS), are important to lentil breeders, processors, and exporters. A laboratory Satake dehuller was used to evaluate the dehulling characteristics of red lentil. The effects of dehulling conditions (abrasive wheel speed, dehulling time, and seed moisture content) were investigated using response surface methodology. Increasing dehulling time and seed moisture content decreased DE. Increasing seed moisture content decreased powder and broken fractions but increased the undehulled whole seed fraction. PDW was decreased but PDS was increased as dehulling time was increased. Percent hull removed during dehulling process decreased as seed moisture content was increased but increased as abrasive wheel speed or dehulling time was increased. The optimum dehulling conditions for the laboratory dehuller, based on maximizing DE and percent hull removed while minimizing powder fraction (loss), were established. Good agreement was found between experimental values for dehulling characteristics (DE, PDW, PDS, hull removed, and powder produced) obtained at optimum dehulling conditions and predicted values for those characteristics obtained using the models developed.     

Influence of Physical Grain Characteristics on Optimal Rotor Speed During Impact Dehulling of Oats

Central to commercial oat (Avena sativa L.) processing is impact dehulling. During impact dehulling, oats are fed into a spinning rotor that expels the grains against an impact ring. The impact frees the groat from the hulls. To optimize dehulling protocols, we examined the effects of physical grain characteristics and rotor speed on oat dehulling using an impact dehuller. We separated grain of three cultivars (Gem, CDC Dancer, Ronald) according to size by sieve fractionation (separation by width), disk fractionation (separation by length), and by gravity table (separation by density). Grains were characterized by mass, digital image analysis, and bulk density. Samples (50 g) were adjusted to 9% moisture and dehulled at four different rotor speeds. Groat percentage, dehulling efficiency, and groat breakage were measured after dehulling. In general, oats with higher bulk density dehulled more efficiently at slower rotor speeds, regardless of grain mass. Groat breakage increased with rotor speed and with grain mass. Adjusting dehulling conditions according to grain size improved groat yields over optimal dehulling conditions for unfractionated grains for some cultivars. More refined fractionation of grain according to bulk density may provide further improvement of groat yield during impact dehulling.     

Effects of Impact Dehuller Rotor Speed on Dehulling Characteristics of Diverse Oat Genotypes Grown in Different Environments

Commercial processing of oats for human consumption generally requires impact dehulling to isolate groats from the hull. Impact dehulling involves feeding oat grain into the center of a spinning rotor that expels the grain against the walls of the dehuller. The force of the impact breaks the hull from the groat. We have tested the effect of rotor speed on dehulling efficiency, groat breakage, and unbroken groat yield on 18 oat genotypes from replicated plots in six different environments. Dehulling efficiency and groat breakage increased with rotor speed with all genotypes and environments, but there were significant genotypic and environmental effects as well. In general, genotypes with higher test weight and kernel density dehulled more efficiently at slower rotor speeds. Oat genotypes with higher oil and protein concentrations in their groats tended to break less during dehulling. Oats from hotter, drier environments suffered greater groat breakage. Maximal unbroken groat yield represented a balance between dehulling efficiency and groat breakage, but groat proportion and dehulling efficiency appeared to be the most important factors contributing to groat yield.     

YTTP75型菜籽脱皮与皮仁分离系统的研制与应用

采用撞击式原理设计开发出菜籽脱皮机，采用流化悬浮分层和旋风分离原理设计开发出皮仁分离系统。适宜的菜籽脱皮工艺条件为菜籽含水率8%～10%，脱皮机甩料盘线速度54.22～61.96 m/s，在此工艺条件下，菜籽脱皮率达到95%以上，粉末度在3%以下，皮中含仁率小于1%，仁中含皮率小于2%。YTTP75型菜籽脱皮与皮仁分离系统成功投入了生产实践应用，获得质量优良的脱皮菜籽冷榨油和脱皮菜籽饼粕，提高了菜籽加工的经济效益。     

磁场处理对绿豆芽鲜重和芽长的影响

以绿豆为试验材料,研究不同磁场强度和切割速度对绿豆芽鲜重和芽长的影响。结果表明,磁场处理对绿豆芽的生长有显著促进作用,在磁场强度1.2T、切割速度0.7m/s时促进作用最明显;但这种促进作用并不随磁场强度及切割速度的增加而增加,当磁场强度超过1.2T,切割速度超过0.7m/s时,磁场对绿豆芽的鲜重和芽长的促进作用随磁场强度和切割速度的增加而降低。利用磁场处理可以促进绿豆芽生长,是一项操作简便、促进增产的有效方法,     

滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆还田机设计与试验

针对香蕉秸秆富含纤维且含水率高等物理特性,现有的秸秆与根茬粉碎还田机田间作业时存在着切割阻力大,秸秆纤维易缠绕等问题。采用理论建模方法确定了秸秆滑切刀片的刀刃曲线方程;设计阐述了还田机的关键结构参数,该文研制出一种滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆还田机,并阐述了还田机械的总体机构与工作原理,同时对其秸秆粉碎率以及功耗进行田间试验。结果表明:各因素对香蕉秸秆粉碎率和功耗影响的显著性顺序从大至小依次均为秸秆粉碎刀辊转速、灭茬刀辊转速、机器前进速度。当机器前进速度为1.39 m/s、秸秆粉碎刀辊转速为1 600 r/min、灭茬刀辊转速为500 r/min时,香蕉秸秆粉碎率为95.2%,功耗为4.96 k W。在最优工作参数情况下,实际香蕉秸秆粉碎率为94.9%,实际功耗为5.1 k W,与软件分析值(95.2%、4.96 k W)间的误差分别为0.31个百分点、0.27%,验证了分析的可信性。通过与甩刀式立式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机进行性能对比试验,得出所研制的滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆还田机秸秆粉碎率提高1.94个百分点,功耗降低11.3%。该机器的设计为中国南方热带地区香蕉秸秆还田技术的推广与应用提供了基础。     

Effect of Dehulling and Germination on Physicochemical and Pasting Properties of Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Dehulled and/or germinated black bean flours were physicochemically characterized, including pasting properties, along with the trypsin inhibitor and antioxidant phenolics. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that, using nonparametric correlations and principal component analysis, identifies the parameters affecting the pasting properties of germinated black bean flour. The carbohydrate loss observed after black bean germination was indirectly correlated with the crude fiber content. Therefore, germination increased the protein and crude fiber contents compared with raw seeds (from 19.1 and 2.4% to 24.0 and 5.1%, respectively). Additionally, the highest protein digestibility was obtained in dehulled germinated black bean flour (78.4%), followed by whole germinated seed flour (74.1%). The dehulling process increased the total starch content 13.5 and 18.8% compared with raw and germinated whole bean flours, respectively. Dehulling decreased both trypsin inhibitor activity and antioxidant phenolics. Germination reduced by twofold the peak and final viscosities of black bean flours. Interestingly, both viscosities were negatively correlated with protein and positively correlated with fat and insoluble dietary fiber. Although resistant starch content was not affected by germination or dehulling, its interactions with fat and insoluble dietary fiber were responsible of the changes observed in pasting properties of germinated black bean flour.     

辊刷式蓖麻收获机采摘机构优化设计与试验

针对蓖麻机械化采收时采净率低、破损率高等难题,结合蓖麻物理特性和种植模式,研究设计了辊刷式蓖麻收获机采摘机构。首先在分析采摘机构总体结构的基础上阐述了辊刷式采摘原理,阐明了辊刷、螺旋输送器、传动系统等关键部件的设计。进一步地,为探究采摘机构相关参数的最优组合,提高蓖麻采摘质量,采用Box-Benhnken响应面试验设计理论,以前进速度、辊刷转速、刷丝长度为影响因素,以采净率、籽粒破损率及含杂率为作业质量评价指标,进行参数优化试验。建立各影响因素与指标之间的回归数学模型,并分析各因素对响应值的交互影响,同时对模型进行了综合优化,获得最优参数组合为:前进速度0.72 m/s、辊刷转速371.69 r/min、刷丝长度56.60 mm,对应的采净率、籽粒破损率、含杂率分别为90.81%、0.17%、11.27%。对优化结果进行验证试验,试验结果表明在最优参数组合下,采净率为91.36%、籽粒破损率为0.18%、含杂率为11.67%,各评价指标与预测值均很接近。研究结果可为辊刷式蓖麻收获机进一步完善结构设计和工作参数优化提供参考。     

Determination of antioxidant properties of aroma extracts from various beans

Aroma extracts from fresh soybeans, mung beans, kidney beans, and azuki beans were prepared using simultaneous steam distillation and solvent extraction (SDE) under mild conditions (55 degrees C and 95 mmHg). Extracts were examined for antioxidative activities in two different assays. The aroma extracts isolated from all beans inhibited the oxidation of hexanal for nearly one month at a level of 250 microL/mL. Mung bean and soybean extracts inhibited malonaldehyde (MA) formation from cod-liver oil by 86% and 88%, respectively, at the 250 microL/mL level. Azuki and kidney bean extracts inhibited MA formation from cod-liver oil by 76% and 53%, respectively, at the 250 microL/mL level. The antioxidative activities of mung bean and soybean extracts were comparable with that of the natural antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).