考虑焦油的生物质气化过程热力学模型

在生物质气化过程中焦油是不利产物,由于焦油成分的复杂性,传统生物质气化热力学模型均未考虑焦油。为了研究操作运行条件对燃气成分、焦油等影响,本文引入焦油模型化合物,考虑系统散热和碳不完全转化等因素影响,基于物质平衡、能量平衡和化学反应平衡建立了考虑焦油的生物质气化过程热力学模型。使用Newton-Raphson方法对模型进行了求解。利用文献数据验证了模型的有效性。最后,利用所建模型计算了空气预热温度、空气当量比、水蒸汽添加率等操作条件对燃气成分、焦油含量等指标的影响。结果表明,空气预热温度提高,焦油含量下降,气体热值提高;空气当量比从0.2提高到0.3,焦油含量降低,燃气中有效成分减少;水蒸汽添加率从0增加到10%,焦油含量下降,气化效率提高。研究结果可为生物质能低焦清洁利用提供参考。     

顶部点火上吸式固定床中农业废弃物气化特性分析

为了了解在固定床气化炉中生物质的气化特性和炉内温度演变规律,该研究采用顶部点火上吸式(top-lit up draft,简称TLUD)固定床气化炉研究了农业废弃物的气化行为,重点考察了不同空气流量下炉内温度分布、燃气成分和热值的变化规律,探讨了生物质气化过程机理.结果表明,气化过程明显分为2个阶段,即挥发份的析出和焦炭的缓慢气化.整个气化过程中燃气的热值可稳定维持在3 MJ/m3以上,温度场的演变过程与波传递具有相似性,花生壳和稻壳的最佳空气当量比分别为0.31和0.35,且其燃气中焦油含量很低,分别为0.25、0.49 g/m3.该研究为TLUD固定床气化炉的设计和运行提供了有益的参考.     

生物质燃气焦油产率及其净化

生物质气化技术是目前农村清洁用能的新型技术,但在应用中存在着燃气焦油灰分含量高,焦油味重,严重时堵塞管路等问题。该文以农村常用的下吸式生物质气化炉为核心,研究气化过程中焦油灰分的产出特性,并对出口燃气采用湿式喷淋装置和干式过滤装置相结合的联合过滤方法对燃气净化。试验表明,还原区温度对焦油和灰分含量有显著影响,高温可抑制焦油灰分产出（温度在650℃以上,1 m3燃气中,出口焦油灰分维持在2000 mg）。经过联合过滤后,焦油脱除效率达到99.5%以上,1 m3燃气中,燃气中焦油灰分维持在10 mg以内,达到     

生物质流化床气化与结渣特性中试试验

为优化生物质流化床气化工艺,该研究在中试规模流化床实验台上进行了成型树皮和成型秸秆的空气气化试验,研究了空气当量比、气化温度与送风温度对成型树皮和成型玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,同时采用电子探针显微分析仪与X射线光谱分析仪对气化过程中结渣的微观结构与成分进行了分析。结果表明:气化效果随着空气当量比增大先升后降,空气当量比较佳值在0.24左右,此工况下树皮与秸秆合成气热值分别为5.66和3.92 MJ/m~3,气化效率分别为59.62%与33.92%;气化温度增加促进气化效果提升,气化温度从700℃升高至800℃,树皮合成气热值与气化效率分别提升了1.01 MJ/m~3与14.28%;一次风温度的提升对气化效果无显著影响(P0.05),但明显提升了炉膛底部温度,容易导致结渣,不利于设备稳定运行。2种生物质都有明显结渣现象,其表面呈现熔融玻璃状。结渣主要由KAl(SiO3)、K2MgSi_5O_(12)等复杂化合物与SiO_2组成。导致结渣的原因主要是生物质中K、Mg等碱金属元素在床料中富集,与石英砂床料反应形成低熔点熔融盐;树皮含有较多Ca,气化中形成高熔点的CaSO_4进而抑制结渣,而秸秆成灰率高,含有较多的K,导致结渣更为严重。     

生物质气化特性研究及分析

为了提高生物质能的利用效率以及生物质气化合成气的品质,基于AspenPlus模拟平台,以松木、玉米秸秆和木屑为气化原料,对生物质气化特性进行了研究并对气化过程进行了分析。计算了空燃比为0.7～2.3、生物质含水率为30%条件下的气化炉运行温度、合成气低位热值和效率等主要气化过程性能指标,并通过提高气化剂温度、干燥生物质原料等方法对生物质气化过程进行了优化分析。结果表明,生物质种类及其含水率对气化过程性能有较大的影响;降低生物质含水率、提高气化剂温度有利于提高气化过程的效率和合成气低位热值。     

生物质流化床气化炉的发展与应用

连续气化的生物质流化床气化炉,以空气和水蒸气为气化剂,用生物质和煤为原料(煤的质量比0~20%),煤气热值为6~7 M J/m3。该炉在生产燃气的同时,还可副产水蒸气和生物质木炭,燃气可民用、工业用及发电用。间歇气化的生物质流化床水煤气炉,采用吹风和制气的二步工作法生产水煤气。水煤气的热值可达12~16 M J/m3,燃气可用于提氢和制备甲醇、二甲醚等。     

三种中药渣的热解气化特性

该文采用热解气化方法,对含水率为25%左右的3种药渣（杞菊地黄丸、六味地黄丸、香砂养胃丸药渣）进行了气化试验,并与玉米秸秆做比较。结果表明,当过量空气系数为1.1时,三种药渣均具有良好的气化特性,燃气热值均达到5 300 kJ/m3以上,其中香砂养胃丸药渣的燃气热值达到5 460 kJ/m3。相较于玉米秸秆,药渣热解气化产生较多的焦油,过量空气系数为1.1时,3种药渣气化的焦油体积质量约为1 000 mg/m3,并随过量空气系数增加处于不断下降的趋势,证实了3种药渣具有良好的热解气化特性,为中药渣的资源化处理提供了一条新思路。     

基于焦油炉内裂解的生物质气化特性试验

目前生物质气化炉推广应用过程中最主要技术问题是气化炉的原料适应性差、气化气中焦油含量高、产气热值低等。该文提出一种新型的焦油炉内裂解生物质气化炉,通过内置的U型管导气结构及其中填充多孔陶瓷蓄热材料以期促进气化气中携带焦油的裂解。试验研究表明,使用含水率12.3%的麦秸压块原料,其气化气中焦油含量显著降低至0.02～0.06g/m3,平均气化效率可达到61.9%,气化气平均低位热值达到5.0MJ/m3,即,该气化炉的新型结构能够显著降低气化气中的焦油含量,提高气化气热值,提升气化炉的产气品质。     

基于热解-重整-燃烧解耦三床气化系统的生物质催化制富氢气体

生物质催化气化是将生物质转换成富氢气体的有效途径。该研究提出了一种由热解反应器、重整反应器和提升管燃烧器三部分构成的解耦三床生物质气化(decoupled triple bed gasification,DTBG)工艺。在实验室规模的DTBG气化反应装置上,以水蒸气为气化剂,以橄榄石为原位焦油裂解催化床料,进行了生物质水蒸气催化气化试验,考察了生物质种类、重整器温度、生物质进料速率对气化效果的影响规律,并且对气化副产物焦油的特性进行了分析。试验结果表明,生物质原料的挥发分对气化产物分布的影响很大,原料挥发分含量越高,气体产率越高,碳转化率越高,气体中的H2和CO体积分数越大、CO2体积分数越低。当重整器温度由750升高到850℃时,气体产率从0.91增加到1.08 m3/kg,焦油质量浓度从19.1降低到7.3 g/m3,同时气体品质大幅度提升。随着生物质进料速率的增加,产气中H2体积分数大幅度增加,CO2体积分数大幅度降低,但是焦油质量浓度基本不变。当重整器温度为800℃,白松木屑进料速率为220 g/h时,H2和CO体积分数分别达到了42.2%和14.6%,产气中焦油质量浓度为10.1 g/m3。气化焦油的主要成分为多环芳烃,其中萘含量最高。当重整器温度从700℃升高到850℃时,焦油中单环化合物几乎全部分解,3~4环多环芳烃化合物逐步降低,萘的相对含量从54.7%升高到75.6%。该研究结果可为大规模气化装置的设计、运行以及优化提供理论指导。     

户用型上吸式生物质气化炉的发展与改进

户用型上吸式生物质气化炉因其结构简单、使用灵活、操作方便和成本低等特点在中国农村地区拥有广阔的应用前景,但在目前实际推广应用过程中仍存在原料适应性差、气化气热值偏低、焦油和水分含量高及产气不稳定等较多关键技术难题。该文简要介绍了上吸式气化炉的工作原理,概括总结了中国户用型上吸式气化炉研究和应用现状,全面分析了其存在的问题及产生的原因,并从严格原料规范、优化气化炉结构和运行工况、加装焦油处理装置及创新气化炉气化机理等方面提出了一些可行的解决措施,可为其进一步发展和改进提供指导。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.