基于物种敏感性分布的江苏省典型水稻土Cd安全阈值研究

研究不同水稻品种富集镉(Cd)的敏感性差异和江苏典型水稻土Cd的安全阈值,可为水稻安全生产和产地安全性评价提供理论依据。选择江苏省主栽的12个水稻品种和2种代表性水稻土(酸性的兴化勤泥土和中性的常熟乌栅土),通过温室盆栽试验,分别添加不同浓度的外源Cd,研究不同水稻品种对Cd的敏感性差异,并利用物种敏感性分布法(speciessensitivitydistribution,SSD)推导2种土壤Cd的安全阈值。结果表明:不同水稻品种糙米Cd含量存在显著的种间差异,最高含量和最低含量相差3～6倍,并表现为籼型杂交稻显著高于粳型常规稻和粳型杂交稻。利用BurrⅢ型分布函数拟合12个水稻品种富集Cd的SSD曲线,通过国家食品安全标准反推出勤泥土和乌栅土上保护95%的水稻品种糙米不超标的HC5值即安全阈值,其中全量Cd分别为0.78 mg/kg和1.17 mg/kg,CaCl2提取态Cd分别为0.13 mg/kg和0.14mg/kg,EDTA提取态Cd分别为0.46 mg/kg和0.64 mg/kg。2种土壤上基于全量Cd的安全阈值均高出我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中二级标准的限值(0.30mg/kg、pH≤7.5)。     

石墨烯施用后对土壤酶活性及土壤微生物群落的影响

将不同浓度的纯石墨烯和氧化石墨烯(0、100、1 000 mg/kg)分别加入潮土和红壤两种土壤中,培养56天后测定潮土和红壤中的脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性,微生物功能及遗传多样性变化。结果表明,培养0、7、14、56天后,100和1 000 mg/kg浓度的石墨烯和氧化石墨烯对红壤和潮土的脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性没有显著的影响。两种浓度的石墨烯和氧化石墨烯对红壤和潮土微生物的AWCD指数没有显著的影响,且两种土壤之间未表现出差异。对添加0、200和1 000 mg/kg氧化石墨烯的潮土进行DGGE测试分析,处理组与对照组相比增加了3个条带,测序分析认为这3个条带与鞘氨醇单细胞菌属和未被培养的细菌类似,可见氧化石墨烯对土壤中微生物有一定的影响,能引起耐受菌数量的增加。     

不同类型土壤对汞和砷的吸附解吸特征研究

为了探明不同类型土壤对重金属汞和砷吸附、解吸的影响,以性质差异显著的红壤、黑土和潮土为供试土壤,采用批量平衡法,研究了Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)在不同土壤中的吸附-解吸行为。结果表明:(1)Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程均能较好地拟合这3种土壤对Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附,其中Hg(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为451.33、1699.46和1635.21mg/kg,大小顺序为黑土>潮土>红壤,相关系数(R2)在0.8533～0.9911之间;As(Ⅴ)的最大吸附量分别为818.44、561.87和112.77mg/kg,大小顺序为:红壤>黑土>潮土,相关系数(R2)在0.9223～0.9949之间;而线性方程则不能较好地拟合这3种土壤对Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)的等温吸附。(2)Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)的解吸量随Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)吸附量的增加而增加,两者之间呈显著或极显著的线性正相关,Hg(Ⅱ)的相关系数(R2)分别为0.8668**、0.8971**、0.9969**,As(Ⅴ)的相关系数(R2)分别为0.9987**、0.9964**、0.9858**。研究结果对于探明土壤中汞和砷的环境行为具有重要意义。     

三峡水库消落带典型土壤中磷的形态转化特征

以消落带的3种典型土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟培养,探讨外源磷在不同土壤中的形态转化特征及其与磷活性的关系。结果表明:随外源磷添加量的增加,各种磷形态的增幅因土壤种类不同而异;相同外源磷添加量下,紫色潮土和棕紫泥向有机磷(OP)的分配比例比矿质黄泥高,棕紫泥和矿质黄泥向无机磷(IP)的转化趋势比紫色潮土明显,铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)均以矿质黄泥的增幅最大;添加200mg/kg磷达到分配平衡后,3种土壤中磷均以IP为主要形态,占总磷(TP)的64%~80%,IP均以Ca-P为主要形态,约占TP的54%~69%,而Fe/Al-P形态所占比例较低;随外源磷添加量的增加,有效磷(Olsen-P)含量呈非线性增加,当外源磷添加量50mg/kg时,土壤Olsen-P达到极限阈值,紫色潮土和棕紫泥的极限阈值接近或高于土壤磷淋失突变点(25mg/kg);各形态磷对于Olsen-P的贡献因土壤种类不同而异,紫色潮土以OP的直接正向贡献最大,棕紫泥的各形态磷贡献相近,而矿质黄泥则以Fe/AlP的直接贡献最大。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定土壤中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺

本试验研究建立了同时测定土壤中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺残留量的高效液相色谱法.红壤、潮土等5种土壤样品经氨水/甲醇 (5/95,v/v)超声提取3次,浓缩处理后上机检测.环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺的标准曲线在0.1 ～ 15.0 μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,绝对系数(R2)分别为1.0000和0.9998;在0.5 ～ 5 mg/kg添加范围内,环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺在土壤中的平均回收率分别为87.2% ～ 101.1% 和 75.3% ～ 101.6%,变异系数分别为3.3% ～ 8.1%、1.6% ～ 9.9%,最低检测限分别为0.05 mg/kg、0.07 mg/kg.与国际上气相/液相色谱-质谱连用法相比,操作简单,经济方便易于普及.     

有机质对典型铜锌污染土壤自然修复过程的影响

为阐明土壤有机质含量对外源铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）自然修复过程的影响,选取红壤、潮土和黑土长期试验中不同有机质含量的土样,分别加入400 mg/kg Cu或500 mg/kg Zn,采用室内培养法研究Cu、Zn污染物的自然修复过程。结果表明：各种土壤有效态Cu、Zn浓度在培养开始的10～20 d内迅速下降,随后变化减缓,培养30～60 d后基本达到平衡。外源Cu、Zn自然修复过程符合二级动力学方程。自然修复90 d后,在红壤和潮土低有机质含量的处理中有效Cu浓度比高有机质含量的处理高24.2%～57.1%;而在黑土和潮土高有机质含量的处理中有效态Zn浓度是有机质含量低的处理的3.44～6.33倍。这说明在3种土壤上增加有机质含量对Cu、Zn的作用效果不同,在红壤上抑制了Cu的有效性,在潮土上抑制有效Cu促进有效Zn,在黑土上则促进Cu、Zn有效性。在3种土壤中,碱性潮土外源Cu、Zn修复速率较快,且有效态Cu、Zn平衡浓度较小,其对Cu、Zn的固定能力最强,酸性红壤则最弱。采用各种措施提高土壤有机质含量可作为修复红壤和潮土重金属Cu污染的有效措施之一,但增加了黑土及潮土Zn的环境风险。     

可溶性有机碳在典型土壤上的吸附行为及机理

定量分析可溶性有机碳(DOC)在不同土壤上的吸附行为可为DOC在不同地区土壤中的去向及污染风险评估提供理论基础。本研究以河南潮土(包括砂质、壤质和黏质3种质地)、江苏黄泥土、江西红黏土和海南砖红壤等典型土壤为吸附介质,采用一次平衡法比较了DOC在不同土壤中的吸附容量及平衡液中DOC的结构变化。结果表明,供试土壤对DOC的吸附可用修正的Langmuir模型拟合。最大吸附量(Q_(max))从高到低依次为红黏土(2 892.67 mg/kg)、砖红壤(1 969.77 mg/kg)、黏质潮土(1 803.03 mg/kg)、黄泥土(1 003.84 mg/kg)、壤质潮土(989.31 mg/kg)和砂质潮土(441.18 mg/kg)。黄泥土的亲和系数(k)最大(2.53×10~(–3)),其次为砖红壤、红黏土和3种潮土。吸附后,除砂质潮土和壤质潮土外,其他土壤平衡液的芳香性均降低。相关性分析表明无定形氧化铝显著影响了Q_(max),而氧化铁的形态(无定形、络合态和低结晶态)决定了k值大小。红黏土、砖红壤和黄泥土更容易吸附DOC中的芳香族成分,主要吸附机制可能为配位体交换;砂质潮土和壤质潮土主要为阳离子架桥,而黏质潮土同时存在这两种吸附机制。     

土壤中土霉素残留的高效液相色谱检测方法

为有效测定土壤中土霉素残留量,建立了固相萃取－高效液相色谱法提取以及测定潮土、红壤、紫色土中土霉素残留量的方法。土壤中土霉素残留经提取缓冲溶液进行有效提取,经过DVB固相萃取小柱纯化、无水甲醇洗脱和氮气流浓缩后,经HPLC测定。对提取缓冲液、流动相以及流动相pH值、有机相与无机相的比例以及流速等测定条件进行优化研究。结果表明：提取液为Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine,流动相为乙腈∶0.01mol/L磷酸二氢钠（pH值2.5,V∶V=10∶90）,温度25℃,流速1.2ml/min,检测波长350nm对3种不同性质的土壤中土霉素残留量的测定最为合适。应用本方法进行土壤中土霉素残留量的测定,土霉素含量与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,相关系数（n=9）分别为红壤0.997,紫色土0.995,潮土0.987;检出限分别为红壤0.11mg/kg,紫色土0.17mg/kg,潮土0.09mg/kg;回收率(n=18)分别为红壤80.7%~128.8%,紫色土70.5%~100.0%,潮土61.5%~103.9%;相对标准偏差(RSD, n=18)分别为红壤7.1%~28.2%,紫色土11.9%~38.1%,潮土4.1%~17.0％。本方法简便、准确,适合于测定不同土壤中土霉素残留量,结果可靠。     

土壤与水稻籽粒镉含量相关性分析及水稻产地土壤镉临界值的研究

在全国采集8个水稻产区、不同镉(Cd)含量的水稻土,添加0~4 mg/kg外源Cd,通过盆栽试验,分析水稻土、水稻籽粒Cd含量间的相关性,基于水稻籽粒Cd含量符合食品安全国家标准污染物限值(GB 2762–2012)的前提,确定8个水稻产地土壤的Cd临界值。结果表明:水稻土中Cd含量为0.20~6.27 mg/kg时,随土壤Cd浓度增加,水稻生长没有出现Cd毒害症状。籽粒Cd含量随水稻土Cd浓度的增加而增加,Logistic方程拟合表明籽粒Cd含量和水稻土Cd浓度间相关性显著;依据食品安全国家标准中稻米Cd限量值(0.2 mg/kg),反推得到8种水稻土Cd临界值范围为0.70~4.79 mg/kg,与现行土壤环境质量标准(GB15618–1995)相比,均高于其相应限值(0.3 mg/kg、pH≤7.5,0.6 mg/kg、pH7.5);对土壤理化性质和水稻土Cd临界值间关系进行多元回归分析,发现水稻土Cd临界值与pH和土壤黏粒显著相关(R2=0.83,P0.01)。     

再生水灌溉对4类土壤Cd生物有效性的影响

根据国家土壤环境质量标准,选取重金属Cd含量为二级水平的4类土壤（红壤、 潮土、 土、 黑土）进行土培试验,研究再生水灌溉与小白菜生物量及Cd含量、 土壤有效态Cd含量、 pH、 微生物群落的关系,以及不同类型土壤间的差异性。结果表明, 再生水灌溉在不同类型土壤上对小白菜生物量及Cd含量、 土壤有效态Cd含量、 土壤pH和微生物数量的影响不同: 1）红壤、 潮土、 土上小白菜生物量增加显著,分别增加9.09%、 16.08%、 9.92%,黑土上增加不显著; 2）小白菜Cd含量在红壤上显著降低,由对照的0.29 mg/kg降低到0.22 mg/kg,在黑土上比对照增加了18.75%,在潮土和土上影响不大; 3）有效态Cd含量在红壤没有变化,但在潮土、 土、 黑土上增加显著; 4） 4类土壤微生物数量增加显著; 5）潮土、 土、 黑土的pH值有所降低。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。